高脂血症大鼠肠系膜上动脉NPY免疫反应性神经纤维的变化

为探讨神经肽Ｙ与动脉粥样硬化的关系，用ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学及体视学方法观察高脂血症大鼠肠系膜上动脉神经肽Ｙ免疫反应性神经纤维的变化。１．定性观察：对照组各时期神经肽Ｙ免疫反应性神经纤维呈网状攀附于血管周围，分布均匀，并见串珠状膨体；高脂组纤维呈密集网状分布，在纤维网孔中出现大量较纤维的新增生纤维，其排列较紊乱，膨体清晰可见，这种方法见于各期实验组。２．定量结果；对照组各时期纤维密度无明显２；高脂组纤     

易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠基底动脉NPY能神经纤维的变化

本文用ＡＢＣ免疫组化方法观察易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠高血压各时期脑基底动脉神经肽Ｙ阳性神经纤维的变化，神经纤维定量结果显示：对照组神经肽Ｙ能神经纤维多呈环状分布，而高血压组环状纤维减少，早、中期纤维密度与对照组无明显差异，在晚期，血管壁神经纤维多为纵行，密度明显降低，与早，中期及对照组差异均显著。     

豚鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布

本文在脑底动脉整体剥离标本上,用ABC免疫组织化学法结合葡萄糖氧化酶-DAB-硫酸镍铵(Glucose oxidase—DAB—Nickel,GDN)显色技术,对豚鼠脑底动脉神经肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)免疫反应阳性神经纤维分布进行了研究。结果发现,含NPY免疫反应阳性神经纤维广泛分布于脑底动脉及其分支,在脑底动脉吻侧的NPY阳性神经纤维的密度明显高于尾侧。在动脉分支的起始部纤维密度更高。NPY阳性神经纤维主要走行在血管外膜中,多数呈膨体型,少数为非膨体型。在脑底动脉吻侧血管,纤维呈密集的网格状,而在尾侧呈螺旋状走行,在基底动脉和椎动脉则主要为纵向走行,上述结果提示,脑底动脉各段NPY免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布密度和形态差异可能与其发生及脑血流的生理调节有关。     

人脑冠状动脉的肽能神经支配

<正>分布于冠状动脉的神经,除了经典的肾上腺羹能和胆碱能神经之外,还有肽能神经,在对心脏血供的调节中起一定的作用.了解这些肽能神经的分布和功能,将有助于冠心病的基础和临床研究.用广州地区收集的引产死亡人胎52例,藉免疫细胞化学方法,详细观察左、右冠状动脉干,大分支、心室和心房壁内小分支等处的P物质能(SD),血管活性肠多肽(VIP)能和神经肽Y(NPY)能神经的分布,和心壁内神经节内这三种肽能神经元的形态,用体视学方法测量各部的纤维密度.     

自发性高血压大鼠脑细小动脉神经肽Y分布的研究

为了解血管周围神经肽类分布与高血压时细小动脉构型重建之关系，我们采用自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）软脑膜铺片技术，展示了血管网的各级分支，对血管系统进行了全面、立体的观察。并用免疫组织化学、图像分析仪对血管网上神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）分布进行定性定量分析。结果表明，ＳＨＲ大脑中动脉及其分支，小动脉、细动脉壁上含ＮＰＹ神经纤维分布表面积密度及ＮＰＹ抗体阳性反应物积分光密度均明显高于正常血压组（ＷＫＹ），这一实验结果揭示脑细小动脉含ＮＰＹ神经分布密度增加，使血管平滑肌营养调节作用增强，与其动脉收缩兴奋性增高，动脉平滑肌细胞肥大和高血压的发生发展有着明显关系。     

人空肠NPY能神经分布的研究

本文用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，对神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）能神经纤维和神经元在人空肠壁内的分布进行了研究。结果：ＮＰＹ有神经纤维和神经元呈棕褐色：ＮＰＹ神经纤维纤维扁布肠壁各层，地粘膜固有层内的神经纤维在小肠腺周围交织或疏网状。ＮＰＹ能神经凶于有间及粘膜一 ，尤以后者为多。粘膜内 见ＮＰＹ能神经元，它们分布于小肠腺下方，紧造粘膜肌，或位于粘膜肌。     

高脂血症大鼠大脑中动脉神经肽Y能神经纤维的变化

观察高脂血症大鼠不同时期大脑中动脉神经肽Ｙ能神经纤维的变化。方法ＡＢＣ免疫组人方法；结果（１）定性观察；对照组各时期神经肽育神经纤维多呈网状攀附于血管周围，纤维较稀疏，并有明显的串珠状膨体；高脂组纤维亦呈网状分布于血管周围，较稠密，膨体清晰可见，这种变化见一实验组各时期。     

易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠肠系膜上动脉NPY能神经纤维的变化

用ＡＢＣ免疫组化方法观察易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠术后７ｄ、３０ｄ、９０ｄ三时期肠系膜上动脉神经肽Ｙ能神经纤维的变化。（１）定性观察：对照组神经肽Ｙ能神经纤维呈网状攀附于血周围，分布较均匀，并见串珠状膨体，高血压组７ｄ、３０硐对照组相似，９０ｄ纤维亦呈网状，但较稀疏。（２）定量结果，对照组各时期及高血压组７ｄ３０ｄ纤维密度无明显改变，但９０ｄ明显降低。结果显示，易卒中型血管性高血压大鼠肠系膜上动脉     

大鼠椎动脉基底动脉系脑血管神经肽Y能神经与星状神经节、颈上神经节的关系

应用免疫组织化学技术 ABC法和神经节切除术 ,观察了大鼠脑底血管椎动脉、基底动脉系主要动脉分支神经肽 Y能神经纤维的起始核团。正常组大鼠脑底血管椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和小脑上动脉均可见棕褐色的神经肽 Y能免疫反应阳性纤维 ,呈细线状 ,攀附于血管壁上。手术 I组作左侧星状神经节切除术 ,术后存活 7～ 10 d,左侧椎动脉颅内段阳性纤维基本消失 ,基底动脉和双侧小脑上动脉阳性纤维明显减少 ;右侧椎动脉颅内段阳性纤维无减少。手术 II组作双侧星状神经节切除术 ,双侧椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和小脑上动脉阳性纤维基本消失。手术 III组作左侧颈上神经节切除术 ;手术 IV组作双侧颈上神经节切除术 ,上述各动脉阳性纤维密度未发现减少现象。手术 I、II组各组纤维密度数据与正常组者比较进行了统计学分析 ,P<0 .0 5。结果提示 :大鼠一侧星状神经节发出的神经肽 Y能神经纤维分布于同侧椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉和双侧小脑上动脉 ,即大鼠脑血管椎 -基底动脉系神经肽 Y能神经纤维主要起源于星状神经节 ,而与颈上神经节关系不大     

易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠肠系膜上动脉NPY能神经纤维的变化

用ABC免疫组化方法观察易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠术后7d、30d、90d三时期肠系膜上动脉神经肽Y能神经纤维的变化.①定性观察:对照组神经肽Y能神经纤维呈网状攀附于血管周围,分布较均匀,并见串珠状膨体;高血压组7d、30d神经纤维分布与对照组相似,90d纤维亦呈网状,但较稀疏.②定量结果:对照组各时期及高血压组7d、30d纤维密度无明显改变,但90d明显降低(P<0.01).结果显示,易卒中型肾血管性高血压大鼠肠系膜上动脉90d神经肽Y能神经纤维分布较稀疏,密度降低,其原因可能与血管壁结构的变化有关.     

豚鼠窦房结动脉及其含NOS和NPY能神经的形态学观察

目的：观察豚鼠窦房结动脉及其受一氧化氮能和神经肽Y能神经支配的形态学特征。方法：一氧化氮合酶组织化学和免疫组织化学染色分别标记含NOS、NPY能神经。结果：10例窦房结动脉位于窦房结边缘，2例贯穿窦房结实质，管径相对较粗，管壁层次完整，周围细胞分布与其不密切；含NOS、NPY能阳性神经纤维呈串珠状、网状攀附于窦房结动脉血管壁。结论：豚鼠窦房结动脉多数位于其边缘并受丰富的NOS和NPY能神经支配，对调节窦房结血液供应可能有重要作用。     

Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the guinea pig heart

Summary The distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide like-immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) within the heart and adjacent blood vessels of the guinea pig was investigated anmunohistochemically by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Numerous paravascular and perivascular immunoreactive nerve fibers were localized around the aorta, coronary arteries and their branches down to the teminal vasculature. Arterioles in the atria showed greatest density of immunoreactive varicosities of all blood vessels. The epicardium, endocardium and the conductive system also contained numerous CGRP-IR nerve fibers. In the muocardium the number of immunoreactive varicosities was variable. Many were present in both atria, moderate amounts were seen in the right ventricle and parts of the intraventricular septum, and only a few occurred in the left ventricle. CGRP-IR was infrequently found within intracardial ganglionic cells but was abundantly distributed in the surrounding nerve fibers.Supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, SFB 90)     

Markers for vitiligo related neuropeptides in human skin nerve fibers

Skin distribution of substance P (SP)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in vitiligo patients was studied by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunocytochemical characteristics of the epidermis, dermoepidermal junction, papillary and reticular dermis, and skin appendages were analyzed in lesional and marginal vitiligo areas as well as in healthy skin. SP-, SOM-, CGRP-, and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in healthy pigmented skin, with patterns specific for immunoreactive distribution. Thin SP-containing fibers were observed in dermal papillae, extending into the epidermis, and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen around blood vessels and sweat glands. SOM-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers were associated with Meissner's corpuscles in dermal papillae, while CGRP-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in free subepidermal nerve terminals and sensory nerve fibers around blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands. Autonomic NPY-containing nerve fibers innervated eccrine sweat glands and blood vessels. The distribution of these neuropeptides was the same in healthy controls, except for an increased immunoreactivity to NPY and to a lesser extent to CGRP. These results suggest that NPY may serve as a neurochemical marker in the pathogenesis of the disease, thus supporting the neuronal theory of vitiligo.     

Neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intraadrenal nerve fibers of rats

The present peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical study demonstrated that approximately 50% of the total chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla exhibited NPY-like immunoreactivity. The immunoreactive material was localized in the core of the chromaffin granules as well as diffusely in the cytoplasm. By combination of immunohistochemistry with noradrenaline-fluorescence microscopy, all NPY-immunoreactive chromaffin cells are nonfluorescent, indicating that all NPY-chromaffin cells co-store adrenaline. A comparison of two consecutive sections, each of which was processed for the immunostaining with anti-NPY and anti-Met-Enk-Arg-Gly-Leu antisera, respectively, indicated that NPY and preproenkephalin A and its derivatives coexist in approximately one-fifth of the total NPY-immunoreactive cells. In addition to the NPY-immunoreactive cells, a plexus of NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities was found in the subcapsular regions of the adrenal gland. The nerve fibers were often associated with small blood vessels and extended into the zona glomerulosa. Single NPY-immunoreactive fibers were sparsely distributed in the deeper regions of the cortex and in the medulla. Ganglion cells in the adrenal gland were not seen exhibiting intensely positive NPY-like immunoreactivity. The NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers contained abundant small clear vesicles mixed with a few small and large granular vesicles. The immunoreactive material appeared on the granular cores as well as in the axoplasm. The NPY fibers were closely apposed to smooth muscle cells and pericytes of small blood vessels in the cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Intrinsic interrelation of lymphatic endothelia with nerve elements in the monkey urinary bladder

Histochemical staining techniques for 5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nase) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were undertaken to localize the lymphatic network and nerve plexus in the monkey urinary bladder. Abundant 5'-Nase-positive lymphatic networks were characterized by increased number of valve-like structures and decreased calibre of blind-ends from the subepithelium to the subserosa. AChE-positive nerve fibers were visible throughout the vesical walls as fine plexuses, the densest being the neuromuscular plexus among the detrusor muscle cells or in each muscle bundle. AChE-positive nerve fibers or terminals were more frequently discernible around blood vessels than around lymphatics, and showed more intimate association with the lymphatics in the muscularis than those in the subepithelium. The nerve terminals in the subepithelium were frequently separated from attenuated lymphatic endothelium by the long processes of fibroblasts or some connective tissue cells. An ultrastructural observation revealed that unmyelinated nerve fibers with numerous neurofilaments and neurotubules run in close apposition to the lymphatic endothelium. Noteworthily, fewer terminal varicosities containing numerous small agranular vesicles (30-50 nm) and mitochondria, partially or completely bare of their Schwann cell covering in the vicinity of the lymphatic endothelium, were found in the subendothelium of initial lymphatics than in collecting ones. These terminals were occasionally identified at a distance of 120-350 nm from the subendothelial aspect of valve-originating roots, although no direct innervation of the vascular muscle cells could be found. A loose fibro-elastic connective tissue was usually interlaced between glial cell covering and lymphatic endothelium. The intrinsic interrelation of the lymphatic wall with the nerve plexus implies that the twisted subendothelial nerve terminals might be involved in intramural lymph drainage of the bladder.     

The distribution pattern of the sympathetic nerve fibers to the cerebral arterial system in rat as revealed by anterograde labeling with WGA-HRP

Summary To clarify the projection route and the expansion of the terminal plexus of the sympathetic nerve fibers innervating the cerebral arterial system in rat, we labeled the postganglionic fibers originating in the superior cervical ganglion and traced their entire course by anterograde labeling with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase. Sympathetic innervation of the internal cerebral artery by labeled fibers actually began just at the portion where it enters the intradural space, and innervated it up to the small pial arteries located in the subarachnoid space, but not the intracerebral arterioles. On the main arteries in the circle of Willis, bundles of nerve fibers ran parallel to the long axis of the vessels and branched perpendicularly their terminal twigs with regular intervals to form a rib-structure pattern. On the arterial branches derived from the circle of Willis, a fine nerve bundle and delicate terminal axons formed a meshwork instead of a rib-structure pattern. These observations confirmed the existence of differences in the distribution pattern of the nerve plexus, which strongly affects the strength and quality of vasoconstriction by sympathetic activation in each level of the cerebral arterial system.     

日本猴坐骨神经皮支和肌支中NPY和VIP免疫反应阳性纤维的分布和起源的比较研究

结扎猴坐骨神经皮支和肌支近侧端，观察其中ＮＰＹ和ＶＩＰ免疫反应产物蓄积状况以及其所支配的肌肉和皮肤中ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性纤维的分布。结扎神经干７ｄ后，发现皮支的结扎近心端含有ＮＰＹ和ＶＩＰ；而肌支的结扎近心端只含ＮＰＹ，无ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性产物。在皮肤，大量ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性神经纤维分布在汗腺周围，含ＮＰＹ的神经纤维分布在小血管周围。肌肉组织中有丰富的ＮＰＹ免疫反应阳性神经纤维沿血管分布，但几乎见不到ＶＩＰ阳性神经纤维。用ＴｒｕｅＢｌｎｅ（ＴＢ）逆行追踪结合荧光免疫组化技术研究猴坐骨神经皮支和肌支含肽能神经的起源，发现标记物给予腓肠内侧皮神经末端时，于Ｌ７和Ｓ１椎旁交感节出现ＴＢ与ＶＩＰ、ＴＢ与ＮＰＹ双标细胞；而支配腓肠肌的肌支只在Ｌ６、Ｌ７发现ＴＢ和ＮＰＹ双标细胞而含ＴＢ的细胞与ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性细胞完全不重叠。本研究证明日本猴坐骨神经的皮支和肌支中ＮＰＹ和ＶＩＰ免疫反应阳性神经的分布和起源有明显的差异。     

The terminal insertional segments and communications of the vertebral nerve in the human cervical region

Twenty-four cadavers (48 sides) were used to clarify the terminal insertional segment and communications of the vertebral nerve in the cervical region under a surgical microscope. After displacing the prevertebral muscles (longus colli and longus capitis) laterally, the ventral parts of the transverse foramen of vertebrae (from C2 to C6) were removed, and the insertional segment and communicates of the vertebral nerve surrounding the vertebral artery were observed. The results showed: (1) the vertebral nerve ascended along the ventral or mediodorsal vertebral artery and terminated mainly at C3 (22/36 sides) but not terminated at C4 or C5 only; (2) the superficial communicates from the cervical sympathetic trunk ran in a proximal and distal direction when the fibers entered the anterior branches of the cervical nerves. The fibers running to the proximal direction communicated with the vertebral nerve in the part of transverse foramen; (3) motor and/or sensory rami supplying the prevertebral muscles, corpus vertebrae and intervertebral discs could pass through an "arched-shaped" fiber bundle on the ventral surface of the vertebral artery. In conclusion, the vertebral nerve and the fibers surrounding the vertebral artery could be considered as a stable deep pathway of cervical sympathetic nerves. The deep pathway (vertebral nerve and its branches) with the superficial pathways (cervical sympathetic trunk and its branches) formed a sympathetic nervous "plexus" in the cervical region. This sympathetic nervous "plexus" may be involved in the effects of cervical ganglionic blockade.     

Nerve plexuses in the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi of the rat

Intrinsic nerve plexuses of the rat trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi were examined by immunohistochemistry. Three nerve plexuses--peritracheal and peribronchial, intramuscular, and submucosal--were found in the wall of the trachea and bronchi. Nerve cell bodies were located in the peritracheal and peribronchial nerve plexuses. They occurred singly or formed ganglia in the plexus, and regional differences in cell numbers were found in the cervical and thoracic portions of the trachea and in the extrapulmonary bronchia. In total, 83.5 +/- 28.3 ganglia (mean +/- SD, 57-131, n=5) and 749.8 +/- 221.1 nerve cell bodies (540-1,080, n=5) were found in the nerve plexus. The mean densities of ganglia were 0.31, 0.97 and 1.15/mm2, and the mean densities of the nerve cell bodies were 1.82, 9.26 and 11.54/mm2 in the cervical region, thoracic region of trachea, and extrapulmonary bronchi, respectively. Almost all nerve cell bodies in ganglia were positive for choline acetyltransferase and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and a few cells were positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In addition, in cholinergic nerves, a few nerve fibers in the smooth muscles were positive for substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and VIP, and a moderate number of fibers were positive for NPY. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed around blood vessels and within nerve bundles in the tunica adventitia. In the epithelium, nerve fibers were positive for SP and CGRP. Our results indicate that postganglionic neurons form three layers of cholinergic plexuses in the rat trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi, and that all of these possess intrinsic and extrinsic peptidergic innervation.