������Ѫ������Ѫʵ������Ƥϸ���ض���������

弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)是一组综合征,而非某一特定病因所致的血液系统疾病。各种导致全身炎性反应的因素,损伤血管内皮细胞而引起凝血和(或)纤维蛋白溶解功能严重紊乱,是最终发展为DIC的共同病理生理机制。作为综合征,多样化的损伤因素使得DIC的诊断宜较为宽泛,而控制炎性反应对内皮细胞的损伤、针对不同基础病因的个别治疗是防治DIC的关键。     

Acute Renal Failure in a Patient with HELLP Syndrome—An Unusual Complication of Eclampsia

Acute renal failure occurring in a 24-year-old primigravida with eclampsia and HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome is described. She also had transient disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hemodialvsis, fresh blood transfusions, and antihypertensive therapy were administered, and resulted in complete recovery. Kidney biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis.     

Renal involvement in children with influenza A virus infection

Renal involvement in influenza A virus infection has been rarely reported. To define the clinical characteristics and the factors contributing to the development of renal involvement in influenza A virus infection, we reviewed the clinical characteristics, laboratory data, pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score, and the number of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria and dysfunctional organs in 45 hospitalized children with influenza A virus infection. Eleven (24.4%) patients had renal involvement. All patients with renal involvement suffered from sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and 5 developed acute renal failure (ARF). The incidences of dehydration, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and rhabdomyolysis were significantly higher in patients with renal involvement. PRISM scores, the numbers of SIRS criteria and dysfunctional organs, and mortality rate were also higher in patients with renal involvement. Influenza A RNA was absent in the renal tissues of 3 patients with ARF. These results suggested that renal involvement in influenza A virus infection occurred in patients with sepsis and MODS; dehydration, hypotension, DIC, and rhabdomyolysis were factors contributing to its development; direct viral injury to the kidney did not seem to occur in influenza A virus infection.     

Disseminated intravascular coagulation and sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome predict organ dysfunctions after trauma: application of clinical decision analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in predicting posttrauma multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and to find a simple laboratory test for detecting MODS. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: In trauma patients, the duration of SIRS is the main determinant for MODS and outcome. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six patients with trauma were classified into subgroups according to the duration of SIRS: patients without SIRS (n = 27), patients with SIRS for <2 days (n = 52), and patients with SIRS for > or =3 days (n = 57). Platelets and five coagulation and fibrinolytic laboratory tests for diagnosing DIC were measured on the day of admission and on days 1 through 4 after admission. Simultaneously, the DIC score was determined. The diagnostic accuracy of DIC and sustained SIRS for the prediction of MODS was determined using likelihood ratios. A receiver operating characteristic curve of platelet counts for predicting MODS was also constructed. RESULTS: Platelet counts showed significant differences among the three groups. The incidence of DIC, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and MODS was significantly higher in patients with SIRS for > or =3 days compared with those in the other groups, and they had a poor outcome. Likelihood ratios of DIC and SIRS for > or =3 days for predicting posttrauma MODS were 11.6 and 6.25, respectively. Platelet counts (80 x 10(9)/l) on day 1 had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 100% for predicting MODS. CONCLUSIONS: Disseminated intravascular coagulation and sustained SIRS are strong determinants for posttrauma MODS. This retrospective analysis supports the possibility that platelet counts can be used as a simple laboratory test for predicting MODS. This hypothesis requires proof using a prospective clinical survey.     

Ischemic rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome characterized by the breakdown and later necrosis of skeletal muscle, leading to the release of various intracellular components into the blood stream. The clinical expression of rhabdomyolysis ranges from asymptomatic to severe forms involving multiorgan failure with electrolyte imbalance, respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis is based on a finding of elevated serum levels of components that are normally found within the muscle cell, chiefly muscle enzymes and myoglobin. Acute kidney failure, one of the main consequences of rhabdomyolysis, occurs in 4% to 33% of cases. Treatment requires prompt volume replacement with crystalloids. In spite of successful resuscitation and prophylaxis against myoglobulin-induced renal failure, 1 out of every 3 patients develops kidney damage and requires continuous replacement therapy.     

Case report of the first Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome patient in China: successful application of extracorporeal liver support MARS therapy in multiorgan failure possibly induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

A previously healthy patient was transferred to our infectious department with a 9-day-history of continued fever. The patient was placed on assisted respiration support in addition to anti-viral medication. The diagnosis of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) was made in view of the severe hypoxemia and the characteristic symptoms exhibited by the patient. Despite the best intensive therapy, he clinically deteriorated into multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) including additional dysfunction of kidney, liver, and heart. We initiated MARS therapy (extracorporeal liver support utilizing albumin dialysis) with intention to positively influence the organ functions in his MODS on the basis of recently published studies which suggested a positive impact of MARS in multiorgan failure secondary to respiratory illnesses and the possible influence on inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The application of 4 intermittent MARS treatments (8 h each, mean blood flow rate 180 ml/min) on 4 consecutive days resulted in an immediate improvement of clinical conditions within the treatment days. The further improvement of organ functions allowed withdrawing the patient from ventilatory support 13 days after start of MARS, and 44 days after admission he was discharged home with completely resolved organ functions and laboratory abnormalities. SARS is a severe form of the epidemic outbreak of atypical pneumonia which remains poorly defined regarding etiology and special therapy recommendations. However, the development and aggravation of this ARDS-like severe acute respiratory syndrome is pathologically associated with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) which may then mediate or cause MODS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an application of MARS therapy in MODS which was probably induced by SARS in a patient in China which improved the clinical condition of the patient in multi-organ failure secondary to respiratory failure indicating that MARS might be an additional therapeutic option in multiorgan failure induced by SARS.     

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and acute renal failure associated with Hemophilus influenzae septic meningitis

Sepsis is often associated with a downward spiral through a spectrum of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) culminating in organ failure and death. Here we present a 3-year-old girl with Hemophilus influenzae septic meningitis who developed SIRS and acute renal failure. In the initial stage, the patient showed uremia, cytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, elevation of tissue enzyme and ferritin values, hemophagocytosis and overproduction of nitric oxide. The serum cytokine profile revealed increased levels of soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The patient responded positively to early and intensive interventions including antibiotics, repeated exchange transfusions, dexamethasone and high-dose gamma-globulin. The above laboratory abnormalities almost normalized with clinical improvement. We consider that SIRS was probably responsible for the sequence of events resulting in renal failure in this case, and suggest that renal failure should be included among the serious complications of SIRS associated with Hemophilus influenzae septic meningitis.     

Pathophysiology of polytrauma

Immediate and early trauma deaths are determined by primary brain injuries, or significant blood loss (haemorrhagic shock), while late mortality is caused by secondary brain injuries and host defence failure. First hits (hypoxia, hypotension, organ and soft tissue injuries, fractures), as well as second hits (e.g. ischaemia/reperfusion injuries, compartment syndromes, operative interventions, infections), induce a host defence response. This is characterized by local and systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, proteins of the contact phase and coagulation systems, complement factors and acute phase proteins, as well as hormonal mediators: it is defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), according to clinical parameters. However, in parallel, anti-inflammatory mediators are produced (compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). An imbalance of these dual immune responses seems to be responsible for organ dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections. Endothelial cell damage, accumulation of leukocytes, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and microcirculatory disturbances lead finally to apoptosis and necrosis of parenchymal cells, with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), or multiple organ failure (MOF). Whereas most clinical trials with anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, or antioxidant strategies failed, the implementation of pre- and in-hospital trauma protocols and the principle of damage control procedures have reduced post-traumatic complications. However, the development of immunomonitoring will help in the selection of patients at risk of post-traumatic complications and, thereby, the choice of the most appropriate treatment protocols for severely injured patients.     

Acute renal failure in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Acute renal failure (ARF) is an uncommon but alarming complication of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. The renal failure could be secondary to causes evident from the history and evaluation, such as severe intravascular volume depletion, acute tubular necrosis, allergic interstitial nephritis, bilateral renal vein thrombosis, acute pyelonephritis, or rapid progression of the original glomerular disease. It may be termed idiopathic if the underlying cause is undetermined. We present three children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome who were admitted with acute renal failure. One case was due to drug-induced allergic interstitial nephritis. The other two were idiopathic in nature. Improvement in renal function occurred in the three patients over a variable period of 10 days to 4 weeks. After careful exclusion of well-known causes of acute renal failure, idiopathic acute renal failure (IARF) should be considered as a diagnostic possibility in these patients. The exact pathophysiology of IARF is not understood. Possible proposed explanations include interstitial edema, tubular obstruction, altered glomerular permeability, and unrecognized hypovolemia.     

Anesthesia in three women with HELLP syndrome

Three pregnant women with diagnosis of HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), received emergency cesarean section in our hospital. Considering low platelet counts, in all three patients, operations were performed under general anesthesia using sevoflurane without epidural or spinal anesthesia. Special attention was paid to management of blood pressure, especially intra-operative hypertension. Moreover, if necessary, platelet and fresh frozen plasma were transfused, and therapy to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and to protect liver and renal function, was performed perioperatively. As a result, laboratory data of all three patients recovered to almost within normal ranges after operation, and they were discharged without untoward complications. HELLP syndrome is a severe complication of pregnancy. Complications of this syndrome were severe including acute renal failure, DIC, pulmonary edema, cerebral hemorrhage and liver rupture. It is reported that maternal mortality is 2-24%. In the management of pregnant women complicated with HELLP syndrome, early diagnosis and adequate therapy, including preventive therapy for complications, are necessary.     

Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings

Five patients who developed acute renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis following multiple hornet (Vespa orientalis) stings are described. All of them had intravascular hemolysis. Evidence for rhabdomyolysis was present in 2 patients. Two patients had elevated transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels and in 1 of these, liver biopsy showed centrilobular necrosis. Two patients had thrombocytopenia in the absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Two patients died of infections while the remaining 3 recovered completely. Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings appears to result mainly from intravascular hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis although a direct nephrotoxic effect of venom cannot be excluded.     

Disseminated intravascular coagulation following percutaneous renal biopsy.

Acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has been reported following thrombus formation in various clinical settings. A patient developed DIC due to the formation of a large intracapsular hematoma following percutaneous renal biopsy. To our knowledge, this complication has not been previously reported. The coagulopathy was reversed by surgical removal of the hematoma. This diagnosis should be considered in patients with bleeding after renal biopsy.     

Tubulointerstitial nephritis in the case of acute renal failure from sepsis after a cat bite]

Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis is associated with a variety of causes, such as drug interaction, and infectious or immunological mechanisms. We describe a patient who suffered from sepsis, septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), hepatic failure and renal failure after receiving a bite from her house cat. The causes of her acute renal failure were initially thought to be due to circulatory failure with hypotensive shock, decrease in renal blood flow with fibrin formation by DIC, or microangiopathy such as hemolitic uremic syndrome. However, the renal biopsy on the 60th hospital day indicated tubulointerstitial nephritis, which was recognized by the presence of patchy and focal mononuclear small cell infiltration with invasion to the tubular epithelium. We concluded that prolonged renal failure was caused by tubulointerstitial nephritis. The cause of tubulointerstitial nephritis was not identified. Tubulointerstitial nephritis should be taken into consideration when the recovery from acute renal failure is slow.     

Coagulofibrinolytic response to surgical insult

During recent years, evidence has accumulated demonstrating bidirectional cross-talk in the classic neuroendocrine response as well as immune-mediated inflammatory response, and newly described coagulofibrinolytic response. This review outlines the influences that these systems exert on each other and discusses the implications of the coagulofibrinolytic response to the multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and patient prognosis. The results of the physiological coagulofibrinolytic response to physical insults such as surgery and trauma are hemostasis and wound healing. We stress that this response is nonspecific and is similar in all types of insult without exception. An abnormal hemostatic response to surgical insult is called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). DIC associated with the sustained systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in postsurgical insult leads to the development of MODS, which is the main determinant of patient outcome. To prevent the progression of DIC, new drugs like activated protein C which can control both coagulation and inflammation now appear promising.     

Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Sir, Acute renal failure is a common complication in malaria infection.This can be the result of multiple mechanisms [1]: hypovolaemia,excessive haemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulationor impaired microcirculation due to a high level of parasitizederythrocytes. Rhabdomyolysis is another uncommon way of inducingrenal failure in malaria infection. The diagnosis is based onhigh serum level of muscular enzymes; Creatine     

危重患者抗凝血酶与纤溶功能的动态变化

目的观察危重患者抗凝血酶和纤维蛋白溶解功能的变化。方法重症监护病房(ICU)住院患者87例(病例组),病例组按不同的临床表现,以有无全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)或多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),将患者分为SIRS组(n=68)与非SIRS组(n=19)、MODS组(n=37)与非MODS组(n=50)。选择同期本院健康体检者31人,作为对照组(n=31)。分别测定病例组患者进入ICU第1、3、5天静脉血血小板计数(PLT)及血浆抗凝血酶活性(AT:A)、纤溶酶原活性(PLG:A)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚体(D-D)浓度。结果与对照组比较,病例组进入ICU第1天血浆AT:A、PLG:A、PLT降低,血浆F1B、D-D浓度升高(P<0.01);与非SIRS组、非MODS组比较,SIRS组、MODS组各时间点血浆AT:A、PLG:A、PLT降低,血浆D-D浓度升高(P<0.01);与进入ICU第1天比较,第3、5天SIRS组、MODS组血浆D-D浓度升高,第5天血浆PLT,FIB浓度下降(P<0.05或0.01);第5天MODS 组血浆PLG:A降低(P<0.05);第5天非MODS组血浆AT:A、PLG:A升高(P<0.05)。结论血浆AT :A、PLG:A、PLT、FIB及D-D水平可在一定程度上反映SIRS和MODS病情的严重程度,还可作为SIRS 和MODS的辅助诊断指标,有助于早期预防弥漫性血管内凝血的发生。     

General anesthesia with remifentanil for Cesarean section in a patient with HELLP syndrome

HELLP syndrome is a severe complication of pre-eclampsia characterised by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and a low platelet count. It is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcome for both the mother and the fetus. Patients with HELLP syndrome are also at greater risk of pulmonary edema, adult respiratory distress syndrome, abruptio placentae, intracerebral hemorrhage, eclamptic convulsions, disseminated intravascular coagulation, ruptured liver hematomas and acute renal failure. Perinatal mortality is equally high. Before delivery, aggressive obstetric management is directed toward stabilization of the affected organ systems, if possible, and interruption of the pregnancy in the early phase of the accelerated disease progression. Definitive therapy is delivery. Parturients HELLP syndrome often require general anesthesia for Cesarean section delivery. The anesthetic technique is critical for these patients with a high risk of uncontrollable hypertension, bleeding and multiple organ failure. Remifentanil is increasingly used as a very short analgesic agent providing cardiovascular stability in high-risk patients. We report the management of a patient presenting in labor with HELLP syndrome, and describe the successful use of remifentanil as part of the anesthetic technique for her subsequent Cesarean section.     

妊娠急性脂肪肝的临床诊治分析

目的：探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝（AFLP）的早期诊断方法和治疗原则。方法：对2007年1月-2011年10月在解放军总医院收治的7例AFLP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：7例AFLP患者中食欲下降6例（85．7％）,恶心、呕吐5例（71．4％）,黄疸7例（100．0％）,水肿6例（85．7％）;并发产后大出血5例（71．4％）,肾功能衰竭3例（42．9％）,弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）3例（42．9％）。6例患者经过及时终止妊娠和综合治疗,预后良好。1例孕产妇死于多脏器功能障碍综合症,1例围产儿死亡。结论：早期诊断,及时终止妊娠,加强多学科综合治疗是改善AFLP母婴预后的关键。     

Acute kidney injury following multiple wasp stings

Background

Common manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions to toxins of stinging insects range from local swelling to angioedema and anaphylaxis. Sometimes it may result in unusual manifestations like intravascular hemolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, rhabdomyolysis, etc. Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to immune-mediated acute interstitial nephritis is an extremely uncommon manifestation of insect stings.

Case-Diagnosis/Treatment

A 9-year-old boy who developed renal failure from acute interstitial nephritis 7?days after getting stung by a swarm of wasps at multiple sites is described. He regained normal renal function after eight sessions of hemodialysis.

Conclusions

Acute interstitial nephritis resulting in AKI may be either due to immune-mediated tubulointerstitial injury or acute cellular injury caused by obstruction by pigments like hemoglobin and myoglobin. Timely and appropriate supportive management usually cures the patient without any residual damage. The objective of reporting this case is to draw the attention of fellow clinicians towards the possibility of this unusual but life-threatening delayed complication in multiple wasp stings, even if there are no significant immediate reactions.     

老年腹部外科急症患者全身性炎症反应综合征和多器官功能不全综合征的临床分析

作者回顾性研究了２９２例老年腹部外科急症患者的全身性炎症反应综合征（ＳＩＲＳ）和多脏器功能不全综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）的临床资料,分析ＳＩＲＳ向ＭＯＤＳ的发展过程,探索ＭＯＤＳ的防治策略。结果：老年腹部外科急症患者入院时ＳＩＲＳ的发生率是４１．１％,其后ＭＯＤＳ的发生率是１４．２％,病死率是１１．７％。经治疗４８小时后（包括手术和保守治疗）,仍伴有ＳＩＲＳ的病例中,４０．５％（１７／４２）发展为ＭＯＤＳ。２９２例老年腹部外科急症患者中,１９例发生ＭＯＤＳ（６．５％）,１６例死亡（８４．２％）,结论：早期诊断ＳＩＲＳ,特别注意分析治疗４８小时后仍伴有ＳＩＲＳ的患者的原因,积极调控机体炎症反应,才是改善老年腹部外科急症患者预后的关键