枸杞多糖延缓衰老的作用

枸杞子 ( Fructus lycii)是著名的防衰老滋补品 [1] ,被列为首选的延缓衰老食品之一[2 ] ,许多养生方剂中都有枸杞子[3 ] 。近年来研究表明枸杞多糖( Lycium barbarum polysaccharides,LBP)是枸杞子调节免疫、延缓衰老等功能的主要活性成分 [4～ 6]。为了解 LBP的抗衰老机理和评价添加 LBP的产品是否仍具有相应的功能 ,我们以衰老的自由基理论为指导[7] ,用衰老模型小鼠和老年小鼠等研究了 LBP及其产品口含片的延缓衰老作用。1　材　料　与　方　法1 .1　枸杞多糖及枸杞多糖口含片　　枸杞多糖系从枸杞子中提取而得的多糖复合物 [8] ,…     

枸杞多糖组分3对羟自由基所致损伤的作用

枸杞多糖 ( Lycium barbarum polysaccharides,LBP)是枸杞子 ( Fructus lycii)的主要活性成分之一 ,具有多种药理作用和生物活性功能 [1～ 3 ] 。枸杞多糖有多个组分[1,2 ] ,然而由于分离纯化的困难 ,大多研究使用的枸杞多糖为未分离各组分的混合物 ,即枸杞粗多糖或总多糖。目前仅见组分 2 ( LBP2 )能明显促进辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能的恢复 [3] ,和组分 X( LBPX)具有降血脂、降血糖、抗疲劳及免疫增强效应 [4～ 6] 的报道。对枸杞多糖和其它类型多糖需要加强纯组分的研究 ,以期进一步确证其功能 ,弄清结构与功能的关系。　　实验观察到 …     

枸杞多糖免疫调节作用的实验研究

枸杞子主产于我国宁夏、甘肃、青海等地,是传统的名贵中药,具有滋补肝肾、益精明目和强壮机体的作用。枸杞多糖作为枸杞子的主要成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗疲劳等多种作用〔1〕。本文采用小鼠碳粒廓清实验,刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验、溶血素实验对广夏枸杞汁的免疫调节功能进行了检测。报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　材料1.1.1　雌性昆明种小鼠　体重18～22g。湖北省医学科学院实验动物中心提供(动物批准号:鄂动医管字19-007号)。1.1.2　枸杞多糖　由武汉广夏枸杞开发有限公司提供的广夏枸杞汁,内含枸杞多糖15g/L。1.1.…     

枸杞多糖对H22肝癌小鼠的抑癌作用

枸杞多糖（Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,LBP）为枸杞子的主要生物活性成分,已证明LBP具有降血脂、降血糖、抗衰老、抗疲劳、保肝、增强免疫力等多种功效.目前对肿瘤的治疗一般多采用放化疗法,但多数放化疗药物对人体均具有毒副作用.因此,寻找天然无毒的抗肿瘤药物成为研究热点.本实验以H22肝癌荷瘤小鼠为对象,探讨枸杞多糖的抗癌作用。     

枸杞子抗癌作用及临床研究概述

枸杞子为茄科植物宁夏枸杞Lycium baxbamm L的干燥成熟果实，现代临床上广泛用于抗衰老、抗肿瘤、保肝、增强免疫力等。肿瘤为临床常见疑难病，已成为排在人类死亡第2位的疾病，严重危害人类的生存和健康，寻找抗肿瘤的药物已成为药物研究者的重要课题，中药枸杞子以被多数药物研究者证实具有抗肿瘤作用，其发挥抗肿瘤作用的有效成分是枸杞多糖（LBP）。本文概述了近几年来枸杞子的抗肿瘤药理作用研究概况。     

枸杞多糖对小鼠耐常压缺氧能力的影响

目的　为了进一步研究枸杞耐缺氧能力与成分的关系 ,对枸杞多糖的耐缺氧效应进行了研究。方法　连续灌胃小鼠不同剂量的枸杞多糖 (LBP) 7d,末次给予后 1 h,进行密闭缺氧实验。结果　实验结果表明 ,LBP50～ 90 0 mg/(kg·d) ig,可显著延长小鼠的存活时间 ,其中以70 0 mg/(kg·d)剂量效果最佳 ,存活时间为 (47.3± 4.4) min,比对照组延长 52 .1 %。LBP可降低小鼠血红蛋白增加率 ,抑制组织脂质过氧化反应以及增加血浆中 SOD活性。结论　 LBP具有提高实验动物耐缺氧能力的功能。     

枸杞多糖对慢性辐射小鼠细胞凋亡及bc1-2基因表达的影响

目的:探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对辐射小鼠细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达的影响。方法:以水提取-乙醇沉淀法制备枸杞多糖,并制成0.8%的饲料,给予受试小鼠(枸杞多糖组)。正常对照组、辐射对照组给予普通饲料。除正常对照组外,另两组均用60Coγ射线对动物进行全身性照射,每天照射1次,每天照射剂量为0.084Gy,每周照射5d,连续照射6w,照射总剂量为2.52Gy。检测骨髓微核率、睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变、精子畸形率、肝细胞caspase-3mRNA表达水平、细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因bc1-2表达等指标。结果:LBP可使辐射引起的微核率、染色体畸变、及精子畸形率显著降低,骨髓细胞增殖活性提高,凋亡率降低,使辐射小鼠bc1-2基因表达提高、caspase-3mRNA表达水平降低。结论:枸杞多糖的抗辐射作用与其调控细胞bc1-2基因表达,影响细胞凋亡有关。     

枸杞多糖对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠肾脏保护作用及其机制研究

目的:观察枸杞多糖(LBP)对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及机制。方法:用链脲佐菌素(STZ)结合高脂饲料建立Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型,根据胰岛素敏感指数、糖耐量曲线下面积分为模型组,LBP低、中、高剂量组[20、40、80mg/(kgbw?d)],同时设立正常对照及正常高剂量对照组,试验期1个月。检测LBP对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血清糖基化终产物-肽(AGEs-P)、糖基化血红蛋白(HbAlc)及肾脏白介素-8(IL-8)含量、肾脏病理变化的影响。结果:LBP可降低Ⅱ型糖尿病模型大鼠血清AGEs-P及血浆HbAlc与肾脏中IL-8含量,肾脏病变明显改善。结论:LBP可降低模型大鼠糖基化终产物的产生,减少肾脏IL-8的分泌,从而预防糖尿病肾病的发生。     

枸杞多糖对慢性辐射小鼠细胞凋亡及bcl-2基因表达的影响

目的：探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对辐射小鼠细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达的影响。方法：以水提取-乙醇沉淀法制备枸杞多糖，并制成0．8％的饲料，给予受试小鼠(枸杞多糖组)。正常对照组、辐射对照组给予普通饲料。除正常对照组外，另两组均用^60Coγ射线对动物进行全身性照射，每天照射1次，每天照射剂量为0.084Gy，每周照射5d，连续照射6w，照射总剂量为2.52Gy。检测骨髓微核率、睾丸精母细胞染色体畸变、精子畸形率、肝细胞caspase-3 mRNA表达水平、细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达等指标。结果：LBP可使辐射引起的微核率、染色体畸变、及精子畸形率显降低，骨髓细胞增殖活性提高，凋亡率降低，使辐射小鼠bcl-2基因表达提高、caspase-3 mRNA表达水平降低。结论：枸杞多糖的抗辐射作用与其调控细胞bcl-2基因表达，影响细胞凋亡有关。     

枸杞粗多糖对化学性肝损伤保护作用

目的　探讨服用枸杞粗多糖对小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法　采用卫生部的《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2 0 0 3年版 ) [1] 。结果　枸杞粗多糖可明显抑制CCl4 引起小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶 (AST)的升高 ,并能改善和恢复各病理指标。结论　枸杞粗多糖对肝脏有较好的保护作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.