模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对潜水员心电图的影响

目的 探讨模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对潜水员心电图的影响.方法 4名潜水员于高、低压两用舱内,先后模拟平原、海拔3000 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水、海拔4000 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水、海拔5200 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水和50 m潜水.在不同压力点进行潜水员心电图检查,观察心率、P-R间期、QRS时限、Q-T间期、RV5+ SV1电压5项数据结果.结果 高海拔及潜水环境均会引起潜水员心率增快,最高心率为(103.75±11.59)次/min;P-R间期及Q-T间期缩短.试验中未发现潜水员P波、ST-T波形、QRS时限及RV5+ SV1电压改变.结论 本次试验条件下的模拟高原环境下氦氧潜水过程对潜水员心电图的影响主要是心率增快.     

模拟480m氦氧饱和-493m巡回潜水实验研究的设备保障

目的 保障模拟480 m氦氧饱和-493 m巡回潜水实验的顺利进行,检验饱和潜水设备保障方案.方法 4名潜水员利用500 m饱和潜水系统和KMB18(B)潜水装具,在实验室进行模拟大深度饱和-巡回潜水.实验前通过维修、调试设备,使其处于备便状态.实验中按照设备保障方案,控制舱内环境压力、氧(O2)分压、二氧化碳( CO2)分压及温湿度参数,保障潜水员完成水下巡潜作业及日常饮食起居,确保潜水员按时、顺利、安全出舱.结果 经过82 h加压后,达到的饱和深度为480 m,4名潜水员在此深度下停留49.6h,达到巡潜最大深度493m;减压时间约302.4 h,高压暴露总时间为434 h.加压过程和饱和逗留期间维持O2分压35 ～45 kPa,减压时维持O2分压48～52 kPa,减压至12 m后,维持O2浓度21％ ～23％;CO2分压一般限制在0.5 kPa以内.相对湿度60％～80％;居住舱内温度29～32℃.结论 潜水员出舱后身体状况良好,感觉舱内环境控制比较舒适,设备保障结果与预想方案吻合,设备保障方案成功.     

低水温氦氧潜水对人体温的影响和安全减压的研究

目的探讨低水温环境呼吸氦氧混合气潜水的人体生理效应及安全减压措施。方法4名男性成年潜水员，穿湿式潜水服，在15．0—19．0℃水温的大型人体加压舱内（10．5m^3），用HJ-801型潜水呼吸器，呼吸氦氧混合气，分别在60、80和120m深度进行了11人次模拟潜水试验。期间，全程连续检测了潜水员的直肠温度、体表温度、舱温、水温及其医学生理指标的变化。结果在模拟60-120m，呼吸氦氧混合气的低水温环境，潜水员有明显寒冷感觉，出现寒颤，与进舱前相比，体表温度降低了5．1—5．9℃，直肠温度下降0．4-1．1℃。有的在脱离寒冷环境后，直肠温度仍有下降。而对照组，潜水员感觉良好，未见寒颤反应。低水温潜水时，潜水员心理运算、数字记忆、闪光融合分数均有不同程度下降。但检测心前区气泡音显示，无论是静息状态或进行下蹲运动时气泡音均为0级，减压出舱后也未见潜水员发生减压病。结论（1）潜水员在15．0—19．0℃低水温环境进行大深度（60—120m）氦氧潜水时可导致体表和体心温度下降，出现寒冷反应，心理功能指标减退；（2）在15．0—19．0℃低水温氦氧潜水时，潜水员脱离低温环境后直肠温度仍有下降，提示低水温氦氧潜水后，仍需强化医学保障工作。     

模拟高海拔氦氧潜水对潜水员心率变异性的影响

目的 观察模拟高海拔缺氧和潜水条件下自主神经的交感-副交感的反应,探讨高海拔缺氧和潜水活动中自主神经系统的交感-迷走神经对心脏功能的互动调控作用.方法 4名潜水员作为受试者在高、低压舱内分别暴露于模拟海拔3000、4000和5200 m,各逗留2d,在此期间摸拟30 m和50m氦氧潜水60 min.记录受试者在高海拔暴露和模拟潜水时的心电图,运用频谱分析法对其总功率(TP)、高频(HF)、低频(LF)和低频/高频(LF/HF)的比值等指标进行分析.结果 人体暴露于海拔高度3000、4000和5200 m时,心率变异性(HRV)的TP、HF、LF,HF/(LF/HF)比海平面值明显减少,LF/HF 则明显升高.与高海拔相比,在模拟30和50 m潜水时发生明显相反的变化,HRV的各参数出现由高海拔暴露值向平原对照值回归转化的现象.结论 高海拔暴露引起交感神经活性升高,副交感神经活性降低,在潜水时发生相反的变化,HRV有向海平面值回归转移的趋势.     

海上氦氧150m饱和-182m巡回潜水训练医学保障

目的：通过采取有针对性的医学保障措施，安全地实现潜水深度新的提升，提高我军潜水能力。方法：8名海军潜水员利用国产船载甲板居住舱－潜水钟饱和潜水设备系统进行氦氧饱和－巡回潜水。潜水员经139min加压至相当于150m水深的饱和压力，最大巡潜深度182m 9人次，巡潜时间累计2h 35min，饱和暴露34h后，经过163h的饱和减压回到常压，饱和潜水全程199h。采用高压下专用心电、脑电监护仪对舱内的潜水员进行同时监护，减压过程中进行多普勒超声气泡音监测。巡回潜水后外用抑菌药物预防外耳道炎。在潜水过程的不同阶段分别进行了呼吸、免疫、应激功能等指标的检测。结果：8名潜水员完成高压暴露199h后，有轻度虚弱感，2周内消失；无减压病症状发生，多普勒超声气泡检测未听到气泡音。在饱和暴露时，4名潜水员出现窦性心率不齐，1名T波低平，50h后恢复。免疫功能指标IL－6、IL－8在饱和潜水结束后显著升高（P＜0．001）；应激功能指标AVP、CRH、ACTH、Dyn A含量在潜水后均明显升高（P＜0．05或＜0．01）。在150m饱和阶段，肺通气功能指标FEF25％、FEF50％、FEF75％降低的幅度分别为25．51％，42．35％，56．84％，减压结束24h后均恢复正常。结论：生理指标监测结果说明本次潜水过程中，潜水员机体处于应激状态。通过切实可行的医学保障措施和医学监护手段，对此次现场实际潜水训练提供了有力的保障。     

模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对潜水员肾功能的影响

目的 探讨模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对潜水员肾功能的影响.方法 4名潜水员于高低压两用舱内,连续9d先后模拟平原、海拔3000 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水、海拔4000 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水、海拔5200 m环境及该环境下30m潜水和50 m潜水.分别于实验第1天早上进舱前空腹,实验第3天3000m高原早上空腹,实验第4天3000 m高原30m潜水减压返回3000m后,当天17:30晚饭前,实验第6天4000m高原30m潜水减压返回4000m后,当晚17:30晚饭前,实验第7天5200 m高原停留1夜,早上空腹,实验第8天5200 m高原50 m潜水减压回到5200 m后(23:00),实验第9d实验结束后出舱午餐前抽血.采用自动生化仪进行肾功能相关指标检测,包括:血肌酐、血尿素氮、血糖、血钾、血钠、血氯;连续9d留取晨起中段尿,采用尿流式细胞仪行尿常规检查.结果 在完成4000m高原30 m潜水减压返回4000 m后,血清肌酐及尿素氮有升高趋势,但与其他时间点比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各时间点潜水员的血清肌酐、尿素氮、血糖、血电解质、尿液pH值、尿密度均在正常范围内,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).尿红细胞、尿白细胞、尿蛋白、尿酮体、尿糖、尿胆原,尿胆红素等检测结果均为阴性.结论 本实验条件下模拟高原氦氧潜水过程对潜水员肾功能没有明显影响.     

模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对潜水员应激反应的影响

目的 探讨模拟不同海拔高原环境下完成氦氧潜水对潜水员应激反应的影响.方法 4名潜水员于高、低压舱内,模拟海拔3000 m环境下潜水30 m停留60 min,连续2 d;4000 m环境下潜水30 m停留60 min,连续2 d;5200 m境下潜水30 m停留60 min,1 d;5200 m环境下潜水50 m停留60 min,1 d;整个实验于密闭高、低压舱内连续完成,共9 d.于潜水员进舱前、第1次潜水前、第2次、第4次潜水后、第5次潜水前、第6次潜水后及出舱后分别留取静脉血,采用酶联免疫(ELISA)法测定去甲肾上腺素(NE)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)含量.结果 外周血5-HT含量先缓慢升高,在经历海拔3000 m潜水30 m 2 d、4000 m潜水30 m 2 d后达到最高值[(3.24±0.66) μg/L],之后下降,至5200 m第2次潜水(30 m、50 m各1次)后降至最低值[(2.50±1.18) μg/L],其变化比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);DA变化基本与5-HT一致;外周血NE含量首先下降,在经历3000 m潜水30 m 2次后开始升高,再次经历4000 m2次潜水后达到最高值,之后持续下降,直至出舱后达到最低值,其变化比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 模拟高海拔潜水使机体产生应激反应,程度处于应激反应的警觉期及抵抗期,尚在生理调节范围之内.     

模拟不同海拔高原环境下氦氧潜水对人体肝功能的影响

目的 探讨模拟高原环境下氦氧潜水对人体肝功能的影响.方法 4名潜水员于高低压两用舱内,先后模拟海拔3000m环境及该环境下30m潜水、海拔4000m环境及该环境下30m潜水、海拔5200 m环境及该环境下30 m潜水和50 m潜水.分别于试验第1天早上进舱前空腹,试验第3天3000m高原早上空腹,试验第4天3000 m高原30 m潜水减压返回3000 m后,当晚17:30晚饭前,试验第6天4000m高原30 m潜水减压返回4000 m后,当晚17:30晚饭前,试验第7天5200 m高原停留1夜,早上空腹,试验第8天5200m高原50m潜水减压回到5200m后(23:00),试验第9天试验结束后出舱午餐前抽血.采用自动生化仪进行7次肝功能指标检测,包括血清谷丙转氨酶、血清总胆红素、血清直接胆红素、血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、血清碱性磷酸酶和血清白蛋白,分析高原潜水前后肝功能指标的变化.结果 各时间点测得的血清谷丙转氨酶、血清总胆红素、血清直接胆红素、血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、血清白蛋白均在正常范围内,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 本试验条件下模拟高原氦氧潜水过程对潜水员的肝功能没有明显影响.     

逐次加深模拟氦氧饱和潜水对潜水员细胞免疫状态的影响

目的 探讨深度到由浅到深逐次进行模拟氦氧饱和潜水对潜水员细胞免疫状态的影响.方法 9名健康男性潜水员逐次由浅至深进行65、250、480 m氦氧饱和暴露,每次暴露前后采集抗凝血,经流式细胞术检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化.结果 在250 m饱和暴露后外周血CD4淋巴细胞亚群和CD4/CD8(41.26±8.46和1.36±0.50)较暴露前(35.63±7.93和1.04±0.36)显著升高;65 m及480 m饱和暴露前后,外周血淋巴细胞亚群未发生明显改变.未经65m饱和暴露实验的潜水员,在480m饱和暴露阶段,较其他潜水员的免疫状态更容易受到影响.结论 逐次加大深度氦氧饱和暴露可以防止饱和潜水环境中潜水员细胞免疫功能的抑制.     

模拟氦氧饱和潜水实验中监测潜水员尿量及尿电解质的作用

目的 探讨模拟2.6 MPa氦氧饱和潜水暴露时潜水员尿量及尿电解质变化对潜水员健康干预的监护作用.方法 7名健康男性潜水员参加模拟250 m氦氧饱和潜水,在暴露前、中、后每日取晨尿和24h尿检测尿常规、尿量、尿电解质、肌酐及N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)排泄量.结果参试潜水员尿常规在高压暴露过程中没有明显变化;尿量在暴露于2.0 MPa以上压力时略有增高,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05):尿Na+、K+、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、NAG酶在高压下排泄减少(P＜0.05),尤以钙减少明显且持续时间长,但在减压后1周基本恢复至正常水平.结论 模拟2.6 MPa氦氧饱和潜水暴露过程中潜水员尿量和尿电解质排泄存在波动,检测尿量和尿电解质排泄量可为舱内潜水员的健康干预提供参考依据.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.