大气污染与居民脑卒中发生关系的时间序列研究

目的 研究大气污染急性暴露对居民脑卒中发生的影响.方法 采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制脑卒中发生的长期和季节趋势、气象因素、"星期几效应"等可能混杂因素的基础上,分析了上海市某区2004年1月1日至2007年12月31日大气污染与居民每日脑卒中发生数的关系.结果 大气污染水平滞后天数为0～1 d时,PM10、SO2和NO2浓度每增加10 μg/m3,居民脑卒中发生的相对危险度分别为1.02(95%可信限:1.01～1.03)、1.05(95%可信限:1.04～1.06)和1.09(95%可信限:1.08～1.10).结论 上海市某区目前的大气污染水平对居民脑卒中发生有影响.     

上海市卢湾区居民日死亡数与大气污染关系的时间序列研究

[目的]分析上海市卢湾区大气污染急性暴露对居民每日死亡数的影响。[方法]分别采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型(GAM)和广义线性模型(GLM),在控制死亡的长期趋势、气象因素、“星期几效应”等混杂因素的基础上,分析上海市卢湾区2001年1月1日~2004年12月31日大气污染与居民每日死亡数的关系。[结果]在GAM中大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10),SO2和NO2,48h平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,居民死亡的相对危险度分别为1.0003(95%CI1.0000~1.0007)、1.0009(95%CI0.9998~1.0019)和1.0012(95%CI1.0003~1.0021);在GLM中大气PM10,SO2和NO2,48h平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,居民死亡的相对危险度分别为1.0004(95%CI1.0001~1.0008)、1.0008(95%CI0.9998~1.0019)和1.0012(95%CI1.0002~1.0022)。[结论]GAM、GLM拟和结果相似,上海市卢湾区目前的PM10和NO2水平对居民日死亡数有影响。     

上海市闵行区大气污染与居民日死亡关系的时间序列研究

[目的]分析大气污染对居民每日死亡的急性效应。[方法]采用时间序列的广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了时间的长期趋势、季节趋势、周效应、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,研究上海市闵行区2001年1月1日~2004年12月31日大气污染与居民日死亡的关系。[结果]大气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)以及二氧化氮(NO2)的日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,对应居民死亡相对危险度分别为1.0030(95%CI:1.0005~1.0055)、1.0123(95%CI:1.0051~1.0195)和1.0126(95%CI:1.0059~1.0194)。[结论]上海市闵行区大气污染物PM10、NO2、SO2的浓度变化对居民日死亡人数有影响。     

广州市某区医院呼吸系统疾病门诊人数与大气污染关系的时间序列研究

目的分析大气污染急性暴露对医院每日门诊人数的影响。方法采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制门诊人数的长期趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素的基础上,分析广州市某区2009年1月1日—2011年12月31日大气污染与医院每日门诊人数的关系。结果大气污染物PM10-2.5、PM2.5、NO2和SO2日平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,医院呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的相对危险度分别为1.002 5(95%CI:0.998 9~1.018 2),1.003 5(95%CI:1.001 2~1.016 4),1.002 4(95%CI:1.001 6~1.005 6)和1.002 8(95%CI:0.977 8~1.007 8)。结论广州市某区PM2.5和NO2日均浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日门诊人数的增加。     

武汉市大气污染与居民呼吸系统疾病死亡关系的病例交叉研究

目的运用病例交叉的研究方法探讨大气污染对武汉市居民呼吸系统疾病每日死亡的影响。方法采用病例交叉(case-crossover)设计的方法研究2005年1月1日至2006年12月31日期间武汉市城区大气污染与居民每日呼吸系统疾病的死亡之间的关系,同时比较不同的对照选择方案研究结果的差异。结果调整相关气象因素后,采用双向1∶2的对照设计分析表明,大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)以及二氧化氮(NO2)日平均浓度每增加10μg/m3,武汉市城区居民呼吸系统疾病死亡发生的OR值分别为1.005(95%CI:1.004～1.006)、1.021(95%CI:1.019～1.023)和1.054(95%CI:1.047～1.054);在不同的对照策略下,PM10、SO2以及NO2与呼吸系统死亡关联均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且NO2的关联值相对较高。结论本研究区域内大气PM10、SO2以及NO2浓度的上升促进呼吸系统疾病死亡的增加。     

Association of Respiratory Diseases Outpatient Visits and Air Pollution in a District, Guangzhou: a Time-series Study

目的 分析大气污染急性暴露对医院每日门诊人数的影响.方法 采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制门诊人数的长期趋势、气象因素、星期几效应等混杂因素的基础上,分析广州市某区2009年1月1日—201l年12月31日大气污染与医院每日门诊人数的关系.结果 大气污染物PM10-2.5、PM2.5、NO2和SO2日平均浓度每增加10μ g/m3,医院呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的相对危险度分别为1.002 5(95％CI:0.998 9～1.018 2),1.003 5(95％CI:1.001 2～1.0164),1.0024 (95％CI:1.001 6～1.0056)和1.002 8(95％CI:0.977 8～1.0078).结论 广州市某区PM2.5和NO2日均浓度的短期升高可能会导致医院每日门诊人数的增加.     

上海市大气气态污染物与居民每日死亡关系的时间序列研究

目的 分析主要大气气态污染物[二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)]急性暴露对上海市城区居民每日死亡的影响.方法 采用时间序列的半参数广义相加模型,在控制死亡的长期趋势、气象因素、"星期几效应"等混杂因素的基础上,分析了上海市城区2001年1月1日-2004年12月31日大气SO2和NO2浓度与居民每日死亡数的关系.结果 大气SO2浓度每增加10μg/m3,上海市城区居民总死亡、心血管疾病死亡和呼吸道疾病死亡数分别增加1.25%(95%CI:0.85%～1.65%)、1.45%(95%CI:0.86%～2.04%)和1.71%(95%CI:0.72%～2.71%);大气NO2浓度每增加10 μg/m3,居民总死亡、心血管疾病死亡和呼吸道疾病死亡数则分别增加1.04%(95%CI:0.72%～1.35%),1.05%(95%CI:0.59%～1.51%)和1.43%(95%CI:0.65%～2.21%).结论 目前的上海市城区大气中SO2和NO2浓度对居民死亡确有影响.     

北京市朝阳区大气污染与居民每日死亡关系的时间序列研究

目的探讨北京市朝阳区大气污染物二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与居民每日死亡的相关性。方法 2004年1月—2008年9月的北京市朝阳区呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病、内分泌、营养和代谢疾病每日死亡人数数据源于朝阳区疾病预防控制中心,同时收集北京市日均SO2、NO2、PM10浓度和日均气温、相对湿度数据。采用广义相加模型(generalized additive model)分析SO2、NO2以及PM10与每日死亡的关系,并且控制日均气温、相对湿度的影响。结果大气SO2、NO2、PM10浓度每增加10μg/m3,分别导致朝阳区居民上述疾病每日死亡增加0.47%(95%CI:0.03%～0.91%),0.55%(95%CI:-0.02%～1.12%)和0.25%(95%CI:0.08%～0.42%)。结论北京市朝阳区大气SO2、PM10浓度可以对该区居民上述疾病每日死亡造成影响,NO2浓度对居民影响不明显。     

苏州市大气颗粒物与居民呼吸系统疾病死亡的时间序列分析

目的探讨苏州市大气颗粒物的急性暴露与居民每日呼吸系统疾病死亡的关系。方法采用时间序列的广义相加模型,在控制时间趋势和气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,建立单污染物和双污染物模型,分析2010—2013年苏州市大气PM10、PM2.5浓度对居民每日呼吸系统疾病死亡人数的影响。结果单污染物模型中,苏州市大气PM10(lag0~1)、PM2.5(lag4)浓度每升高10μg/m3,居民呼吸系统疾病日死亡数分别增加0.408%(95%CI:0.083%~0.732%)和0.509%(95%CI:0.098%~0.921%)。双污染物模型中,调整大气PM2.5的影响后,PM10(lag0~1)对呼吸系统疾病死亡的超额危险度略有增加(ER=0.466%,95%CI:0.062%~0.871%);分别调整PM10和NO2的影响后,PM2.5(lag4)对呼吸系统疾病死亡的超额危险度分别为0.525%(95%CI:0.020%~1.029%)和0.782%(95%CI:0.320%~1.243%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论苏州市大气PM10和PM2.5浓度升高可能导致居民每日呼吸系统疾病死亡人数增加。     

天津市空气污染物对脑卒中死亡影响的时间序列分析

目的 探讨天津市大气污染对居民脑卒中死亡率的影响,为脑卒中的预防控制提供依据.方法 采用天津市疾病预防控制中心收集的居民全死因监测数据,气象资料和大气污染资料来源于天津市气象局和天津市环境监测中心.采用时间序列的泊松回归广义可加模型进行天津市每日大气污染与居民脑卒中死亡危险度分析,同时控制气象因素、长期趋势、星期几效应以及人口数等混杂因素的影响,进行单污染物和多污染物分析.结果 2001至2009年天津市脑卒中粗死亡率为136.67～160.01/10万,有逐年上升趋势(P=0.000),但天津市脑卒中世界标化死亡率为138.36～99.14/10万,呈逐年下降趋势(P=0.000);大气中SO2、NO2、PM10日均浓度每升高10μg/m3,脑卒中死亡的风险RR值分别为1.0105(95％CI:1.0060～1.0153),1.0197(95％CI:1.0149～1.0246)和1.0064(95％CI:1.0052～1.0077).SO2效应在1日后达到最大,NO2、PM10效应在当日达到最大.结论 天津市大气污染能增加人群脑卒中死亡风险,可能对脑卒中急性发作起到诱导作用.     

The association of daily diabetes mortality and outdoor air pollution in Shanghai, China

The objective of the study reported here was to assess the association between air pollution and daily diabetes mortality in Shanghai. Death records were collected for all individuals who lived in the Zhabei district of Shanghai and died from diabetes from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2002. The authors used a time-series approach to study the acute effects of air pollution on diabetes mortality after controlling for long-term trends, weather variables, and day of the week. Each increase of 10 microg/m3 in PM10, SO2, or NO2 was found to correspond, respectively, to a 1.006 (95 percent CI: 1.000-1.012), 1.011 (95 percent CI: 0.990-1.032), or 1.013 (95 percent CI: 1.000-1.026) relative risk of diabetes mortality in Shanghai. The air pollutants also were observed to have a greater effect on diabetics than on nondiabetics. These findings provide new evidence for the association between air pollution and diabetes mortality risk, and suggest that diabetics are more susceptible to air pollution than are nondiabetics.     

上海市大气污染与居民每日死亡关系的病例交叉研究

目的 以病例交叉的研究方法，估计大气污染急性暴露对上海市居民每日死亡的影响，并探讨该设计用于大气污染急性健康效应研究的可行性。方法 采用病例交叉设计的方法分析上海市2000年6月1日至2001年12月31日大气污染与居民每日总死亡和分疾病别死亡的关系，同时比较双向对照设计和单向回顾性对照设计研究结果的差异。结果 采用不同的对照选择方案，病例交叉设计的研究结果变化较大；采用双向1：6的对照设计，大气可吸入颗粒物(PMl0)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)48h平均浓度每增加10μg／m^3，上海市城区居民总死亡发生的相对危险度分别为1．003(95％CI：1．001～1．005)、1．016(95％CI：1．011～1．021)、1．020(95％CI：1．012～1．027)。结论 上海市城区目前的PMl0、SO2、NO2水平对居民死亡确有影响；病例交叉设计是一种研究大气污染急性健康效应的有效工具。     

Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study

BACKGROUND: Various factors can modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution. Prior findings about modifiers are inconsistent, and most of these studies were conducted in developed countries. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a time-series analysis to examine the modifying effect of season, sex, age, and education on the association between outdoor air pollutants [particulate matter < 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone] and daily mortality in Shanghai, China, using 4 years of daily data (2001-2004). METHODS: Using a natural spline model to analyze the data, we examined effects of air pollution for the warm season (April-September) and cool season (October-March) separately. For total mortality, we examined the association stratified by sex and age. Stratified analysis by educational attainment was conducted for total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. RESULTS: Outdoor air pollution was associated with mortality from all causes and from cardiorespiratory diseases in Shanghai. An increase of 10 mug/m(3) in a 2-day average concentration of PM(10), SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) corresponds to increases in all-cause mortality of 0.25% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.14-0.37), 0.95% (95% CI, 0.62-1.28), 0.97% (95% CI, 0.66-1.27), and 0.31% (95% CI, 0.04-0.58), respectively. The effects of air pollutants were more evident in the cool season than in the warm season, and females and the elderly were more vulnerable to outdoor air pollution. Effects of air pollution were generally greater in residents with low educational attainment (illiterate or primary school) compared with those with high educational attainment (middle school or above). CONCLUSIONS: Season, sex, age, and education may modify the health effects of outdoor air pollution in Shanghai. These findings provide new information about the effects of modifiers on the relationship between daily mortality and air pollution in developing countries and may have implications for local environmental and social policies.     

Effects of air pollutants on acute stroke mortality

The relationship between stroke and air pollution has not been adequately studied. We conducted a time-series study to examine the evidence of an association between air pollutants and stroke over 4 years (January 1995-December 1998) in Seoul, Korea. We used a generalized additive model to regress daily stroke death counts for each pollutant, controlling for seasonal and long-term trends and meteorologic influences, such as temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure. We observed an estimated increase of 1.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-1.8%] and 2.9% (95% CI, 0.3-5.5%) in stroke mortality for each interquartile range increase in particulate matter < 10 microm aerodynamic diameter (PM(10)) and ozone concentrations in the same day. Stroke mortality also increased 3.1% (95% CI, 1.1-5.1%) for nitrogen dioxide, 2.9% (95% CI, 0.8-5.0%) for sulfur dioxide, and 4.1% (95% CI, 1.1-7.2%) for carbon monoxide in a 2-day lag for each interquartile range increase in single-pollutant models. When we examined the associations among PM(10) levels stratified by the level of gaseous pollutants and vice versa, we found that these pollutants are interactive with respect to their effects on the risk of stroke mortality. We also observed that the effects of PM(10) on stroke mortality differ significantly in subgroups by age and sex. We conclude that PM(10) and gaseous pollutants are significant risk factors for acute stroke death and that the elderly and women are more susceptible to the effect of particulate pollutants.     

Ozone and daily mortality in Shanghai, China

BACKGROUND: Controversy remains regarding the relationship between ambient ozone and mortality worldwide. In mainland China, the largest developing country, there has been no prior study investigating the acute effect of O3 on death risk. Given the changes in types of air pollution from conventional coal combustion to the mixed coal combustion/motor vehicle emissions in China's large cities, it is worthwhile to investigate the acute effect of O3 on mortality outcomes in the country. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a time-series study to investigate the relation between O3 and daily mortality in Shanghai using 4 years of daily data (2001-2004). METHODS: We used the generalized additive model with penalized splines to analyze mortality, O3 pollution, and covariate data in warm and cold seasons. We considered daily counts of all-cause mortality and several cause-specific subcategories (respiratory and cardiovascular). We also examined these associations among several subpopulations based on age and sex. RESULTS: O3 was significantly associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in the cold season but not in the warm season. In the whole-year analysis, an increase of 10 microg/m3 of 2-day average (lag01) O3 corresponds to 0.45% [95% confidence interval (CI) , 0.16-0.73%], 0.53% (95% CI, 0.10-0.96%), and 0.35% (95% CI, -0.40 to 1.09%) increase of total nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. In the cold season, the estimates increased to 1.38% (95% CI, 0.68-2.07%), 1.53% (95% CI, 0.54-2.52%), and 0.95% (95% CI, -0.71 to 2.60%), respectively. In the warm season, we did not observe significant associations for both total and cause-specific mortality. The results were generally insensitive to model specifications such as lag structure of O3 concentrations and degree of freedom for time trend. Multipollutant models indicate that the effect of O3 was not confounded by particulate matter相似文献   

A case-crossover analysis of air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai

We used a case-crossover approach to assess the association between air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai from June 2000 to December 2001. By design, this method can avoid some common concerns about the time-series approach, which was most frequently used to assess the short-term effects of air pollution. Different control periods (unidirectional and bi-directional control samplings) were used for the analysis. With a bi-directional six control sampling approach, the results from a conditional logistic regression model controlling for weather conditions showed that each 10 microg/m3 increase over a 48-h moving average of PM10, SO2 and NO2 corresponds to 1.003 (95%CI 1.001-1.005), 1.016 (95%CI 1.011-1.021), and 1.020 (95%CI 1.012-1.027) relative risk of non-accident mortality, respectively. The association between air pollution and mortality for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and cardiovascular causes was found to be closer than that for all causes. The results confirmed the deleterious role of the current air pollution level on human health in Shanghai, and provided information on the applicability of case-crossover design in studying the acute health effects of air pollution.     

Air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai: a time-series study

In this study, the authors assessed the relationship between air pollution and daily mortality from June 2000 to December 2001 in Shanghai, the largest city in China. They used the generalized additive model to allow for the highly flexible long-term and seasonable trends, and for nonlinear weather variables. In the single-pollutant models, the authors found significant associations between concentrations of air pollutants (particulate matter less than 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter [PM10], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]) and daily mortality. An increase of 10 microg/m3 in PM10, SO2, and NO2 corresponded to a respective increase in relative risk of mortality from all causes of 1.003 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.001, 1.005), 1.014 (95% CI = 1.008, 1.020), and 1.015 (95% CI = 1.008, 1.022). In the multiple-pollutant models, the association between SO2 and daily mortality was not affected by the inclusion of other pollutants; for PM10 and NO2, however, the inclusion of other pollutants possibly weakened the effects between these 2 pollutants and mortality. This finding suggests that gaseous pollutants may be more important than particulate matter as indicators of health in Shanghai. The authors' analyses provided evidence that the current amounts of air pollution in Shanghai continue to adversely affect population health, and strengthen the rationale for limiting the quantities of pollutants in outdoor air.     

Association of daily cause-specific mortality with ambient particle air pollution in Wuhan, China

In Asia, limited literature has been published on the association between daily mortality and ambient air pollution. We examined the associations of daily cause-specific mortality with daily mean concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with a mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM(10)) in Wuhan, China using 4 years of data (2001-2004). There are approximately 4.5 million residents in Wuhan who live in the city core area of 201 km(2) where air pollution levels are higher and pollution ranges are wider than the majority of cities in the published literature. We use quasi-likelihood estimation within the context of the generalized additive models (GAMs) (natural spline (NS) models in R) to model the natural logarithm of the expected daily death counts as a function of the predictor variables. We found consistent PM(10) effects on mortality with the strongest effects on lag 0 day. Every 10 microg/m(3) increase in PM(10) daily concentration at lag 0 day was significantly associated with an increase in non-accidental (0.36%; 95% CI 0.19-0.53%), cardiovascular (0.51%; 95% CI 0.28-0.75%), stroke (0.44%; 95% CI 0.16-0.72%), cardiac (0.49%; 95% CI 0.08-0.89%), respiratory (0.71%; 95% CI 0.20-1.23%), and cardiopulmonary (0.46%; 95% CI 0.23-0.69%). In general, these effects were stronger among the elderly (65 years > or = 45 years) than among the young. The exploration of exposure-response relationships between PM(10) and cause-specific mortality suggests the appropriateness of assuming linear relationships, where the PM(10) concentration in Wuhan ranged from 24.8 to 477.8 microg/m(3). We conclude that there is consistent evidence of acute effects of PM(10) on cardiopulmonary mortality. A linear no threshold exposure-response relationship is suggested between PM(10) and the studied cause-specific mortality.     

Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution and survival after heart failure

BACKGROUND: Although patients with heart failure (HF) have been identified as particularly susceptible to the acute effects of air pollution, the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on patients with this increasingly prevalent disease are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine the mortality risk associated with residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution among HF patients. METHODS: A total of 1,389 patients hospitalized with acute HF in greater Worcester, Massachusetts, during 2000 were followed for survival through December 2005. We used daily traffic within 100 and 300 m of residence as well as the distance from residence to major roadways and to bus routes as proxies for residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution. We assessed mortality risks for each exposure variable using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for prognostic factors. RESULTS: After the 5-year follow-up, only 334 (24%) subjects were still alive. An interquartile range increase in daily traffic within 100 m of home was associated with a mortality hazard ratio (HR) of 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.25], whereas for traffic within 300 m this association was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.01-1.19). The mortality risk decreased with increasing distance to bus routes (HR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96) and was larger for those living within 100 m of a major roadway or 50 m of a bus route (HR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13-1.49). Adjustment for area-based income and educational level slightly attenuated these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases the mortality risk after hospitalization with acute HF. Reducing exposure to traffic-related emissions may improve the long-term prognosis of HF patients.