细胞因子对视网膜神经元保护和诱导作用的研究进展

近年来细胞因子在视网膜功能重建中的作用已初见端倪。研究发现,脑源性神经营养因子、睫状神经营养因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及神经营养素4可以防止视网膜光感受器细胞变性的发生,增强光感受器细胞损伤后的修复,促进视网膜神经节细胞的发育,刺激神经节细胞轴突的再生。同时,晶状体上皮源性生长因子及人羊膜上皮细胞分泌的细胞因子也对神经节细胞有保护效应。而神经营养素-3在视网膜的作用性质还有待更多的研究。（中华眼科杂志,2005,41：861-864）     

脑源性神经营养因子与视网膜神经节细胞

脑源性神经营养因子作为神经营养因子家族中的重要成员,广泛分布于中枢神经系统。视神经与视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分,视网膜神经节细胞在视觉通路中起着重要的传导作用。脑源性神经营养因子作为一种靶源性神经营养因子和顺行性神经营养因子,在视网膜神经节细胞的生长发育过程中起重要调控作用,同时对损伤的视网膜神经节细胞有促进其存活及轴突生长的作用。     

脑源性神经营养因子与视网膜神经节细胞

脑源性神经营养因子作为神经营养因子家族中的重要成员，广泛分布于中枢神经系统。视神经与视网膜是中枢神经系统的一部分，视网膜神经节细胞在视觉通路中起着重要的传导作用。脑源性神经营养因子作为一种靶源性神经营养因子和顺行性神经营养因子，在视网膜神经节细胞的生长发育过程中起重要调控作用，同时对损伤的视网膜神经节细胞有促进其存活及轴突生长的作用。     

细胞因子对视网膜变性疾病防治作用的研究进展

视网膜变性疾病是严重的致盲性眼病,感光细胞的凋亡是其主要表现。细胞因子是机体组织细胞合成和分泌的小分子多肽类因子,参与多种细胞生理功能的调节,减少细胞的凋亡。随着对各种细胞因子,特别是神经营养因子作用机理的不断阐明,越来越多的研究发现外源性的给予或内源性的诱发其表达,对于变性视网膜光感受器的保护是有积极作用的。本文将近年来用于视网膜变性疾病方面研究的神经营养因子和部分非神经营养因子类细胞因子,包括神经生长因子、睫状神经营养因子、脑源性神经生长因子、碱性成纤维生长因子、神经营养因子-3、促红细胞生成素等作一综述。     

脑源性神经营养因子对视网膜保护作用的研究进展

脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)是神经细胞存活和分化所必需的营养物质,能通过PI3- K和MEK／ERK等途径保护视网膜神经节细胞和光感受器细胞,促进其生存,并与其它细胞因子有 叠加作用,本文对此作一综述。     

脑源性神经营养因子对视网膜保护作用的研究进展

脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)是神经细胞存活和分化所必需的营养物质，能通过P13-K和MEK／ERK等途径保护视网膜神经节细胞和光感受器细胞，促进其生存，并与其它细胞因子有叠加作用，本对此作一综述。     

视网膜神经细胞生长发育中相关诱导因素的研究进展

视网膜神经细胞在生长发育过程中受多种因素影响，涉及神经细胞间、神经细胞与基质间、神经细胞和细胞外因子之间作用的复杂过程。脑源性神经营养因子和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子等神经营养因子在神经细胞发育中能够促进细胞存活和增殖，保护神经细胞功能；成纤维细胞生长因子和血小板源性生长因子等细胞因子对细胞生长有直接或间接作用，介导和调节细胞的生物学效应，改变微环境平衡，对视网膜神经细胞生长、分化和凋亡有着促进或抑制作用。[眼科新进展2007；27（2）：146—149]     

视网膜细胞凋亡及其调控的研究进展

细胞凋亡与视网膜变性疾病、视网膜脱离和青光眼等多种眼病中视网膜光感受器细胞和神经节细胞等的死亡有密切关系,是视功能丧失的主要原因。神经营养因子通过调控凋亡通路,从而对视网膜细胞产生保护作用。我们综述了视网膜细胞凋亡及其调控以及神经营养因子对凋亡调控的影响在视功能丧失方面的研究进展。     

神经生长因子-β、脑源性神经营养因子、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对体外压力作用下视网膜神经细胞的保护作用

高眼压是青光眼最主要的致病因素，青光眼的视野丧失是节细胞死亡的结果，供应视网膜的神经营养因子被剥夺、细胞内离子的失衡等参与了细胞的损害过程。神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、睫状节神经营养因子(CNTF)等可减少实验性高眼压缺血、视神经切断后的视网膜神经节细胞的死亡。为     

重组逆转录病毒脑源性神经营养因子在小鼠胚胎细胞中的表达

神经干细胞移植是近年来治疗视神经损伤疾病新的研究方向之一，然而如何能够让干细胞在眼内移植后定向分化为视网膜神经节细胞，一直是个难题。脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）作为神经营养因子家族的重要成员之一，因其能够促进神经细胞生长分化、维持神经细胞正常功能、减缓神经元的损伤、并能够防止损伤后的细胞凋亡而日益受到重视。我们将重组的真核表达载体pLXSN—BDNF进行体外包装并检测了BDNF基因在细胞中的表达，对BDNF基因转染的神经干细胞眼内移植，探讨该基因在视神经保护中的作用奠定了基础。     

CNTF, not other trophic factors, promotes axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters

PURPOSE: To investigate the in vivo effects of trophic factors on the axonal regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult hamsters. METHODS: The left optic nerve was transected intracranially or intraorbitally, and a peripheral nerve graft was apposed or sutured to the axotomized optic nerve to enhance regeneration. Trophic factors were applied intravitreally every 5 days. Animals were allowed to survive for 3 or 4 weeks. Regenerating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were labeled by applying the dye Fluoro-Gold to the distal end of the peripheral nerve graft 3 days before the animals were killed. RESULTS: Intravitreal application of ciliary neurotrophic factor substantially enhanced the regeneration of damaged axons into a sciatic nerve graft in both experimental conditions (intracranial and intraorbital optic nerve transections) but did not increase the survival of distally axotomized RGCs. Basic fibroblast growth factor and neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 failed to enhance axonal regeneration of distally axotomized RGCs. CONCLUSIONS: Neurons of the adult central nervous system can regenerate in response to trophic supply after injury, and ciliary neurotrophic factor is at least one of the trophic factors that can promote axonal regeneration of axotomized RGCs.     

脑源性神经营养因子治疗视网膜色素变性的研究进展

脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)是一种由脑组织合成并广泛分布于中枢神经系统的小分子碱性蛋白.研究发现,BDNF对视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)、视网膜感光细胞(RPCs)和视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞均有保护、营养及抗凋亡作用.视网膜色素变性(RP)是由于RPCs及RPE细胞凋亡引起的视网膜退行性疾病.RP动物模型证实了BDNF的长期给药对于RP的治疗价值.然而BDNF在体内的半衰期较短,且无法跨越血-视网膜屏障由循环系统输送到视网膜,这给BDNF用于RP的治疗带来了挑战.为了使BDNF在眼内可以稳定持续地释放,多种新型给药方式已被尝试,包括基因工程技术、细胞移植技术、高分子材料缓释系统及滴眼液等.本文就BDNF对RP治疗的研究现状及BDNF的新型给药方式做一综述.     

Function of glial cell network as a modulator of neural cell death during retinal degeneration

PURPOSE: Recent studies have demonstrated the mechanism of neural cell death, neuroprotection, and regeneration. However, the functional importance of glial cells during retinal degeneration is not well understood. In this review, we summarize our recent progress regarding the function of glial cells in neurotrophic factor production and neural cell death during retinal degeneration. METHODS: We made a rat model of photoreceptor degeneration by continuous light exposure, and examined the distribution and expression levels of neurotrophins and their receptors. In addition, we carried out quantitative analysis of neurotrophic factor production in cultured Müller glial cells and microglia. RESULTS: In the light-degenerated retina, microglia invade the photoreceptor layer from the inner part of the retina and increase the production of nerve growth factor (NGF). NGF decreases the production of basic fibroblast growth, factor, which prevents photoreceptor cell death, in Müller glial cells through low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p 75. Blockade of p 75 decreased photoreceptor cell death during light-induced retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a gliaglia network plays a critical role in neural cell death during retinal degeneration. Thus, a glia-glia network as well as a glia-neuron network could be a possible therapeutic target for inhibition of retinal degeneration.     

Overlapping spatiotemporal patterns of regulatory gene expression are required for neuronal progenitors to specify retinal ganglion cell fate

Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are programmed early in development to acquire the competence for specifying the seven retinal cell types. Acquiring competence is a complex spatiotemporal process that is still only vaguely understood. Here, our objective was to more fully understand the mechanisms by which RPCs become competent for specifying a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate. RGCs are the first retinal cell type to differentiate and their abnormal development leads to apoptosis and optic nerve degeneration. Previous work demonstrated that the paired domain factor Pax6 and the bHLH factor Atoh7 are required for RPCs to specify RGCs. RGC commitment is marked by the expression of the Pou domain factor Pou4f2 and the Lim domain factor Isl1. We show that three RPC subpopulations can specify RGCs: Atoh7-expressing RPCs, Neurod1-expressing RPCs, and Atoh7-Neurod1-expressing RPCs. All three RPC subpopulations were highly interspersed throughout retinal development, although each subpopulation maintained a distinct temporal pattern. Most, but not all, RPCs from each subpopulation were postmitotic. Atoh7-Neurod1 double knockout mice were generated and double-mutant retinas revealed an unexpected role for Neurod1 in specifying RGC fate. We conclude that RPCs have a complex regulatory gene expression program in which they acquire competence using highly integrated mechanisms.     

Chronology of optic nerve head and retinal responses to elevated intraocular pressure

PURPOSE: To determine the chronology of optic nerve head and retinal responses to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: After 1 to 39 days of unilaterally elevated IOP, experimental and fellow rat eyes were examined for morphology and immunohistochemical labeling alterations and for ganglion cell DNA fragmentation. RESULTS: Mean IOP for the experimental eyes was 36 +/- 8 mm Hg, an approximately 15-mm Hg elevation above normal values. By 7 days of pressure elevation above 40 mm Hg, endogenous immunostaining for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 4/5 was absent from the nerve head and superior retina, whereas normal labeling was present in the inferior retina and distal optic nerve of these same eyes. These changes were preceded by a loss of gap junctional connexin43 labeling and astrocytic proliferation in the nerve head and by increased retinal ganglion cell layer apoptosis in the retina. Nerve head depletion of neurotrophins coincided with evidence of axonal degeneration, loss of astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein staining, and spread of collagen VI vascular immunolabeling. After longer durations at these same pressures, neurotrophin labeling returned to nerve head glia and scattered retinal ganglion cells. CONCLUSIONS: Optic nerve head and retinal responses, including the depletion of endogenous neurotrophins, are readily identified in the rat eye after experimental IOP elevation. However, the apparent chronology of these responses suggests that the withdrawal of neurotrophic support was not the only determinant of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and axonal degeneration in response to pressure.     

细胞因子对视神经损伤修复作用的研究进展

创伤、代谢、高眼压等多种因素均可能造成视网膜神经节细胞和或视神经损伤，而视网膜神经节细胞损伤凋亡后无法自主再生，因此往往会造成视力下降甚至丧失等严重后果。对于视神经损伤，目前临床上尚无非常有效的治疗方法。近年有研究发现细胞因子可以明显促进视网膜神经节细胞的存活和轴突再生。本文就其中睫状神经营养因子、胶质源性神经营养因子、色素上皮衍生因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子、血浆凝血因子、促红细胞生成素等几种细胞因子促进视神经损伤修复作用的研究进展进行综述。