胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子促进大鼠中脑多巴胺能神经元存活与分化的机制

目的探讨胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子（GDNF）促进中脑多巴胺（DA）能神经元存活和分化过程中,磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（P13K）信号通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路的可能作用.方法生后大鼠中脑脑片培养,并依培养基内加入的不同物质分为空白对照组、GDNF组、PI3K通路阻断组、MAPK通路阻断组.培养6 d后,进行酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）免疫组织化学染色,光镜观察,计算机辅助图像分析,统计学处理;同时用Western blotting方法检测脑片中TH的表达.结果GDNF组TH表达阳性神经元的形状更趋向成熟,其TH表达阳性神经元的密度、胞体大小和TH的表达水平均显著高于空白对照组;P13K通路阻断组TH表达阳性神经元几乎消失,其TH表达水平显著低于GDNF组而与空白对照组无显著差别;MAPK通路阻断组TH表达阳性神经元的密度及TH表达水平与GDNF组无显著区别,但TH表达阳性神经元胞体显著小于GDNF组.结论P13K通路参与介导GDNF对DA能神经元的促存活作用,而MAPK通路参与介导其促形态学分化作用.     

中脑黑质多巴胺神经元对适当剂量鱼藤酮毒性损伤的特殊敏感性

目的:探索中脑黑质多巴胺神经元对适当剂量鱼藤酮毒性损伤是否具有特殊敏感性。方法:采用颈背部皮下注射鱼藤酮的方法建立大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺神经元损伤模型,进行中脑黑质和纹状体酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色加尼氏染色;同时通过HE染色及尼氏染色方法分别观察心、肝、脾、肾等重要胸腹腔脏器及海马、顶叶皮质的形态学变化。结果:中脑黑质TH免疫染色和尼氏染色结果显示组间中脑黑质致密区以外部位尼氏小体数目无差异;大脑顶叶皮质和海马尼氏染色及胸腹腔重要脏器HE染色结果表明各组大鼠均未出现相应部位损伤。结论:低剂量颈部皮下注射鱼藤酮能选择性诱导中脑黑质多巴胺神经元损伤,说明中脑黑质多巴胺神经元对鱼藤酮具有高度敏感性。     

MPP~+对原代培养SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元的毒性作用

目的:建立MPP+(1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子)干预SAMP8(快速老化小鼠P8)小鼠中脑神经元的体外细胞模型。方法:SAMP8新生1 d小鼠的中脑神经元原代混合培养6 d,加入100μmol/L浓度的MPP+,再培养6、9、12 h和24 h后分别对各时间点的中脑原代培养神经元免疫荧光染色或提取蛋白测定TH水平。结果:MPP+导致原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元形态学改变。正常对照组神经元形态完整,免疫反应性强,胞体大呈椭圆形,突起多而长且粗壮;MPP+组神经元随时间逐渐出现形态变化,MPP+后6 h即可见突起不完整断续,9 h突起数目减少,缩短;12 h神经元胞体明显变小,24 h突起多消失,神经元胞体小且免疫反应性弱。MPP+导致原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元数量在MPP+后9 h开始有显著减少,同时TH蛋白的表达也开始有显著减少,24 h最低。结论:MPP+对原代培养的SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元具有毒性作用。MPP+导致SAMP8小鼠中脑神经元原代混合培养体系的神经元数量下降,同时TH蛋白表达降低,提示MPP+导致其中脑DA能神经元损伤死亡。     

纹状体对体外培养中脑多巴胺神经元形态发育的影响

靶细胞在神经细胞的生长发育过程中起着重要的调节作用。本文通过胚胎腹侧中脑和纹状体联合培养研究纹状体对中脑多巴胺(DA)神经元形态发育的影响。纹状体(Str)和腹侧中脑(YMA)细胞悬液取自胚胎14天SD大鼠,联合培养3到14天后取出,用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化ABC法观察不同时期DA神经元的生长。与VMA单独培养相比,联合培养3天,发现细胞聚集程度较低,开始形成单层分布,培养7天TH阳性细胞数增加,多突起阳性细胞较易发现,细胞突起粗短,呈树枝状分枝。培养14天,TH阳性细胞数进一步增加,平均可达49个/25mm~2。本文对纹状体调节DA神经元生长发育的机制进行了讨论。     

PDGF对体外培养的中脑黑质DA能神经元的神经营养及保护作用

目的　探讨 PDGF对体外培养 DA能神经元的作用。方法　在培养孕 14～ 16 d大鼠胚胎黑质神经元中加入 PDGF,采用免疫组化并辅以计算机图像分析系统对培养细胞进行观察。结果　 PDGF在培养早期具有促进中脑 DA神经元发育、长突起神经元突起延长和提高神经元存活率作用。结论　 PDGF对体外培养 DA能神经元有营养和保护作用     

阿朴吗啡诱导黑质毁损大鼠腹侧被盖区c-jun表达

目的：观察6-羟基多巴胺（6-hydroxydopamine，6-OHDA）毁损黑质DA能神经元后，不同时间点腹腔注射阿朴吗啡（Apomorphine，APO）大鼠行为学及中脑腹侧被盖区（ventral tagmental area，VTA）形态学、c-jun表达情况，探讨其可能机制。方法：6-OHDA单侧一点注射大鼠右黑质致密区（substantia nigra compacta，SNc），特异性毁损DA能神经元；术后1、3、7、14、21d腹腔注射APO，观察旋转行为；利用电镜、尼氏染色、免疫组织化学ABC法，观察各时间点VTADA能神经元形态学变化和酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、c-jun表达情况。结果：毁损侧VTADA能神经元逐渐减少，超微结构损伤逐渐加重；DA神经元丢失≥75％时，APO诱导的旋转实验≥7r／min，VTA毁损侧c-jun表达。结论：APO能诱导毁损侧VTA表达c-jun；c-jun表达与DA能神经元毁损程度有一定的关系。     

影响大鼠胚胎多巴胺能神经元原代培养因素的研究

目的　试图通过方法改进获得高纯度原代多巴胺能神经元 ,并研究 Matrigel及多聚左旋赖氨酸(poly- l- lysine,PL L )等不同基质对于大鼠胚胎 13d中脑黑质神经元突起生长的不同作用。　方法　无菌技术取得孕 13d SD大鼠胚胎 ,采用改进的取材方法 ,得到胎鼠腹侧中脑细胞 ,以较高密度 (1× 10 5 / cm2 )分别种入由 Matrigel及 PL L作为基质的塑料培养皿中。体外培养 5 d后 ,对培养物进行 TH免疫细胞化学染色 ,测量 TH免疫反应突起的长度并计算 TH免疫反应神经元占细胞总数的比例。　结果和结论　 1.采用改进的方法 ,能够得到高纯度的多巴胺能神经元 (多巴胺神经元占培养细胞总数的比例为 15 % ) ;2 .与 PL L相比 ,Matrigel能有效地促进多巴胺能神经元突起的生长 ,但不能特异地促进中脑培养细胞的存活     

胚鼠腹侧中脑和胚肾联合移植治疗Parkinson病的实验研究

为了提高移植多巴胺(DA)能神经元的存活率和促进神经元生长,将胚鼠腹侧中脑和胚肾联合移植入Parkinson病(PD)模型大鼠脑内,检测胚肾对移植DA能神经元的影响。先用神经毒剂6 OHDA损毁大鼠左侧中脑被盖腹侧区和黑质致密部建立PD动物模型,再将胚脑的腹侧中脑(A组)、胚脑的腹侧中脑和胚肾(B组)分别移植入左侧纹状体尾壳核,C组为空白对照。于移植后3d、1月、3月将动物处死,采用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化法观察3组动物移植部位DA能神经元的存活和生长状况。在移植部位可见B组较A组的TH阳性神经元和纤维的数量明显增多,C组的移植部位未见TH阳性神经元和纤维;A、B两组的移植针道及其周围也有TH阳性神经元和纤维;B组的TH阳性神经元数量、体积和神经纤维的密度均大于A组。移植1个月和3个月后,A、B两组大鼠的旋转行为均较C组减少(P<0. 05)。以上结果提示胚肾具有良好的神经营养作用,能促进移植DA能神经元的存活和生长。     

黑质纹体系多巴胺神经元的发育与再生的关系

取不同头臀长(CRL)10～22mm(E13～18)鼠胚腹侧中脑制成悬液,分别移植至帕金森氏病模型鼠去多巴胺(DA)神经侧纹状体中。发现用CRL为10～16mm(E13～15)胚脑为供体的受移植鼠行为效应和移植区DA神经元存活情况远较以CRL为17～22mm供体为佳。用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化ABC法规察了不同胚龄(E_(13)～P_0)黑质纹体系DA神经元的形态和分布,发现CRL10～16mm(E13～15)时TH阳性细胞位于Sylvius导水管腹侧,此时DA细跑开始分化,至胚CRL17mm时TH阳性细胞已迁移至被益腹外侧,并大部分化出长突起,至出生时分化及迁移基本完成。本文讨论了DA神经元发育和其在受体脑内再生的关系。     

尼古丁抑制脂多糖诱导的原代多巴胺能神经元变性及相关机制

目的: 观察尼古丁对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的胎鼠中脑小胶质细胞激活的影响及对其白介素6(IL-6)分泌的影响,以探讨尼古丁对中脑多巴胺(DA)能神经元的保护机制.方法: 取孕14d SD大鼠,胎鼠中脑腹侧区组织,混合培养中脑神经元-胶质细胞,Elisa检测细胞不同时间点分泌IL-6的水平;免疫细胞化学术检测小胶质细胞特异的钙结合蛋白(Iba1)和标记DA能细胞的酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的阳性细胞数.结果: 经LPS激活的小胶质细胞胞体增大,活化标记物Ibal表达上调;DA能细胞的数目减少,突起受损.Elisa方法测定显示10ng/ml LPS致小胶质细胞在8、24和72h分泌IL-6的量均增高;在尼古丁(100μmol/L)预处理组,小胶质细胞的激活被抑制,TH免疫阳性的多巴胺能神经元的数量增加,LPS+尼古丁组分泌IL-6的量减少,在不同时间点(8、24和72h)与LPS组比较差异均有统计学意义.结论: 尼古丁可抑制小胶质细胞的激活,保护多巴胺能神经元,抑制小胶质细胞炎性因子的释放可能是其主要保护机制.     

骨髓基质细胞对离体Parkinson鼠脑片单胺类神经递质的影响

为探讨骨髓基质细胞对离体Parkinson鼠脑片单胺类神经递质的影响,本研究通过建立新生大鼠离体“Parkinson鼠病”模型,取成年大鼠骨髓,培养、分离、纯化骨髓基质细胞,将骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)与离体脑片联合培养,应用高效液相法观察了脑片和培养液中多巴胺及其代谢产物3,4-二羟苯乙酸(DOPAC)和高香草酸(HVA)含量的变化。结果显示,经MPTP代谢产物mpp+损伤的脑片多巴胺含量与正常组、联合培养组相比明显减少(P<0.01),而mpp+组培养液内DOPAC和HVA含量也减少(P<0.05)。但联合培养组与正常组相比DA,DOPAC和HVA的变化无显著差异。以上结果提示,联合培养的骨髓基质细胞对mpp+毒性损伤的多巴胺能神经元具有保护作用,该模型也为在脑片上测量单胺类神经递质提供了可靠的方法。     

Rotenone potentiates NMDA currents in substantia nigra dopamine neurons

Rotenone is a pesticide that produces a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Although much evidence suggests that oxidative stress mediates the toxicity of rotenone on dopamine neurons, rotenone can also potentiate glutamate excitotoxicity. We used whole-cell patch pipettes to investigate actions of rotenone on currents evoked by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) in dopamine neurons in slices of rat midbrain. After superfusing the slice for 20-30 min, rotenone (100 nM) caused a 162% increase in the average amplitude of inward current evoked by 30 microM NMDA. This effect of rotenone was mimicked by the sodium pump inhibitor strophanthidin (10 microM) and was abolished when pipettes contained an ATP regeneration solution. Although strophanthidin also significantly increased the amplitude of inward currents evoked by (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA; 10 microM), rotenone failed to potentiate AMPA currents. Because rotenone potentiated NMDA- but not AMPA-dependent currents, this suggests that rotenone acts selectively to augment NMDA receptor function. Furthermore, the failure of rotenone to mimic strophanthidin suggests that rotenone does not inhibit sodium pump activity. Our results suggest that an excitotoxic mechanism might contribute to rotenone neurotoxicity.     

Rat ventral mesencephalon grown as organotypic slice cultures and co-cultured with striatum,hippocampus, and cerebellum

Summary Tissue slices of rat ventral mesencephalon (VM), striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum were prepared from late fetal (E21) to 7 day old (P7) rats and cultured for 3 to 60 days by the roller tube technique before they were stained immunocytochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and fibres. The TH immunoreactive (TH-i), DA neurons retained their morphological in vivo characteristics in the VM slice cultures consisting of the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The general morphology of the described neuronal cell types did not appear to change when the VM slices were cocultured with striatal tissue, a major normal target of the DA neurons, but an extensive innervation of the striatum by TH-i nerve fibres was observed. In co-cultures of VM and hippocampus, a minor target organ of DA fibres, growth of TH-i nerve fibres was observed mainly into the opposing edge of the hippocampal slice. In co-cultures of VM and cerebellum, which is normally devoid of DA fibres, no significant growth of TH-i nerve fibres into the cerebellar slices was observed. Besides suggesting a target orientated growth of ventral mesencephalic DA fibres, the results point to the further use of VM slice cultures in the study of the developmental, plastic and regenerative properties of DA neurons.     

体外长期培养大鼠中脑多巴胺神经元的形态学观察

本文研究了中脑多巴胺神经元在体外长期培养过程中的形态发育。动物选用胚胎14天SD大鼠,取中脑腹侧部制成细胞密度为2×10~5/ml的悬液,接种于24孔培养板中,培养1天至6周,以酪胺酸羟化酶免疫组化方法、单纯荧光组化方法和外源性儿茶酚胺荧光组化方法,观察中脑多巴胺神经元的体外长期培养发育状况。培养3天后多巴胺神经元已有单极或双极的突起发出,培养1周突起进一步伸长,并在沿途开始发出分支,有些末端见有生长锥。除散在分布的多巴胶神经元外,还能见到多巴胺神经元细胞群。培养2至3周,突起的分支增多,并明显出现念珠状膨大。在培养4-6周的标本中,仍可见到部分发育成熟的多巴胺神经元。多巴胺神经元在体外培养中的形态可分为二类,即梭形细胞和多极细胞。棱形细胞一般有两个突起,分别从胞体两极发出;多极细胞胞体呈圆形、多角形或三角形,可发出3-6个突起。实验结果表明多巴胺神经元的体外发育过程与在体相似。     

Hypertrophy of dopamine neurons in the primate following ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum lesion

Summary Morphological changes in ventral mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons of a monkey sustaining a unilateral electrolytic lesion of the ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum four years earlier were examined. Substantia nigra (A9) DA neurons lateral to the lesion underwent hypertrophic changes. The mean area of these neurons was enlarged by approximately 30% relative to corresponding neurons in the contralateral substantia nigra. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical measurements of the intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-li) indicated an increase in the amount of TH-li protein per cell in the hypertrophied neurons. Hypertrophic changes were also observed in ipsilateral A11 DA neurons of the caudal hypothalamus, suggesting that the increase in size was related to transection of the axons of DA neurons as they pass through the midbrain in their projections to target sites. The lesion did not overtly change the density or pattern of the substance P innervation of the substantia nigra, indicating that the striato- and pallido-nigral projections were spared by the lesion. These data suggest that hypertrophy may be a compensatory mechanism of dopaminergic neurons in response to partial lesions of the nigrostriatal system, and thus represent a morphological counterpart to the compensatory biochemical processes effected in response to partial lesions of the striatal dopaminergic innervation.     

Unique responses to mitochondrial complex I inhibition in tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons may impart resistance to toxic insult

Tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons are spared in Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder that causes degeneration of midbrain nigrostriatal dopamine (NSDA) and mesolimbic dopamine (MLDA) neurons. This pattern of susceptibility has been demonstrated in acute complex I inhibitor-induced models of PD, and extrinsic factors such as toxin distribution, bioactivation, entry into the cell and sequestration into vesicles are postulated to underlie the resistance of TIDA neurons. In the present experiments, direct exposure to rotenone or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) had no effect on mediobasal hypothalamic TIDA neurons, but significantly increased the percentage of apoptag immunoreactive neurons in midbrain primary NSDA and MLDA cultures. In vivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposure caused an initial decrease (by 4 h) in dopamine (DA) in brain regions containing axon terminals of TIDA (median eminence [ME]), NSDA (striatum [ST]) and MLDA (nucleus accumbens [NA]) neurons. By 16 h after MPTP treatment, DA concentrations in ME returned to control levels, while ST and NA DA levels remained low up to 32 h after treatment with MPTP. When mice and rats were chronically treated with MPTP and rotenone, respectively, the same pattern of susceptibility emerged. TIDA neurons were unaffected while NSDA neurons suffered loss of cell bodies and axon terminal DA. These experiments demonstrate that the resistance of hypothalamic TIDA neurons is not likely to be due to extrinsic factors, and that further examination of the intrinsic properties of these neurons may elucidate mechanisms that can be translated into neuroprotective strategies in PD.     

新生大鼠下丘脑多巴胺能神经元的体外发育

为了探讨下丘脑多巴胺能神经元 发育特性，取新一大鼠下丘脑神经元进行分散培养。用酷氨酸羟化酶抗血清和免疫细胞化学ＡＢＣ法显示ＤＡ能神经元，并进行图像分析。     

Neurotoxicity of an endogenous brain amine, 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline,in organotypic slice co-culture of mesencephalon and striatum

Organotypic slice co-culture of the ventromedial portion of the mesencephalon and striatum was used to evaluate the neurotoxicity of 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an endogenous brain amine related to Parkinson's disease. 1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline is specifically increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease and induces parkinsonian features in the monkey and mouse. Here, it decreased the dopamine content of the cultured mesencephalon in both dose- (10-100 microM) and time- (24 h to 7 days) dependent manners. This result suggests that the neurotoxicity of 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline is correlated with the overall exposure (concentration multiplied by exposure time). Culture with 100 microM 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline for 24 h irreversibly reduced the dopamine content. Furthermore, culture with 100 microM 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline for 10 days caused morphological changes, including cell body shrinkage and distortion of dendritic morphology, in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the mesencephalon and reduced the number of cells by half. The increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in the media produced by 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline was significant in culture of the mesencephalon alone or its co-culture with striatum, but not in cultures of other brain regions. We suggest that 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline is toxic to tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the ventral mesencephalon and that it is correlated with the integral of the concentration by time of exposure. Thus a low concentration of 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline may first induce a decrease in the dopamine content then shrinkage of the cell body, followed by the slow death of dopaminergic neurons over a long period. This is the first report that indicates 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline exerts neurotoxicity at the cellular level, and reveals in part the character of its neurotoxicity.