酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼对K562细胞的DNA损伤修复功能的影响

目的 建立人类慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)细胞系K562细胞在伊马替尼(Imatinib mesylate)处理前、后的DNA损伤模型,探讨伊马替尼对K562细胞的DNA损伤修复功能的影响.方法 用噻唑蓝(MTT)法确定伊马替尼预处理K562细胞的浓度;用免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测伊马替尼处理后K562细胞BCR/ABL的磷酸化状态,以反映BCR-ABL酪氨酸激酶活性受抑制情况;用彗星实验检测不同浓度过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的K562细胞、伊马替尼预处理K562细胞的DNA损伤模型;用彗星实验对各组细胞在DNA损伤后的修复进行动态观测.结果 MTT实验结果显示,伊马替尼预处理K562细胞的最佳终浓度为1 μmol/L,作用时间24 h;Western blot实验结果显示,该浓度的伊马替尼可有效抑制BCR/ABL融合蛋白第177位酪氨酸激酶磷酸化,密度比为0.100±0.018,与对照组(0.425±0.039)相比,降低了(77.11±5.59)%,差异有统计学意义(t=4.57,P＜0.05);彗星实验确定了各组细胞DNA损伤模型的建立条件,采用10 μmol/L终浓度的H2O2对K562细胞和伊马替尼预处理后K562细胞进行染毒,H2O2作用温度和时间为4℃、10 min.修复结果显示,经伊马替尼预处理的K562细胞修复时间为120 min,与未处理组修复时间60 min相比,前者DNA损伤修复时间明显延长(F=97.79,P＜0.05).结论 本研究建立了伊马替尼处理前、后的白血病K562细胞的DNA损伤模型,BCR/ABL融合蛋白的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼能减弱K562细胞的DNA损伤后修复能力.     

ERK和P38信号转导途径对慢性髓系白血病细胞周期的调控作用

本研究探讨ERK和P38信号转导途径对慢性髓系白血病（CML）细胞周期的调控作用。以RT-PCR、Western blot和FCM方法分别检测CML患者白血病细胞和K562细胞中ERK、p38、cyclin D2、cyclin E、p27的mRNA表达及蛋白表达（其中ERK和P38为磷酸化ERK和磷酸化P38）及细胞周期分布,并分析其相关关系。结果表明：CML患者白血病细胞和K562细胞中ERK、P38、cyclin D2、cyclin E的mRNA表达和蛋白表达增高,P27的表达降低,且cyclin D2蛋白表达与cyclin E、ERK和P38蛋白表达呈正相关（P〈0.01）,与P27蛋白表达呈负相关（P〈0.01）。G0/G1期细胞减少,S期细胞增多,与对照组相比有显著性差异。结论：CML中P38、ERK mRNA表达和活性增加,激活下游的cyclin D2、cyclin E和P27等细胞周期调控因子,致使G0/G1期缩短,细胞快速通过G1/S转换点进入S期,加速细胞周期进程和细胞增殖,导致CML的发生。     

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂通过下调Mcl-1和Bcl-xl诱导K562细胞凋亡

本研究观察酪氨酸激酶抑制剂STl571对CML细胞增殖和凋亡以及抗凋亡蛋白Mcl—l表达的影响，探讨Mcl一1在BCR／ABL抗凋亡信号传导中的作用。应用STl571处理慢性髓系白血病K562细胞株，采用台盼蓝拒染法和MTT法检测STl571对K562细胞增殖的影响，用AnnexinV和碘化丙锭双染法及流式细胞术检测K562细胞凋亡情况，蛋白印迹法检测STl571对细胞内蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。结果发现：STl57l可有效地抑制K562细胞增殖并诱导K562细胞凋亡，这种作用呈剂量和时间依赖性，同时降低细胞内蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平和下调抗凋亡蛋白Mcl—l和Bcl-xl的表达。STl571抑制K562细胞增殖和诱导凋亡与抗凋亡蛋白Mcl—l和Bcl—xl的表达下调一致。结论：STl571通过阻断CML细胞内信号传导途径，下调Mcl—l和Bcl—xl的表达，抑制K562细胞增殖并诱导凋亡，表明Mcl—l和Bcl—xl一起在CML抗凋亡过程中发挥重要作用.     

慢性粒细胞白血病错配修复基因的研究

目的 探讨慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）错配修复（MMR）基因的表达水平及调控机制。方法 用半定量RT-PCR方法检测62例CML患者及K562细胞的5个MMR基因（hMSH2、hMSH3、hMSH6、hMLH1、hPMS2）mRNA的表达；用RT-PCR方法动态检测26例进行异基因外周血造血干细胞移植（allo-PBSCT）及4例使用伊马替尼治疗的CML患者ber-abl及MMR mRNA的表达水平；用伊马替尼体外作用于CML患者的单个核细胞（MNC）及K562细胞后，用Western blot方法检测BCR—ABL融合蛋白的酪氨酸磷酸化水平，RT-PCR方法检测MMR mRNA表达水平。结果 与正常人比较，CML患者及K562细胞的hMSH2、hMSH3、hMLH1 mRNA的表达明显降低（P〈0．05）；26例行allo—PBSCT及4例使用伊马替尼治疗的CML患者，其hMSH2、hMSH3、hMLH1 mRNA的表达随着bcr—abl mRNA的表达降低而升高；伊马替尼体外作用于CML患者MNC及K562细胞后，其hMSH2、hMSH3、hMLH1 mRNA的表达随着BCR—ABL融合蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平的降低而升高。结论 CML患者、K562细胞hMSH2、hMSH3、hMLH1 mRNA比正常人降低，bcr—abl融合基因抑制hMSH2、hMSH3、hMLH1 mRNA的表达。     

新型酪氨酸激酶抑制剂HHGV678对Bcr-Abl野生型细胞株和伊马替尼耐药细胞株抑制作用的体外研究

本研究比较新型的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂HHGV678与伊马替尼(imatinib,IM)在体外对Bcr-Abl野生型和IM耐药细胞株的抑制作用,探索HHGV678替代IM治疗CML及IM耐药CML患者的可能性。以Bcr-Abl野生型细胞株(K562和32Dp210)及16种IM耐药细胞株(K562R和15种Bcr-Abl点突变细胞株)为研究对象,用MTT法检测HHGV678和IM对上述细胞的生长抑制作用;以DNA梯形条带法和Annexin-V/PI双染色流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;应用Western blot检测HHGV678对上述细胞BCR-ABL融合蛋白及酪氨酸激酶磷酸化表达的影响。结果表明:HHGV678呈剂量依赖性显著抑制Bcr-Abl野生型细胞株和除T315I点突变细胞株以外的IM耐药细胞株生长。比较IC50发现,HHGV678在低剂量下(0.01-0.3μmol/L)抑制K562和32Dp210细胞生长的作用比IM分别强15.5和28倍;而对除T315I点突变细胞株以外的15种IM耐药细胞株细胞的生长抑制作用比IM强1.4-124.3倍。HHGV678抑制上述细胞酪氨酸激酶磷酸化的能力均强于IM。更重要的是HHGV678在10.0μmol/L剂量下诱导IM强耐药细胞株K562R和T315I点突变细胞株的凋亡率分别达到40.06%和33.32%,显著高于IM的19.77%和10.68%。结论:新型酪氨酸激酶抑制剂HHGV678对Bcr-Abl野生型细胞株和IM耐药细胞株,尤其是对IM强耐药细胞株的生长抑制作用明显强于IM,但HHGV678能否成为治疗CML和IM耐药CML患者新的靶向药物,仍有待进一步的研究。     

慢性粒细胞白血病干细胞生物学特性研究进展

慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)是一种造血干细胞(HSC)恶性克隆性疾病,其典型特征是费城染色体阳性(Ph+)并表达具有强酪氨酸激酶活性的BCR/ABL融合蛋白。近年来,BCR/ABL酪氨酸激酶的信号转导抑制剂甲磺酸伊马替尼在CML治疗中的成功应用,开辟了CML靶向治疗的新途径。然而,甲磺酸伊马替尼不能根除白血病细胞克隆,容易出现耐药与复     

高三尖杉酯碱联合伊马替尼对K562/G01细胞的作用及机制研究

目的:探索高三尖杉酯碱(Homoharringtonine,HHT)联合伊马替尼(Imatinib,IM)对K562/G01细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法:应用CCK-8法检测HHT联合IM对K562/G01细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率及磷酸化酪氨酸水平,Western blot检测P210及PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白的表达水平。结果:HHT联合IM与单药相比,对K562/G01细胞的增殖活性具有明显抑制作用(P0.05),细胞的凋亡率显著增加(P0.05);HHT与IM联合可显著抑制K562/G01细胞内的p-Tyr及p-Crkl的表达水平,并能使p210蛋白及其下游通路蛋白P13K和p-Akt的表达水平明显降低。结论:HHT联合IM可协同抑制K562/G01细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡,其机制可能与抑制p210蛋白表达及其激酶活性有关。     

慢性粒细胞白血病的基因治疗策略

BCR／ABL融合基因及其表达产物p210^BCR/ABL对慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）的发生具有决定性作用。近年来对CML分子发病机制的深入研究，为治疗CML提供了多种思路，涌现出了包括生物治疗在内的许多新疗法，有些已进入临床试验或临床治疗。本文概述了针对CML BCR／ABL信号转导途径的各种基因治疗策略，大致可分为以下四类：抑制癌基因表达，抑制BCR／ABL信号通路下游重要分子基因表达，阻抑BCR／ABL蛋白产物的功能，免疫治疗。     

慢性粒细胞白血病发病机理研究的进展

慢粒白血病(CML)最大的特点是存在特异性的Ph染色体即t(9;22)。该易位产生bcr-abl融合基因,其表达为一个具有高酪氨酸激酶活性的BCR/ABL融合蛋白,后者被认为是CML发病的分子基础。本文就ABL及BCR蛋白的正常结构和生物学活性以及CML细胞中ABL蛋白FTK的激活及其所介导的致癌信号的传导进行综述,以助进一步了解CML的发病机理。     

伊马替尼联合槲皮素对K562细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其机制研究

目的:探讨酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼联合槲皮素诱导K562细胞凋亡的机制。方法:将250 nmol/L的伊马替尼、25μmol/L的槲皮素单药及联合作用于K562细胞,通过细胞计数检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪分析细胞凋亡,蛋白印迹法检测相关蛋白的表达。结果:250 nmol/L伊马替尼联合25μmol/L槲皮素对K562细胞有明显的协同诱导凋亡作用,两药联合较单药处理能明显协同下调p-BCR/ABL、p-Crkl蛋白的表达。结论:伊马替尼和槲皮素协同诱导K562细胞凋亡,其机制可能是主要通过协同抑制BCR/ABL蛋白磷酸化水平,从而抑制下游信号通路的激活,导致细胞凋亡。     

BCR/ABL-mediated increased expression of multiple known and novel genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia

The BCR/ABL chimeric protein plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Intensive research has elucidated many signal transduction pathways activated by BCR/ABL. However, few studies addressed BCR/ABL-dependent alterations in gene expression that may contribute to the pathobiology of CML. To additionally define such downstream genes, we performed a subtractive hybridization between cord blood (CB) CD34(+) cells transduced with an MSCV-retrovirus vector containing either enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) alone or p210(BCR/ABL)-internal ribosome entry site-eGFP. Thirty-four subtracted clones expressed in p210-eGFP but not eGFP-transduced CD34(+) cells have been confirmed by Northern blot and sequenced. Fifty-nine percent represent novel proteins, and 41% are homologous to known genes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that 14 of 14 genes tested were also overexpressed in additional populations of p210(BCR/ABL)-transduced CB CD34(+) cells, as well as in CD34(+) cells from primary newly diagnosed CML patients versus GFP-transduced CB or samples from normal donors. Western blot analysis showed that the known sequences were also overexpressed at the protein level. Treatment of BCR/ABL(+) cells with the Abl-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 decreased expression at the mRNA as well as protein level of some but not all of the gene products. This suggests that increased gene expression is in some cases tyrosine kinase-independent. Some of the overexpressed genes are implicated in cellular processes known to be disturbed in CML, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase or the ubiquitin pathway, whereas overexpression of other genes, including RAN and NUP98, may implicate new cellular pathways involved in CML. Additional characterization of downstream genes activated by BCR/ABL may lead to important new insights in the molecular mechanisms underlying CML and identify potentially novel therapeutic targets for CML.     

The P190, P210, and P230 forms of the BCR/ABL oncogene induce a similar chronic myeloid leukemia-like syndrome in mice but have different lymphoid leukemogenic activity

The product of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) translocation, the BCR/ABL oncogene, exists in three principal forms (P190, P210, and P230 BCR/ABL) that are found in distinct forms of Ph-positive leukemia, suggesting the three proteins have different leukemogenic activity. We have directly compared the tyrosine kinase activity, in vitro transformation properties, and in vivo leukemogenic activity of the P190, P210, and P230 forms of BCR/ABL. P230 exhibited lower intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity than P210 and P190. Although all three oncogenes transformed both myeloid (32D cl3) and lymphoid (Ba/F3) interleukin (IL)-3-dependent cell lines to become independent of IL-3 for survival and growth, their ability to stimulate proliferation of Ba/F3 lymphoid cells differed and correlated directly with tyrosine kinase activity. In a murine bone marrow transduction/transplantation model, the three forms of BCR/ABL were equally potent in the induction of a chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-like myeloproliferative syndrome in recipient mice when 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated donors were used. Analysis of proviral integration showed the CML-like disease to be polyclonal and to involve multiple myeloid and B lymphoid lineages, implicating a primitive multipotential target cell. Secondary transplantation revealed that only certain minor clones gave rise to day 12 spleen colonies and induced disease in secondary recipients, suggesting heterogeneity among the target cell population. In contrast, when marrow from non- 5-FU-treated donors was used, a mixture of CML-like disease, B lymphoid acute leukemia, and macrophage tumors was observed in recipients. P190 BCR/ABL induced lymphoid leukemia with shorter latency than P210 or P230. The lymphoid leukemias and macrophage tumors had provirus integration patterns that were oligo- or monoclonal and limited to the tumor cells, suggesting a lineage-restricted target cell with a requirement for additional events in addition to BCR/ABL transduction for full malignant transformation. These results do not support the hypothesis that P230 BCR/ABL induces a distinct and less aggressive form of CML in humans, and suggest that the rarity of P190 BCR/ABL in human CML may reflect infrequent BCR intron 1 breakpoints during the genesis of the Ph chromosome in stem cells, rather than intrinsic differences in myeloid leukemogenicity between P190 and P210.     

达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨对慢粒K562细胞的抑制作用研究

目的探讨达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨对慢粒K562细胞的抑制作用。方法选取慢粒K562细胞株进行研究,采用MTT法分别测定单独使用达沙替尼和氟达拉滨对慢粒K562细胞的抑制率,以及达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨对诱导K562细胞的抑制率。根据金氏方程计算2种药物联合的抑制率及凋亡情况的协同作用及治疗效果。金氏公式为:q=D1+2/(D1+D2-D1×D2),q表示2种药物联合作用的抑制率,D1和D2是单独用药作用的抑制率。当q值＞1.15表示为协同作用。经过不同浓度的达沙替尼(1,5,10 μg/L)和氟达拉滨(1,2.5,5 ng/L)单独处理后或联合处理(1 μg/L达沙替尼+1 ng/L氟达拉滨),(5 μg/L达沙替尼+2.5 ng/L氟达拉滨),(10 μg/L达沙替尼+5 ng/L氟达拉滨)24 h后,K562细胞的增殖受到明显的抑制,且达沙替尼和氟达拉滨具有协同效应。结果在相同的时间范围内,氟达拉滨和达沙替尼对K562细胞的抑制作用呈剂量依赖性,由于5 μg/L达沙替尼和2.5 ng/L氟达拉滨均能明显抑制K562细胞的增殖作用,因此在后续的实验过程中,选择该浓度作为细胞处理的终浓度。实验组和对照组的抑制率,差异均有统计学意义(t＝39.998,P<0.05)。达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨存在协同抑制慢粒K562细胞的作用(q＞1.15,P＜0.05);低浓度(1 μg/L)达沙替尼对慢粒K562细胞p-BCR/ABL水平的下调作用(31.8％±1.9％)明显优于高浓度(10 ng/L)氟达拉滨(15.2％±2.1％),联合药物更明显下调慢粒K562细胞p-BCR/ABL水平的表达(49.8％±1.1％),差异具有统计学意义(t＝6.754,P＜0.05)。达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨能改善白血病,提高凋亡细胞的数量。结论达沙替尼联合氟达拉滨作用于白血病慢粒K562细胞具有协同抑制作用,加速慢粒K562细胞的凋亡,具有重要的临床意义。     

STI571诱导K562细胞凋亡机制研究

目的　研究格列卫 (Glivec ,STI5 71)诱导P2 10BCR/ABL(+)K5 6 2细胞凋亡机制。方法　采用Annexin Ⅴ /PI双染实验、DNA的PI染色、碘化二己基恶碳菁 (DiOC6 [3])染色、2 ,7 二氯荧光素二乙酸酯 (DCFH DA)染色及DNALadder等方法测定凋亡细胞。利用Westernblot实验分析K5 6 2细胞蛋白酪氨酸磷酸化水平 ,测定Bcl XL、caspase 3蛋白的表达并分别测定线粒体及胞浆部分的细胞色素C(cytoC)蛋白。结果　STI5 71可诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡 ,出现DNA亚二倍体凋亡峰及DNALadder,线粒体跨膜电位及活性氧物质降低 ,P2 10BCR/ABL酪氨酸磷酸化水平降低 ,Bcl XL、蛋白减少 ,caspase 3蛋白前体活化降解出相对分子质量为 2 0× 10 3 亚单位 ,胞浆部分出现cytoC ,同时线粒体cytoC减少。结论　STI5 71可迅速使P2 10BCR/ABL酪氨酸磷酸化水平下降 ,线粒体cytoC胞浆转位介导的信号通路是STI5 71诱导K5 6 2细胞凋亡的途径之一 ,STI5 71是有效的基因靶向治疗剂     

汉防己甲素联合屈洛昔芬对K562细胞bcr/abl表达的影响

为了研究汉防己甲素(Tet)联合屈洛昔芬(DRL)对K562细胞株凋亡相关因子bcr／abl mRNA及蛋白表达的影响，Tet(1μmol／L)和DRL(5μmol／L)单用及联合应用于K562细胞一定时间后，分别采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)和Western blot方法检测K562细胞bcr／abl mRNA和蛋白表达的变化。结果表明：Tet和DRL单独应用对K562细胞bcr／abl mRNA及蛋白表达均无影响，两药联合应用于48小时K562细胞bcr／abl mRNA表达开始下调，K562细胞P^210 BCR／ABL蛋白表达于72小时开始下调。结论：Tet和DRL联合应用可下调K562细胞bcr／abl的表达，这可能是两药联用逆转耐药的机制之一。     

RHBDD1基因在慢性髓系白血病患者骨髓细胞中的表达及临床意义

本研究旨在检测RHBDD1（Rhomboid domain containing 1）基因在慢性髓系白血病（CML）患者骨髓细胞中的表达水平并初步探讨其临床意义。采用实时定量PCR的方法检测RHBDD1在正常人和CML患者骨髓单个核细胞中的相对表达水平。结果表明,CML患者RHBDD1的表达水平明显高于正常人;BCR／ABL p210表达阴性的患者RHBDD1的表达水平显著高于BCR／ABLp210阳性的患者;≥50岁的患者RHBDD1表达水平低于〈50岁的患者;RHBDD1的表达水平与患者的性别无明显相关性。结论：RHBDD1基因可能参与了CML的发生与发展,尤其在BCR／ABL p210阴性患者的发病中可能发挥重要作用。     

PANTR1与慢性髓系白血病细胞K562对伊马替尼耐药的关系及其相关机制

目的:探讨长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)PANTR1与慢性髓性白血病细胞K562对伊马替尼耐药的关系及机制。方法:培养K562对照细胞(Control)及K562伊马替尼耐药细胞(ImR),采用慢病毒转染靶向PANTR1的2种siRNA载体及对照载体于K562-ImR细胞中,分别为ImR-siPA#1、ImR-siPA#2及ImR-siControl细胞;采用CCK-8实验检测各组细胞伊马替尼半抑制浓度(IC50);采用荧光定量PCR技术(RT-qPCR)检测PANTR1、BCR/ABL、MDR、CD44及CD133 mRNA表达水平;采用Western blot检测BCR/ABL、多耐药基因1(MDR)、CD44及CD133表达水平。结果:ImR细胞伊马替尼IC50显著高于Control细胞(P<0.01),ImR-siPA#1、ImR-siPA#2细胞伊马替尼IC50显著低于ImR-siControl细胞(P<0.01),但仍显著高于Control细胞(P<0.01);ImR细胞PANTR1、BCR/ABL、MDR、CD44及CD133 mRNA表达水平均显著高于Control细胞(P<0.01),ImR-siPA#1、ImR-siPA#2细胞PANTR1、MDR、CD44及CD133 mRNA表达水平显著低于ImR-siControl细胞(P<0.01),而BCR/ABL mRNA表达水平无显著差异(P>0.05);ImR细胞BCR/ABL、MDR、CD44及CD133蛋白表达水平明显高于Control细胞,而ImR-siPA#1、ImR-siPA#2细胞MDR、CD44及CD133蛋白表达水平明显低于ImR-siControl细胞。结论:LncRNA PANTR1可促进慢性髓系白血病细胞K562中MDR的表达及其干细胞标志物的表达,介导细胞对伊马替尼耐药。     

BCR/ABL induces multiple abnormalities of cytoskeletal function.

The BCR/ABL oncogene causes human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disease characterized by massive expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the granulocyte lineage. When transfected into murine hematopoietic cell lines, BCR/ABL causes cytokine-independence and enhances viability. There is also growing evidence that p210(BCR/ABL) affects cytoskeletal structure. p210(BCR/ABL) binds to actin, and several cytoskeletal proteins are tyrosine phosphorylated by this oncoprotein. Also, at least one aspect of cytoskeletal function is abnormal, in that the affinity of beta1 integrins for fibronectin is altered in CML cells. However, isolated changes in beta1 integrin function would be unlikely to explain the clinical phenotype of CML. We used time-lapse video microscopy to study cell motility and cell morphology on extracellular cell matrix protein-coated surfaces of a series of cell lines before and after transformation by BCR/ABL. BCR/ABL was associated with a striking increase in spontaneous motility, membrane ruffling, formation of long actin extensions (filopodia) and accelerated the rate of protrusion and retraction of pseudopodia on fibronectin-coated surfaces. Also, while untransformed cells were sessile for long periods, BCR/ABL-transformed cells exhibited persistent motility, except for brief periods during cell division. Using cell lines transformed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of BCR/ABL, these kinetic abnormalities of cytoskeletal function were shown to require BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase activity. Similar abnormalities of cytoskeletal function on fibronectin-coated surfaces were observed when hematopoietic progenitor cells purified by CD34 selection from patients with CML were compared with CD34 positive cells from normal individuals. Interestingly, alpha-interferon treatment was found to slowly revert the abnormal motility phenotype of BCR/ABL-transformed cells towards normal. The increase in spontaneous motility and other defects of cytoskeletal function described here will be useful biological markers of the functional effects of BCR/ABL in hematopoietic cells.