高血压合并代谢紊乱及对心肾血管的影响

目的 观察高血压合并代谢紊乱的状况及其对心肾血管的影响.方法 住院高血压患者1033例分为单纯高血压组102例、高血压合并血脂紊乱组117例、高血压合并腹型肥胖组119例、高血压合并糖尿病组135例和高血压合并代谢综合征组(MS)560例.应用彩色多普勒超声检测心脏和血管的结构和功能,应用免疫比浊法测定微量白蛋白尿(MAU),评估心肾血管损害情况.结果 (1)住院病人中单纯高血压仅为9.9%,90.1%的高血压患者合并有代谢紊乱.(2)高血压合并腹型肥胖时左室质量(LVM)和左室质量指数(LVMI)显著高于高血压合并血脂紊乱组、高血压合并糖尿病组和高血压合并MS组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).高血压合并糖尿病组及高血压合并MS组的颈动脉斑块检出率分别为65.7%和58.5%,明显高于高血压合并血脂紊乱组(35.0%)和高血压合并腹型肥胖组(45.8%)(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);高血压合并糖尿病组及高血压合并MS组的MAU阳性率(分别为48.0%和41.8%)显著高于单纯高血压组(9.5%)、高血压合并血脂紊乱组(25%)和高血压合并腹型肥胖组(22.4%)(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 超过90%的高血压住院患者合并有不同形式的代谢紊乱,高血压合并腹型肥胖将加重左室肥厚(LVH),合并糖尿病和MS加重大血管及微血管的损害,纠正代谢紊乱对高血压的治疗有重要意义.     

肥胖患者体脂分布与肾脏损害的关系

目的:探讨肥胖患者体脂分布特点与肥胖相关性肾病(ORG)的发生及其进展中的关系。方法:对照研究30例经肾穿刺活检明确诊断的ORG患者和19例无肾脏损伤的单纯性肥胖患者,借助CT测量两组患者腹部脂肪的面积;采用B超测量肾周脂肪厚度,检测、记录胰岛素抵抗水平和肾小球滤过率以及体重指数、血脂等相关指标。并根据CT测定的内脏脂肪面积,将ORG患者分为3组,分别比较各组临床、病理和代谢异常的指标。结果:ORG患者全部(100%)表现为腹型肥胖,单纯肥胖患者中腹型肥胖仅占78·9%;前者内脏脂肪的面积约为后者的1·3倍。腹型肥胖导致ORG发生的风险是外周型肥胖患者的8·0倍。ORG空腹血糖(P<0·05)、胰岛素水平(P<0·05)和胰岛素抵抗水平(P<0·01)明显高于单纯肥胖患者。ORG总胆固醇水平高于单纯肥胖患者(P<0·05),但三酰甘油及高/低密度脂蛋白水平彼此间无明显差异。随着内脏脂肪面积的增大,ORG三组患者尿蛋白排泄量[(0·89±0·41),(1·47±0·69)和(2·25±1·23)g/24h]、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(40%,50%和100%)的比例明显增加(P<0·05,ANOVA)。与之相对应的是,肾小球滤过率、胰岛素抵抗程度亦随着内脏脂肪面积的增大而增加(P<0·05,ANOVA),脂质代谢差异不显著。C反应蛋白水平随内脏脂肪面积的增加有升高的趋势(P>0·05,ANOVA);而肾周脂肪厚度间无明显差别。结论:腹部脂肪的堆积不仅与ORG的发生,还与该病的进展密切相关。其中血流动力学异常和胰岛素抵抗可能起主要的作用。     

代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能与左心室重构关系

目的探讨代谢综合征(MS)患者血管内皮功能与左心室重构情况及两者的相关性。方法选择43名健康人为对照组,92例MS患者分为3组:肥胖及血脂紊乱合并原发性高血压而血糖正常组(MS1组);合并2型糖尿病血压正常组(MS2组);合并原发性高血压和2型糖尿病组(MS3)。使用彩色超声多普勒分别测量血管内皮功能及左心室结构相关参数,分析两者的相关性。结果MS1、MS2、MS3组内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(EDD)较对照组明显降低(P<0.01);MS3组EDD障碍较MS1、MS2组更明显(P<0.05)。MS1、MS2、MS3组舒张末期室间隔厚度、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度、左心室质量、左心室质量指数(LVMI)均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);并且MS2、MS1、MS3的各参数值分别依次增加,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。EDD与LVMI呈负相关(偏相关系数为-0.306,P<0.05)。结论MS的危险因素与血管内皮功能紊乱和左心室重构相关。血管内皮功能紊乱与左心室重构有关。     

老年原发性高血压微量白蛋白尿与血管内皮功能及颈总动脉粥样硬化

目的探讨老年原发性高血压(EH)患者微量白蛋白尿(MAU)与内皮依赖性舒张功能(EDF)及颈总动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法筛选老年高血压患者64例,根据24h尿白蛋白排泄率分成正常白蛋白尿组(NAU组)和微量白蛋白尿组(MAU组)。另设30例非EH老年人为对照组(NC组)。采用免疫比浊法测定24h尿白蛋白含量;采用彩色多普勒超声检测肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能,颈总动脉内中膜厚度(I MT)及其粥样斑块指数(PI)。结果(1)与对照组(9·1%±1·8%)比较,老年高血压患者NAU组已有内皮依赖性舒张功能降低(6·3%±1·1%,P<0·05),而MAU组内皮依赖性舒张功能则进一步降低(5·0%±1·4%,P<0·05)。(2)MAU组颈总动脉I MT较NAU组增高,且两组均较对照组增高[(1·0±0·2,0·9±0·1vs0·8±0·1)mm,P值均<0·05]。(3)MAU组的微量白蛋白尿与内皮依赖性舒张功能呈负相关(r=-0·597,P<0·001);微量白蛋白尿与颈总动脉I MT呈正相关(r=0·700,P<0·001)。结论老年EH患者均存在内皮依赖性血管舒张功能受损和颈总动脉粥样硬化,内皮依赖性舒张功能和I MT与微量白蛋白尿的发生密切相关。     

血压昼夜节律与血管内皮功能及血液流变学的关系

目的:通过观察高血压昼夜节律消失、血管内皮功能及血液流变学改变以了解三者之间关系。方法:选择行24h动态血压监测的Ⅰ-Ⅱ级原发性高血压患者175例,男96例,女79例。根据夜间平均动脉压下降10%以上或以下的标准,将原发性高血压患者分为杓型组(107例)和非杓型组(68例)。分别采用高分辨率彩色血管超声,以肱动脉反应性充血前、后血管内径变化检测血管内皮依赖性扩张功能并行血液流变学各指标的测定。结果:①非杓型组的肱动脉反应性充血血管内径变化显著小于杓型组[(8·7±2·1)%∶(5·1±1·7)%,P<0·01);②非杓型组的凝血因子Ⅰ(Fg)、红细胞压积、全血黏度值、血浆黏度值、全血低切还原黏度、红细胞聚集指数显著高于杓型组(P<0·01,P<0·05);③通过建立Logistic回归方程,显示自变量(Fg、反应性充血血管内径变化)对因变量(血压昼夜节律)的回归系数为-4·094,+0·949,对因变量的OR值为0·017,2·583。结论:高血压昼夜节律消失、血管内皮功能受损、血液流变学异常呈正相关,三者之间相互作用,形成恶性循环。     

代谢综合征组分与尿微量白蛋白发生率的关系

目的探讨尿微量白蛋白(MAU)发生率与代谢综合征(MS)组分的关系。方法选择3018例广西社区人群,测定其上午8:00-10:00随机尿白蛋白、体质量指数、血压、腰围、空腹血糖(FBS)、糖负荷后2h血糖、血脂谱、空腹胰岛素。尿白蛋白≥30mg/L判定为MAU。结果(1)MAU发生率为11.1%,无论男、女性,MAU发生率均随年龄的增长而增加(P<0.01)。MAU组比非MAU组的体质量指数、腰围、舒张压、三酰甘油(TG)、空腹血糖及胰岛素抵抗指数等指标均有明显升高(P<0.05)。(2)无代谢异常、任意一种代谢异常、任意两种代谢异常及任意3种代谢异常者(MS)MAU发生率分别为7.4%、9.6%、13.3%和22.7%。MAU发生率随代谢紊乱加重呈升高趋势(趋势分析P<0.01)。(3)高血压、高血糖、中心性肥胖和胰岛素抵抗分别是MAU的独立风险因素(高血压OR值为2.135,P<0.01;高血糖OR值为1.903,P<0.01;中心性肥胖OR值为1.388,P<0.05;胰岛素抵抗β为0.175,P<0.01)。与无代谢异常相比,两种代谢异常者发生MAU的风险增加1.446倍,MS者增加1.915倍(P均<0.05)。结论高血糖、高血压、中心性肥胖和胰岛素抵抗是发生MAU的独立危险因素。多种代谢异常集聚的个体发生MAU的风险显著增加,尤以MS为甚。     

超声测量的内脏脂肪厚度和代谢综合征的关系

目的探讨由超声测量的内脏脂肪厚度(VFT)评价内脏性肥胖的价值及其和代谢综合征(MS)的关系。方法收集了2005-03-12在我院体检中心符合入选标准的可用资料210份,测定MS相关的人体指标测量、空腹血生化检查和经超声测量内脏脂肪厚度。根据国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)MS标准,分成MS组及非MS组。结果VFT和腰围(WC)呈正相关(男r=0·61,P=0·01;女r=0·60,P=0·01),MS组VFT明显大于非MS组,男性MS组为(49·4±14·6)mm与非MS组(37·1±14·9)mm比较,女性MS组(34·5±9·4)mm与非MS组(24·6±8·7)mm比较,两者差异均有非常显著性(P=0·01)。VFT与收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈正相关(P<0·05或P<0·01),与胰岛素敏感性指数(INSI)呈负相关(男性r=-0·309,女性r=-0·433,P<0·01),男性VFT与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关(r=-0·249,P<0·01),女性VFT与胆固醇(TC)呈正相关(r=0·255,P=0·065)。逐步法多元线性回归分析显示,男性VFT和WC、SBP、载脂蛋白B(apoB)呈正相关,和HDL-C呈负相关,相关系数分别为(r=6·746,2·75,2·86,-2·03,P<0·05或P<0·01);女性VFT和体重指数(BMI)和HOMA-IR呈正相关,相关系数分别为(r=3·60,2·98,P<0·01);而无论男女,WC和皮下脂肪仅仅和BMI呈正相关。MS发病率随着VFT的增加而增加(P<0·05或P<0·01)。经超声测量的VFT诊断MS的ROC曲线下面积男性0·74,女性0·79,最佳切点值男性43·5mm,女性23·8mm。结论经超声测量的VFT是一项简便、可靠和实用的评价内脏性肥胖的指标。并认为VFT大于此切点,即可推断存在有MS。     

国产吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床研究

目的观察国产吡格列酮对2型糖尿病(T2DM)病人血糖、血脂代谢和胰岛素抵抗(IR)的作用,并检测治疗前后血清脂联素水平的变化。方法用随机双盲法、与安慰剂平行对照,比较48例T2DM病人用吡格列酮30mg和安慰剂(1:1)干预治疗12w后的血糖、血脂、IR、血清脂联素水平改变。结果吡格列酮治疗12w后,空腹血糖和餐后2h(2hPG)血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与治疗前比较明显下降(P<0·05或P<0·01);空腹胰岛素(FINS)及HOMA模型IR指数(HOMA-IR)较治疗前也减低(P<0·05或P<0·01);血清脂联素水平、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)在12w治疗后显著升高,低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)与治疗前比较明显降低(P<0·05或P<0·01),上述指标与安慰剂组比较差异均有显著意义(P<0·05或P<0·01)。但是总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)治疗前后无明显差异。结论国产吡格列酮可改善T2DM病人血糖及血脂代谢,降低IR并升高血清脂联素水平,有助于防治T2DM血管并发症。     

腹型肥胖及代谢紊乱对高血压病人左室质量指数的影响

目的探讨腹型肥胖及代谢紊乱对原发性高血压病人左室质量指数的影响。方法选择2011年1月—2013年12月于本院心血管内科门诊就诊的病人532例,男245例,女287例。分为对照组、单纯高血压组、高血压合并腹型肥胖组和高血压合并代谢综合征组。比较各组病人的基本资料并行常规多普勒超声心动图,测量记录左室结构参数,并比较各组间左室质量指数,及左室肥厚的发生率。结果单纯高血压组左室质量指数、左室肥厚发生率高于对照组(P0.01),高血压合并腹型肥胖组明显高于对照组及单纯高血压组(P0.01),高血压合并代谢综合征组高于高血压合并腹型肥胖组(P0.05)。Spearman相关性分析:左室质量指数与收缩压呈正相关(r=0.784,P0.01),与腰围呈正相关(r=0.562,P0.05),与代谢综合征呈正相关(r=0.742,P0.01)。结论高血压合并腹型肥胖及代谢综合征时,其左室质量指数会明显升高,提示除血压外,腹型肥胖、代谢紊乱、代谢综合征亦会对左心室肥厚产生较大的影响。     

老年代谢综合征患者血胰岛素样生长因子1与代谢综合征的关系

目的了解代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)患者血胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)水平及其与MS的关系。方法按2005年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)颁布的MS定义,将老年患者465例分为MS组255例和对照组210例。查空腹血糖、胰岛素、C肽、餐后2 h血糖、血脂全套、血IGF1并计算体质指数(BMI)。两组按是否并存糖尿病再分为糖尿病和非糖尿病两个亚组。结果(1) MS组除高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低于对照组外,其他血液指标均高于对照组(P<0．01);两组IGF1水平与年龄、BMI均呈负相关(P<0．05)。(2)MS糖尿病组IGF1(163．5±128．1)μg／L、胰岛素(14．3±10．5)mU／L高于MS非糖尿病组(114．0±52．6)μg／L、(8．46±4．4)mU／L,C肽(1．1±0．4)μg／L低于MS非糖尿病组(2．5±0．4)μg／L,均为P<0．01;IGF1水平与胰岛素、C肽无相关性,与冠心病呈负相关(P<0．05)。(3)对照糖尿病组IGF1(129．2±49．1)μg／L低于对照非糖尿病组(136．6±80．5)μg／L,胰岛素(14．1±11．7)mU／L、C肽(3．28±2．23)μg／L高于对照非糖尿病组(10．3±6．1)mU／L、(2．9±1．7)μg／L,P<0．01或0．05。对照组IGF1与C肽负相关,与甘油三酯正相关;对照糖尿病组IGF1与胰岛素、C肽负相关(均为P<0．01或0．05)。结论MS患者存在高血IGF1现象,这与单纯糖尿病患者低IGF1不同;MS患者IGF1水平较低时发生冠心病的机率较高。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.