小瓜石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对小瓜石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法研究小瓜石斛的药材基源、性状和显微特征.结果 和结论 小瓜石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显,可为小瓜石斛质量标准、品种整理、混淆品的鉴别奠定基础.     

景洪石斛的生药学鉴别

目的 对景洪石斛进行生药学鉴别.方法 对景洪石斛药材的基源、性状和显微特征进行研究.结果 景洪石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官的显微组织鉴别特征明显.结论 可为景洪石斛质量标准的制定和开发利用奠定基础.     

浮石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对浮石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法研究浮石斛的药材基源、性状和显微特征.结果 浮石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 为浮石斛药材的质量标准制定、石斛类药材的品种整理及其混淆品的区分奠定了基础.     

罗河石斛的生药学鉴定

目的 对罗河石斛进行生药鉴定.方法 采用生药鉴定方法对罗河石斛药材基源、性状和显微特征进行研究.结果 罗河石斛的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显.结论 可为罗河石斛质量标准的制定、石斛类药材的品种鉴别奠定基础.     

石斛与有瓜石斛的鉴别与临床应用

本文通过对药典正品石斛与广东地区习用品有瓜石斛在来源、原植物、性状、显微鉴别、功效与临床应用等方面进行比较分析,为中药饮片石斛的使用与鉴别提供依据,以达到促进规范用药的目的.     

石斛与有瓜石斛的鉴别与临床应用

本文通过对药典正品石斛与广东地区习用品有瓜石斛在来源、原植物、性状、显微鉴别、功效与临床应用等方面进行比较分析,为中药饮片石斛的使用与鉴别提供依据,以达到促进规范用药的目的 。     

药用石斛鉴别方法研究进展

石斛药用历史悠久,作为一种药食同源的名贵药材,市场中存在品种混淆的现象。因药用石斛种类繁多,且多为同属植物,鉴别难度较大。该文分别对传统鉴别方法、色谱及光谱鉴别方法、分子生物学鉴别方法等多种鉴别方法进行归纳整理。单一的鉴别方法存在局限性,建议结合药用石斛的性状、显微、化学成分以及基因序列的特点,建立综合、有效的石斛鉴别体系和质量标准,为药用石斛的鉴别提供研究思路,以期保障用药安全。     

中药“枫斗”的性状鉴别研究

目的:研究同属不同种植物来源的枫斗性状,寻找鉴别特征。方法:收集石斛属植物20种并进行物种鉴定,将茎加工枫斗,对各种枫斗性状特征进行观察并描述。结果:20种枫斗在性状特征上有较大的差别。结论:研究结果可为20种枫斗供鉴别依据。     

猫头刺的生药学鉴别

采用生药鉴定方法研究猫头刺的原植物、性状和显微特征。猫头刺的原植物形态、药材性状和不同器官显微组织构造的鉴别特征明显,可为猫头刺的鉴别和开发利用提供依据。     

蒙药马蔺子的鉴别

目的:制定蒙药马蔺子的原植物、性状及显微鉴别依据,以便安全、准确地使用马蔺子.方法:采用原植物、性状及显微鉴别的方法,对马蔺子的原植物、性状、种子的组织构造及粉末的显微特征进行鉴别.结果:提出了马蔺子的形态特征、性状特征,种子的组织构造及粉末的显微特征.结论:马蔺子的以上特征,可为鉴别其真伪及制定其质量标准提供可靠的部...     

Two new stilbenoids from aerial parts of Flickingeria fimbriata

Two new stilbenoids, named 2,3 -dimethoxyl-7-hydroxyl-1,4-phenanthrenedione (1) and 2-methoxyl-3-methyl-7-hydroxyl-9,10-dihydro-1,4-phenanthrenedione (2), together with two known stilbenoids including densiflorol B (3) and ephemeranthoquinone (4), were isolated from aerial parts of Flickingeria fimbriata (Bl.) Hawkes. The structures of two new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HRESIMS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, DEPT, HMBC, COSY, HMQC, NOESY. All the compounds were obtained from this genus for the first time. In addition, they all exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against HepG2 cell lines.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.