青少年正畸治疗中影响牙根吸收的因素探讨

目的：探讨影响青少年错[牙合]畸形患者正畸矫治后牙根吸收的相关因素。方法：选择已完成正畸固定矫治的青少年患者78例．在其矫治前后的曲面断层片上,对4个上切牙进行根尖形态的分析,以获得正畸矫治后牙根吸收的定性数据。在对受试者按年龄、性别、牙位、牙龄、拔牙与否及疗程分组后,利用SPSS12．0软件对所得数据进行非参数检验分析。结果：所有正畸患者都存在一定程度的牙根吸收,根尖形态分析显示：①牙龄ⅣA期患者比ⅢC期的患者存在更严重的牙根吸收（P〈0．01）,但按年龄比较不存在显著差异;②拔牙组比不拔牙组有更加严重的牙根吸收（P〈0．01）;③疗程越长,牙根吸收也越明显（P〈0．05）;④牙根吸收的严重程度与性别及上切牙牙位之间无相关性。结论：在第二恒磨牙完全建验前（ⅣA期前）进行正畸治疗、不拔牙矫治、缩短矫治疗程,均可以减少正畸治疗中的牙根吸收。     

非常规拔牙矫治设计在正畸临床中的应用

目的　探讨非常规拔牙矫治错牙合畸形的技巧和注意事项。方法　 2 1例正畸患者 ,其中拔除第一磨牙者12例、上中切牙者4例、侧切牙者4例 ,1例中切牙松动脱落 ,行正畸矫治。结果　平均矫治时间 12～ 26年,矫治效果满意。结论　非常规拔牙的正畸患者 ,通过对其个体化矫治 ,可达满意效果。     

单颗下颌切牙先天缺失不同治疗模式的疗效研究

目的 使用美国正畸专家认证委员会客观评级系统(American Board of Orthodontics-objective grading system,ABO-OGS)和正畸治疗标准指数(peer assessment rating,PAR)评价单颗下颌切牙先天缺失三种矫治方法的疗效,探讨不同治疗方法的疗效是否存在差异。方法 选取就诊于徐州市中心医院口腔正畸科的57例单颗下颌切牙先天缺失患者的治疗前后模型和全景片。按照不同的治疗方法将其分为A、B、C三组,A组非拔牙矫治19例;B组拔除前磨牙20例;C组拔除切牙18例,采用ABO-OGS指数和PAR指数分别测量治疗前后模型与全景片,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 治疗前ABO-OGS指数颊舌向倾斜度B组和A组、C组差异具有统计学意义。治疗后ABO-OGS指数三组间总分差异无统计学意义,牙齿排列评分A组和C组差异存在统计学意义。PAR指数治疗前后差值三组之间差异无统计学意义。结论 结合患者实际情况来制定合适个性化方案、选择矫治方案,矫治过程中严格执行治疗方案,三种治疗方法都可取得比较满意的矫治效果。     

口腔颌面外科门诊拔牙患者牙科焦虑症调查分析

目的 了解口腔颌面外科门诊拔牙患者牙科焦虑症的发病情况及流行程度,探讨拔牙患者发生牙科焦虑症可能相关的因素。方法 采用改良Corah’s牙科焦虑量表（MDAS）及牙科焦虑一般因素调查表评估800名12岁以上门诊患者牙科焦虑症的发生情况及流行程度,应用单因素、多因素分析方法对调查对象的牙科焦虑症状及影响因素进行分析。 结果 剔除无效问卷后,得到合格问卷768份,有效率为96%。MDAS平均分值为（10.21±3.29）分 ,MDAS≥13分为有高度牙科焦虑症状,其发生率为14.7%。性别、年龄、拔牙时间、亲友陪伴、既往拔牙经历、亲友拔牙经历、疼痛耐受度、精神状态、健康状况、拔牙前心理状况、口腔卫生状况各组的牙科焦虑症患病率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;文化程度、拔牙类型、民族、生活经历、是否喜欢听音乐、性格、职业、是否初次拔牙差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,性别、是否有亲友陪伴、拔牙前心理状况、口腔卫生对牙科焦虑症的危险性较大。结论 口腔颌面外科门诊拔牙患者牙科焦虑症发病率较高,应给予重视,性别、年龄、拔牙时间、亲友陪伴、既往拔牙经历、亲友拔牙经历、疼痛耐受度、精神状况、拔牙前心理状况、口腔卫生等是牙科焦虑症的出现因素。     

配合种植支抗的高角骨性II类成年患者的减数治疗

目的 探讨种植支抗配合拔牙矫治高角骨性II类成年患者的临床效果。材料与方法： 在患者上后牙颊侧及上前牙区植入了3颗种植钉,保护矢状向支抗的同时,也有利于垂直向支抗的控制。结果 矫治后,下颌骨逆时针旋转,功能和美观得到较大改善,患者对治疗效果满意,后期随访也显示了治疗结果的稳定。     

正畸治疗中磨牙的拔除和保留(十)——正畸矫治设计中拔牙牙位的选择

正畸患者是否需要拔牙及拔牙牙位的选择,一直是正畸医生最为关注的焦点问题。拔牙设计还是不拔牙设计也经历了一个漫长的此消彼长的过程。从Angle主张的不拔牙矫治到Tweed支持的拔牙矫治,再到近年来不拔牙矫治的呼声渐高。说明在拔牙与不拔牙问题上,正畸医生仍存在很大的困扰。复习近20年的文献,归纳总结了拔牙设计及拔牙牙位选择的相关论述。     

单侧减数治疗牙列拥挤对牙列影响的研究

牙列拥挤的患者，目前常采用拔牙矫治[1]。为了保持牙弓形态的对称性，通常采取在一个牙弓两侧同时拔牙。但临床上对于一些中、轻度的牙列拥挤患者，往往采用单侧拔牙矫治。单侧拔牙矫治有可能造成上颌中线位置偏斜及磨牙关系紊乱。作者收集了1990年以来，我科单侧拔牙矫治牙列拥挤24例，分析单侧拔牙矫治对上颌中线及磨牙关系的影响。材料和方法1.共24例前牙拥挤病例，男7例，女17例，全部为恒牙列。颌面部无骨性异常。其中Angle’sⅠ类股6例，Angle’sⅡ类16例，Angle’sⅢ类2例。矫治：上前牙拥挤集中于一侧者拔除患侧上颔第一前磨牙，…     

Ⅲ类错(牙合)下颌偏斜正畸疗效的初步分析

目的 探讨Ⅲ类错(牙合)牙性、功能性和轻度骨性下颌偏斜的正畸矫治效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 选择Ⅲ类错(牙合)牙性、功能性和轻度骨性下颌偏斜患者共35例,男性14例,女性21例,年龄7～22岁(平均16.5岁).牙性偏斜主要通过扩大上颌牙弓,促使下颌自动复位;功能性下颌偏斜应用双颌式功能矫正器或不对称性前方牵引和Ⅲ类颌间牵引进行治疗;轻度骨性下颌偏斜行拔牙正畸掩饰性治疗.结果 通过正畸临床矫治,22例Ⅲ类错(牙合)牙性和功能性下颌偏斜患者的颜面外形和咬合均达到满意的疗效.13例Ⅲ类错(牙合)骨性下颌偏斜患者,拔牙掩饰性正畸矫治仅可改善颜面美观.结论 Ⅲ类错(牙合)牙性和功能性下颌偏斜是正畸治疗的适应证;而对于Ⅲ类错(牙合)轻度骨性下颌偏斜的患者,单纯正畸治疗仅可减轻牙(牙合)畸形的程度.     

基于锥形术CT数字化建模的3D打印牙颌模型制作及精确度研究

目的 基于锥形术CT（CBCT）数据构建患者数字化模型,应用3D打印技术制作牙颌实体模型并评估其精确度。方法 通过Mimics 10.01软件处理正畸临床患者CBCT数据,并结合Geomagic studio三维软件制作牙颌数字化模型,导入MakerBot Replicator2X型3D打印机中,采用熔融沉积技术（FDM）制作聚乳酸材料的上下颌实体模型。比较3D打印模型与传统石膏模型的牙冠近远中径、牙弓长度和宽度及后牙牙尖三角嵴长度测量值。结果 3D打印牙颌模型和传统石膏模型的测量数据经配对样本t检验,无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 采用CBCT构建数字化模型具有可行性,能够简化正畸检查流程、实现患者牙颌状况的数字化存储。采用3D打印制作牙颌模型精确度良好,可用于正畸临床。     

正畸应力作用下牙龈肌成纤维细胞表达的初步研究

目的 初步探讨正畸应力加载后牙龈肌成纤维细胞的表达情况。方法 选取8例正畸应力加载后需要拔除牙牙龈组织,以应力加载前拔除牙牙龈组织为对照,进行α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原免疫组织化学染色。然后进行测量和统计分析。结果 正畸应力加载前牙龈组织内Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性,α-SMA除血管上皮外,其余为阴性表达。正畸应力加载后,Ⅰ型胶原、Ⅲ型胶原表达明显上升,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;α-SMA在牙龈组织内出现阳性表达,与加力前差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 正畸应力加载后,牙龈组织内肌成纤维细胞出现表达,其可能在正畸牙术后复发中发挥一定作用。     

Attitude of Chinese orthodontists towards the relationship between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders

OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitude of some Chinese orthodontists towards the relationship between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 25 orthodontists, in six public hospitals (Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, China), were asked to complete a 10-item questionnaire concerning orthodontics/TMD. RESULTS: 84% of orthodontists often asked their patients about the signs and symptoms of TMD before orthodontic treatment and 92% reported examining the TMJ region. 76% of orthodontists thought orthodontic treatment may possibly lead to a greater incidence of TMD, while 84 per cent claimed that orthodontic treatment might prevent TMD. Methods of orthodontic treatment, patient's age, and occlusal interference were regarded as risk factors leading to increased incidence of TMD. CONCLUSIONS: Some Chinese orthodontists realise the importance of the relationship between orthodontic treatment and TMD. Most thought that unsuitable orthodontic treatment might increase the development of TMD and that orthodontic treatment could prevent TMD.     

成人正畸治疗相关因素的回顾性分析

目的通过回顾性分析,探讨影响成人正畸治疗的相关因素。方法选取成人正畸患者213例,年龄18-49岁,对患者的就诊原因、拔牙模式及托槽选择进行回顾性分析。结果深圳市成人正畸患者当中,35岁以下的中青年患者较多,占总人数的80.28%;大专及以上学历者占64.79%;45.54%的患者寻求正畸治疗的目的是为了改善牙齿或面部的美观;将近40%的成人患者采取了不拔牙矫治;68.54%的患者选择使用金属矫治器,31.46%的患者选择使用陶瓷矫治器,其中,女性患者显著多于男性患者（P〈0.05）。结论成人正畸患者口腔情况复杂,就诊原因多样,矫治应因人而异。     

Orthodontic care in an insured population in Washington: demographic factors

Few studies have used insurance claims data to investigate demographic factors related to orthodontic care. This study sought to describe age and sex distributions in a large, insured population in Washington. Additionally, the demand for orthodontic care was evaluated with respect to county population, and the impact of the availability of orthodontists was investigated. All orthodontic claims in 2001 were retrieved from the Washington Dental Service database, along with associated provider and patient information. A total of 102,984 claims were included in this study. A large percentage of subjects (86%) were less than 20 years old, with most patients in their early teens. Overall, about 64% of all orthodontic patients were female. The demand for orthodontic treatment was the highest in the counties with the largest populations. Although there was considerable variation in the data, the number of orthodontic claims submitted by general dentists tended to decline as the availability of orthodontists increased.     

Orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery: how long does it take and why? A retrospective study

We investigated the duration of pre-operative orthodontic treatment of patients who had combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment and examined the variables that influenced this. Records of patients who had undergone such treatment in the past 5 years were collected (n=65) from three consultant orthodontists and one Senior Specialist Registrar/Fixed Term Training Appointment (FTTA). The number of days from placement of the first active orthodontic component to the day that final planning impressions were taken was used to calculate the duration of treatment before the patient was ready for operation. The variables investigated were: sex, age, malocclusion, extractions (excluding third molars), and the clinician. The median duration of pre-operative treatment was 17 months (range 7-47). Only the orthodontist appeared to affect this duration, but this requires further investigation as it may merely reflect variation in other factors such as compliance. We conclude that patients should be informed that the pre-operative phase may last 12-24 months.     

Orthodontic treatment and referral patterns: A survey of pediatric dentists,general practitioners,and orthodontists

Objective

This study aims to assess the orthodontic diagnostic skills, referral patterns, and the perceptions of orthodontic benefits of pediatric and general dentists in comparison with orthodontists.

Materials and methods

Two online surveys were e-mailed to pediatric dentists, general dentistry practitioners, and orthodontists registered as members of the Saudi Dental Society and the Saudi Orthodontic Society. The surveys included questions about the type of orthodontic treatment provided, referral trends, and timing; presumed benefits associated with successful orthodontic treatment; and diagnosis and treatment plans of seven cases representing different malocclusions.

Results

In total, 25 orthodontists, 18 pediatric dentists, and 14 general practitioners completed the survey. Only 38.8% of pediatric dentists and 7.1% of general practitioners reported that they practiced orthodontics clinically. The perceptions of the three groups toward the benefits of orthodontic treatment were comparable in the psychosocial areas. However, the orthodontists perceived significantly lesser effects of orthodontic treatment on the amelioration of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms. Pediatric dentists tended to rate the need and urgency of treatment higher, while general practitioners tended to rate the need of treatment lower. The selected treatment plans for three early malocclusion cases showed the greatest discrepancies between the orthodontists and the other two groups.

Conclusions

The orthodontists consistently and significantly downplayed the perceived benefit of orthodontic treatment to reduce TMD symptoms. Also, while there was a similarity in the diagnosis, there were notable differences in the proposed treatment approaches, perceived treatment need, and timing of intervention between the three groups of practitioners.     

Measuring Beliefs about Orthodontic Treatment: A Questionnaire Approach

Objectives : Few studies have examined what parents and orthodontists expect from and value about orthodontic treatment. In this study, we designed and tested a questionnaire to outline what drives consumer demand for children's orthodontic care. Further, we present data from the questionnaire to illustrate how expectations and values pertaining to orthodontic treatment relate to sociodemographic variables. Methods : Subjects were 220 Pennsylvania orthodontists and 220 parents at a university orthodontic clinic who were administered a questionnaire designed to assess what parents and orthodontists value about and expect from orthodontic treatment. Items for the questionnaire were developed via a qualitative, telephone interview process. Data were analyzed using factor analysis and reliability analysis for scale development, and analysis of variance for preliminary validity assessment. Results : Through factor analysis, the questionnaire was reduced from 84 to 52 items, and eight scales were examined: expected treatment benefits, expected treatment risks (short- and long-term), expected treatment inconveniences, value of treatment benefits, value of risks (short- and long-term), and value of treatment inconveniences. For parents, the reliability for all scales was in the acceptable range. For orthodontists, only the “short-term risks” scale failed to attain an acceptable reliability. Preliminary validity was assessed through examining relationships between demographic variables and subscale scores. For parents, income, father's education level, and sex of respondent were related to treatment expectations and values. For orthodontists, age, sex, and patient volume were related to treatment values. Conclusions : The questionnaire developed in the present study was found to be practical and reliable for use with providers and consumers of orthodontic care and can be used to explore factors affecting the demand for orthodontic care. Implications of possible unrealistic treatment expectations on the part of orthodontists and parents also are discussed.     

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在正畸治疗中,我们常遇到一些在选择拔牙不拔牙或手术不手术治疗方案时模棱两可的病例,称为临界病例。临界病例矫治方案的制定困扰着很多正畸医生。本文从原则、实质出发,探讨影响拔牙决策的诸多因素以及正畸正颌联合治疗的定性、定量指征,并对一些两难病例及其治疗中的挑战、陷阱等进行了分析,以期为正畸临床治疗方案的制定提供参考。     

口腔正畸治疗患者下颌第三磨牙状态改变的相关危险因素分析

［摘要］ 目的 研究口腔正畸治疗患者下颌第三磨牙状态改变的相关危险因素。方法 2014年1月至2016年12月在我院口腔科进行正畸治疗的298例患者分为2组：直立萌出组205例,状态改变组93例。统计分析影响口腔正畸治疗后下颌第三磨牙状态改变的相关因素。结果 直立萌出组患者下颌第三磨牙牙龄、下颌平面角、治疗前前倾角度、治疗前间隙/宽度比值显著低于状态改变组（P<0.05）,而两组患者年龄、治疗时间、开始正畸年龄、颈椎发育阶段比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。单因素及Logistic多因素分析下颌平面角≥37.5°、治疗前前倾角度≥30°、治疗前间隙/宽度比值≥0.3以及未拔牙治疗是口腔正畸治疗后下颌第三磨牙状态改变的危险因素（P<0.05）,而入组年龄、性别、开始正畸年龄、下颌第三磨牙牙龄、治疗时间以及颈椎发育阶段不是口腔正畸治疗后下颌第三磨牙状态改变的危险因素（P>0.05）。结论 口腔正畸治疗过程中下颌平面角、下颌第三磨牙前倾角度及间隙/宽度、是否拔牙等均会造成下颌第三磨牙状态无法正常萌出或者倾斜,临床应加强其影响因素监测评估,以便于及时有效采取干预措施,提高治疗效果。     

The influence of cephalometrics on orthodontic treatment planning

Since its introduction, cephalometrics, i.e. cephalometric radiography and analysis, has been used for orthodontic treatment planning. However, the effectiveness of this diagnostic method remains questionable. A randomized crossover study was designed to assess the influence of cephalometrics in orthodontic treatment planning of individual patients. Diagnostic records of 48 subjects (24 males and 24 females aged 11-14 years) were divided in two stratified groups and assigned to one of two combinations: A, dental casts only, and B, dental casts, cephalometric radiographs, and analysis. The records were presented to 10 orthodontic postgraduates and four orthodontists for formulation of orthodontic treatment plans containing a dichotomous decision regarding the use of a functional appliance (FUNC), rapid maxillary expansion (RME), and extraction (EXTR). The combination of FUNC + RME + EXTR was used as the basis of the outcome measure. Agreement on orthodontic treatment planning using all possible comparisons of diagnostic records of individual patients (AB, AA, and BB) was assessed and overall proportions of agreement (OPA) were calculated for orthodontic postgraduates and orthodontists separately. Median OPA were 0.60 (AB), 0.65 (AA), and 0.60 (BB) for orthodontic postgraduates and 0.50 (AB), 0.75 (AA), and 0.50 (BB) for orthodontists. Irrespective of the level of experience, neither consistency of orthodontic treatment planning between both combinations of diagnostic records showed a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) using Wilcoxon signed rank test nor did consistencies and agreement of orthodontic treatment planning after the addition of cephalometrics. It appears that cephalometrics are not required for orthodontic treatment planning, as they did not influence treatment decisions.     

Media advertising effects on consumer perception of orthodontic treatment quality

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of media advertising on consumer perception of orthodontic treatment quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey instrument was designed to evaluate factors influencing consumer selection of an orthodontist and consumer perception of different forms of media advertising (radio, television, newspaper, magazine, direct mail, and billboard) by orthodontic practices. The surveys were distributed by eight orthodontic offices in and around the Richmond, Virginia area. The survey return rate was 97%. RESULTS: Respondents most often cited dentist and patient referrals as how they learned of the orthodontic practices they visited (50% to 57%). A caring attitude and good practitioner reputation were the top reasons influencing actual selection of an orthodontist (53% and 49%, respectively). Of respondents, 14% to 24% felt that advertising orthodontists would offer a lower quality of care than nonadvertising orthodontists. Newspaper, magazine, and direct mail advertisements were viewed more favorably than radio, television, and billboard advertisements. Chi-square analyses revealed few statistically significant differences in perception between different income and education groups. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients do not perceive advertising to reflect poorly on the quality of orthodontic care. However, patients with different income and education levels perceive media advertising differently.