头皮冠状切口颞肌上入路治疗眶颧骨折并发症研究

目的 分析头皮冠状切口颞肌上入路治疗眶颧骨折的并发症发生情况,探讨其应用价值。方法 采用头皮冠状切口颞肌上入路方法对206例眶颧骨折病例进行手术治疗,术后定期随访,分析其治疗效果和并发症发生情况。结果 206例患者的骨折断端均复位良好,面形和功能得到明显改善;未发生面神经损伤;1例发生颞区凹陷;11例术后切口区域疼痛或感觉异常,随时间推移逐渐恢复正常;1例术后发生感染,1例发生皮下血肿,经治疗后痊愈;5例切口瘢痕较宽,3例切口附近区域内出现少量脱发,但均未影响面容。结论 头皮冠状切口颞肌上入路可有效避免损伤面神经,值得在临床推广。     

脱细胞真皮基质复合小牛脱细胞骨修复口腔上颌窦瘘

目的 评价脱细胞真皮基质复合小牛脱细胞骨修复口腔上颌窦瘘的效果。方法 选择上颌骨囊肿摘除术或上颌磨牙拔除术后口腔与上颌窦相通的9例口腔上颌窦瘘患者（缺损大于5 mm×5 mm）,采用脱细胞真皮基质复合小牛脱细胞骨进行同期植入修复缺损。结果 9例患者术后切口均一期愈合,随访6个月,口腔上颌窦相通处黏膜均未见瘘道及分泌物,无鼻塞、流脓涕等上颌窦炎症相关症状,临床检查鼓气试验及CT检查均证实创口愈合。结论 应用脱细胞真皮基质及小牛脱细胞骨修复口腔上颌窦瘘,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

网状眶底修复钛板治疗眶底骨折

目的:观察网状眶底修复钛板用于治疗眶底骨折的效果。方法:本文通过对27例眶周骨折患者采用坚强内固定技术固定骨折,并用网状眶底修复钛板治疗不易固定的眶底骨折,对术后效果进行跟踪观察。结果:所有患者眼球内陷和神经症状都得到了纠正,疗效满意。结论:使用眶底修复钛板或眶内侧壁修复钛板能有效恢复眶腔骨质延续性,并可以节省手术时间,降低手术创伤,术后并发症少,是处理眶底复杂骨折的有效方法之一。     

牙支持式数字化导板在水平截骨颏成形术中的应用及精确性分析

目的: 探讨牙支持式数字化导板在水平截骨颏成形术中的应用价值。方法: 选择2017年3月~2018年3月就诊于昆明医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科的颏部畸形患者7例,通过建立数字化模型,进行三维影像学测量,精确判断颏部在三维空间上的畸形程度,进行手术前模拟设计,虚拟截骨,设计并3D打印成型牙支持式截骨导板应用于手术。术后3个月拍摄CBCT与手术设计进行拟合,评价导板的精确性。结果: 患者均为一期愈合,术后患者对效果均比较满意,拟合数据显示术后CBCT与术前虚拟手术的平均误差为0.7335 mm。结论: 利用数字化技术进行三维重建、手术模拟,3D打印牙支持式导板引导截骨,提高手术精度,可有效改善各种颏部畸形,具有实际应用价值。     

改良头皮冠状切口在颅颌面骨折手术中的应用

目的 探讨一种新的改良头皮冠状切口在颅颌面骨折手术中的应用价值。方法 对37例颅颌面骨折患者采用改良头皮冠状切口进行颅颌面骨折的修复重建。术后对患者面神经功能状况、耳颞区形态、面形恢复、骨折复位、术区瘢痕等方面进行评价。结果 术后随访6~36个月,37例患者均未出现面神经功能损伤和耳颞区凹陷,面形恢复良好,骨折端均实现解剖复位。切口瘢痕隐蔽,1例出现增生性瘢痕。结论 改良头皮冠状切口可有效降低传统冠状切口所导致的颞区凹陷及面神经颞支损伤的发生,切口更隐蔽,未增加其他并发症的发生,值得临床推广。     

移植自体下颌骨联合修复眶底缺损

作者在本文中描述利用下颌骨联合作为骨移植修复眶底缺损是安全、可行的。 方法 患者16例,10例为分离性骨折,6例为眶底缺损伴有其他颌面骨折。眶底缺损直径小于2cm。 首先行眶底缺损探查,之后在局麻下从至切开唇前庭,完全暴露颏骨,包括两侧颏孔及颏骨下缘,依据眶底缺损大小,用702号组织钻于骨联合处切割所需移植骨,要注意钻头与骨面上端及远端呈45°,避免损伤前牙根,便于移植骨取出。然后用弯形小骨凿取     

数字化辅助上颌即刻种植即刻修复病例报告一例

目的: 探讨一例上颌牙列缺损患者即刻种植即刻修复技术,阐述数字化辅助即刻种植技术及方法。方法 临床病例为上颌牙列缺损,经过术前评估,12~22无保留价值,CBCT检查上颌骨量充足,满足种植需要,拟定于采用数字化辅助导板微创进行种植手术及一段式固定义齿修复方式。通过术前对患者术区三维数字化信息的采集与整合、种植体三维位置的设计及导板的设计与加工三部,完成数字化导板的制作,术中采用数字化导板辅助种植体的植入,术后pick-up技术即刻行一段式固定义齿修复,术后半年采用基台水平印模,面弓转移等,在全可调牙合架上完成上颌纯钛桥架及上部全瓷冠的制作,最后采用T-scan系统协助精细调合,使咬合均匀分布,协调平衡。结果: 采用数字化导板辅助下,微创进行种植体植入术后行CBCT检查,种植体获得良好的植入位置,进而对后期的种植修复提供了稳定保障。结论: 种植体良好的初始稳定性是即刻负重成功的关键,以及采用数字化导板微创进行种植体植入具有可预见性、微创、精确化的优点,对临床辅助种植体植入有较高价值。     

面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的临床分析

目的探讨面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的诊治方法。方法对136例面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折患者的治疗进行回顾性研究。136例患者均采用切开复位内固定术进行治疗,其中49例行眶底手术治疗,21例有眶底骨缺损的患者采用自体骨、钛网或多孔高分子聚乙烯进行眶底重建。结果136例骨折患者的面部外形和功能显著恢复,术后未发生永久性严重并发症,仅2例出现切口局部感染,1例暂时失明,经及时治疗后痊愈。结论面中部骨折伴发眶底骨折的首选诊断方法是CT;治疗原则是恢复眶底的解剖形态和眶腔容积,还纳疝入上颌窦的眶内容物,植入修复材料重建眶底。     

数字化导板在前牙美学区种植修复应用的精确度研究

目的 研究数字化导板应用于前牙美学区种植修复的精确度。方法 选择50例需接受上前牙种植修复的患者为研究对象,随机分为2组,每组25例,分别实施常规种植修复（对照组,45枚种植体）和数字化导板辅助种植修复（试验组,51枚种植体）,术后测量2组植入体术前虚拟设计位置与实际植入位置的颈部距离、根尖部距离、深度和角度偏差。在全瓷冠修复完成后1周（基线）、6个月和1年,观察2组患者术后种植体的临床修复疗效,采用红白美学评分[包括红美学分数（PES）和白美学分数（WES）]评价软组织及牙冠修复的美学效果。结果 50例患者的96颗种植体术后均取得了良好的骨结合。试验组种植体植入位置的各项偏差均小于对照组（P<0.05）;修复完成后1周、6个月和1年,试验组的PES及WES均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 数字化导板辅助种植修复技术可以提高种植体三维位置的准确性和前牙美学区的修复效果。     

先天性颌下腺导管扩张症的临床诊治

目的 探讨先天性颌下腺导管扩张症的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 2008年1月—2018年3月共收治7例先天性颌下腺导管扩张患儿,平均年龄5月22天;临床上表现为单侧的口底膨隆肿胀。7例患儿均在全麻下行患侧舌下腺腺体切除、颌下腺扩张部分导管切除及导管改道术,术中可见颌下腺导管口狭窄,部分导管呈扩张状态。结果 7例患者术后口底创口均愈合良好,无肿胀及囊肿发生。结论 先天性颌下腺导管扩张症患儿的发生年龄小,早期诊断与治疗有助于防止导管扩张加重,避免腺体萎缩、喂养困难以及阻塞呼吸;舌下腺腺体的同期切除可以避免术后舌下腺囊肿的发生。     

Prefabricated bone graft induced from grafted periosteum for the repair of jaw defects: an experimental study in rabbits.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine whether a prefabricated graft of new bone induced from periosteum grafted into muscle was an effective material for the repair of jaw defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Artificial mandibular jaw defects in young Japanese rabbits were covered either with free grafted periosteum (n = 5) or a prefabricated graft of newly formed bone induced from periosteum, which was first grafted into the floor of the mouth, and placed as a revascularized muscle-pedicled bone flap (n = 5). Bone formation in jaw defects was examined radiographically and histologically 28 days after grafting into defects. Results: Bone formation was confirmed radiographically and histologically in both groups. However, the free grafted periosteum formed thin bone and fibrous tissue existed between the new and the original bone. In contrast, more active bone formation was observed with the prefabricated graft. This grafted new bone developed further and fused to the mandible. Blood vessels surrounding the new bone were observed histologically. CONCLUSION: These experimental findings suggested that prefabricated bone grafts induced from periosteum grafts are potentially useful for correction of jaw defects.     

Orbital wall reconstruction with bone grafts from the outer cortex of the mandible

AIM: The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of bone grafting from the mandibular outer cortex for reconstructing the orbital walls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bone grafting was performed in 75 patients. The site the transplants were harvested from were: A: mental region, B: area posterior to the mental foramen, C: ramus region. In order to obtain the appropriate curvature for the orbital floor, proper selection of the donor area is required. The bony defect size was confirmed pre-operatively from 3D-CT data. Bone, characteristically 2-3 mm thick, was harvested from each area and grafted into the blow-out fractures. RESULTS: Out of the 75 patients 13 cases underwent reconstruction using mandibular outer cortex bone from area A, 8 from area B, and 54 from area C. The maximum size available for harvest from area C was 7 x 4 cm; material from this area could also be used for the repair of both medial and inferior orbital wall defects if necessary. CONCLUSION: Bone harvest from the mandible affords several advantages including (1) ease of harvest, (2) ease of trimming, (3) appropriate size and curvature, (4) absence of functional disability, (5) no secondary deformity, (6) no visible scars, (7) post-operative immobilization not necessary, (8) absence of post-operative difficulties with respect to breathing and walking and (9) major complications are rare.     

应用自体耳甲软骨瓣重建眶底

目的研究自体耳甲软骨瓣应用于眶底重建,对眶底骨折引起的复视和眼球内陷的疗效。方法自2003年7月～2007年6月应用耳甲软骨瓣重建眶底共21例。本组患者术前均经轴位和冠状位眶部CT证实存在眶底骨折下陷,且部分眶内容物疝入上颌窦,患侧眼球突出度与健侧相差3mm以上。自患侧耳廓切取耳甲软骨瓣（保留两侧软骨膜）,经下眼睑下缘切口入路,用耳甲软骨瓣修补眶底骨质缺损。术后均随访3个月以上,观察复视和眼球内陷的治疗效果,以及供区耳廓有无畸形。结果本组21例患者术后复视消失者19例（90.5%）、明显改善者2例（9.5%）;双侧眼球突出度相差≤2mm共17例（81.0%）,2.1mm～3.0mm共3例（14.3%）,〉3mm共1例（4.7%）;无一例出现耳廓畸形和耳甲软骨瓣感染。结论对于眶底骨折伴有眶底下陷,眶内容物疝入上颌窦以及双侧眼球突度相差明显的患者,应用耳甲软骨瓣重建眶底,可显著改善复视和眼球内陷等眼功能障碍,且不会引起供区耳廓畸形。     

Reconstruction of the orbital floor after its removal for malignancy

Reconstruction of the orbital floor for malignant disease can be difficult. The tissue used should replace the floor itself and the orbital rim to ensure appropriate positioning of the globe and to avoid ectropion. The authors present a simple technique using temporalis muscle with attached coronoid process of the mandible that covers both these areas, and which is suitable for most defects in this area.     

Comparison of Efficacy of Mandible and Iliac Bone as Autogenous Bone Graft for Orbital Floor Reconstruction

Objective

This study evaluated and compared the efficacy of mandible and iliac bone as autogenous bone graft for correction of orbital floor fractures.

Patients and Methods

Twenty patients who suffered orbital floor fractures took part in the study. The subjects enrolled in the study sustained both isolated orbital floor fracture and orbital floor fracture associated with fracture of zygomatico-maxillary complex. Each inferior orbital wall was reconstructed using either a mandible bone graft or an iliac graft. Mandibular symphysis was opted as a donor site for graft harvest from mandible and anterior iliac crest for the iliac group. CT scans were taken before the operation. Inclusion criteria consisted of at least 2 months postsurgical follow-up, pre- and post-surgical photographic documentation, and complete medical records regarding inpatient and outpatient data. To describe the distribution of complications and facilitate statistical analysis, we categorized our findings into diplopia, enophthalmos, and restriction of ocular movements before and after treatment. We also considered the time required for the harvest of the grafts and the donor site complications. A comparative study was carried out using Chi square test and student t test. We considered P value <0.05 to be statistically significant.

Results

Ten iliac crest grafts and ten mandible bone grafts were placed. The mean age of the patients was 33.1 years. 80 % of the patients were males. The most common complication of orbital floor fracture was diplopia, followed by enophthalmos and restriction of ocular movements. The post operative results were compared after 2 months of the surgery. In iliac crest group, diplopia got corrected in six out of seven patients (85 %), enophthalmos in four out of five patients (80 %) and restricted ocular movement showed 100 % correction. While in mandible group, diplopia and ocular movement showed 100 % correction and enophthalmos got corrected in five out of six patients (83 %). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on comparing these variables. On the other hand the mean time required for the harvest of iliac graft and mandible graft was 30.2 ± 3.52 min and 16.8 ± 1.75 min respectively. The difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

There is no difference in the ability of mandible and anterior iliac crest bone grafts to correct post-traumatic diplopia, enophthalmos and restricted ocular movements. But the time and ease of harvest of the graft from mandible was comparatively less and easy especially when the treating doctor was an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Secondly the post-operative morbidity was low and the quality and contour of the bone graft was very adaptable for the reconstruction of the orbital floor.     

The potential of the horizontal ramus of the mandible as a donor site for block and particular grafts in pre-implant surgery

The results on 32 consecutive patients, who underwent bone grafting prior to implant surgery, are presented. The grafts were taken from the horizontal part of the mandible, including the full height of the buccal cortico-cancellous plate and were used to reconstruct alveolar defects or to augment sinus floors. 3–5 months postoperatively, 99 implants were inserted in 43 onlay grafts and in 17 sinus floor augmentations. The follow-up ranged from 2–6 years post implant insertion. Parameters examined included: healing of donor site and bone grafts, implant survival, peri-implant condition, donor site morbidity and patient satisfaction. This study indicates that with one full height ramus graft, alveolar defects comprising a bicuspid–molar area, can be augmented. The grafted volume is also sufficient to augment one sinus floor. The implant survival rate (99%) compares well with studies using iliac crest or skull bone. Postoperative complaints were minimal, resulting in extremely high patient satisfaction (97%).     

Autogenous mandibular symphysis graft for orbital floor reconstruction: a preliminary study

Objective  The present study aimed to evaluate and analyze postoperative results of Autogenous Mandibular Symphysis graft material for orbital floor reconstruction. Material and methods  A retrospective study was conducted on 11 patients, having an isolated blow out fracture (n=4) or orbital floor defects associated with other fractures (n=7). These fractures were reconstructed with Mandibular symphysis bone grafts. The Grafts were used where the defects were more than 1.5 centimeter [1]in diameter. Follow up as long as 1.5 year was kept. Patients were evaluated at recall visits by checking various extraoccular movements. Evidence of any complications like diplopia or enopthalmos, or rejection of graft or any symptoms of infection, or of paresthesia was recorded. Results  During a 1.5 year period of follow up, most of the patients had no postoperative complaints. There was good restoration of the orbital floor, with no clinical evidence of enopthalmos or diplopia. Extraoccular movements were intact in all patients. Only one patient presented with the symptoms of infection at a follow up period of 9 months. The infection subsided after removal of titanium plates, used for the stabilization of graft. Conclusion  Autogenous Mandibular Symphysis graft is a good alternative with minimal morbidity for orbital floor reconstruction. The contour as well as the size of the graft available from symphysis region best suits for orbital floor reconstruction.     

富血小板血浆对骨移植后颌骨缺损愈合早期骨代谢活性的影响

目的：探讨富血小板血浆对颌骨缺损愈合早期骨代谢活性的影响.方法：拔除5只狗双侧下颌第一磨牙后扩大牙槽窝，形成骨缺损模型。实验侧植入Osteoset和富血小板血浆，对照侧植入Osteoset。术后2、4、6周对缺损区进行^99m锝骨显像定量测定缺损区新骨生成代谢活性。结果：各缺损区均呈现放射性核素浓集区，并在第4周达到高峰。实验组与对照组仅在第2周放射性计数有显著性差异，而在第4、6周没有显著性差异。结论：富血小板血浆可促进骨移植后颌骨缺损愈合骨代谢活性，其效应在术后早期表现出来。     

Effectiveness of a nasoseptal cartilaginous graft for repairing traumatic fractures of the inferior orbital wall

The goals of reconstruction after an orbital fracture are to restore the continuity of the floor, provide support for the orbital contents, and prevent fibrosis of the soft tissues. Nasoseptal cartilage is an easily accessible, abundant, and autogenous source that supports the orbital floor and gives minimal donor site morbidity. We evaluated the effectiveness of nasoseptal cartilage for repairing traumatic defects of the orbital floor. Autogenous nasoseptal cartilage was used in 20 patients. Presence or absence of diplopia, enophthalmos, paraesthesia of the infraorbital nerve, dystopia, range of covering of the defect by nasoseptal cartilage, complications at the recipient and donor sites, resorption of the graft, and ocular mobility disorders were recorded. Entrapment of orbital tissues, a large orbital defect (more than 50% of orbital floor or more than 8mm), or defects of the orbital floor with involvement of other fractures of the zygomaticofrontal complex are indications for exploration of the orbit. In one case after 24 months, the surgical field was explored for direct evaluation of the efficacy of the graft. All patients were treated successfully by restoration of the continuity of the orbital floor. Six months to 2 years follow up showed only one patient with postoperative enophthalmos. There was no donor site morbidity, and no grafts became infected or extruded. The nasoseptal graft was completely covered with underlying tissue. Nasoseptal cartilage is readily accessible autogenous tissue that should be considered when an autogenous graft is needed for reconstruction of a defect of the orbital floor.     

Early bone resorption of free microvascular reanastomized bone grafts for mandibular reconstruction – A comparison of iliac crest and fibula grafts

ObjectivesPatients with continuous bone defects of the mandible after ablative tumor surgery need bony reconstruction for proper function and aesthetics. Free microvascular reanastomized bone grafts provide a clinically proven option for such patients, yet the optimal source of donor tissue has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the bone volume stability of vascularized bone grafts, particularly in the early highly resorptive phase, from the iliac crest (DCIA) and the fibula and to assess the implantologic rehabilitations.Materials and methodsThirty-six patients with mandibular continuity defects due to tumor resection were reconstructed by the use of vascularized bone grafts; 21 patients received DCIA flaps and 15 patients received a composite free fibular flap, depending on the size and location of the defect. Bone resorption was assessed using digital panographs. Radiographs were taken immediately after bone reconstruction, 6 months postoperatively, prior to implant surgery, and at prosthetic loading.ResultsAfter a mean observation period of 6 months, vertical bone resorption was 6.79% for the patients of the iliac crest group (DCIA), 10.20% after 11 months, and 12.58% after 17 months. Fibular grafts showed a bone resorption of 5.30% after a mean observation time of 6 months, 8.26% after 11 months, and 16.95% after 17 months. Eighteen patients received 71 implants for implant-retained dental reconstructions.ConclusionsMicrovascular reanastomized bone grafts represent a reliable treatment option for reconstruction in cases of large defects of the mandible, with low graft resorption in the early healing phase. Additionally, the compared grafts provide sufficient bone volume to permit implant rehabilitation.