2007年我国煤矿作业场所职业危害现状与对策分析

目的对国家煤矿安全监察局于2007年在全国组织开展的煤矿作业场所职业危害专项监察执法活动所反映出来的职业危害现状进行研究，分析其存存的问题并探索其对策。方法通过对26个省、市、区中的1833处煤矿采取听取汇报、查阅资料、随机抽查、观场监察等方式监查职业危害防治工作。结果各类煤矿作业场所职业危害防治工作参差不齐，差异较大，总体上国有重点煤矿好于国有地方煤矿，国有地方煤矿好于乡镇煤矿。结论煤矿安监机构要加大对煤矿企业作业场所职业卫生监督执法力度，把煤矿职业危害防治工作纳入日常监察工作中。煤矿要加强职业危害防治的培训力度，加强职业卫生技术服务机构建设和规范管理。     

城市伤寒高发矿区居民发病原因的研究

在农村,因饮污染水或食用污水灌溉的蔬菜引起的伤寒爆发时有发生。然而,在城市煤矿区居民中由于饮用未经消毒的长江水所造成的伤寒流行,国内未见报导。本文报告了黄石市市区煤矿居民区连续三年伤寒高发原因的研究结果。方法以黄石市石灰窑区伤寒高发煤矿区城市居民为研究对象对其高发的1983～1985年三年居民饮水情况(分饮用消毒的市自来水和     

煤矿区居民女性乳腺癌发病危险因素的研究

为研究煤矿区居民女性乳腺癌的发病危险因素，１９９１年至１９９４年间，在河南省平顶山矿区开展一次１：２配比的病例对照病因研究。对研究因素进行了单因素与多因素的统计分析。多元条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明该人群主要的发病危险因素为：乳腺良性疾病史、生育胎数少、月经紊乱及乳腺癌家族史。它们相应的调整人群归因危险度分别为０．１４８７、０．４７８１、０．１２８２、０．０７９１，四因素综合人群归因危险度为０．６９５２．     

某煤矿工人病死原因分析

为探索煤矿作业环境及慢性病对矿工身体健康及生命危害程度,我们对某煤矿区主要矿工1977年1月至1986年12月十年间3945例男性矿工病亡原因进行了分析,以求对威胁矿工身体健康及生命的严重疾病采取防治措施提供科学依据。资料与方法     

煤矿区吸烟人群脂质过氧化水平的检测（摘要）

煤矿区吸烟人群脂质过氧化水平的检测（摘要）郭维新，林忠宁，林育纯，庄良辉，吴榕荣，王显宗，张蕴如我们检测了煤矿区不同人群血丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性，观察吸烟对煤矿粉尘暴露工人脂质过氧化和ＳＯＤ抗氧化的生物学作用。一、对象与方...     

煤矿生产性噪声调查与分析

噪声对人体的危害已日益为人们所重视。近年来国内对地面工厂的噪声作过大量的研究。煤矿多为地下作业,目前对煤矿噪声的研究尚未见报道。为了摸清煤矿噪声的声源、强度及其特性,我们于1983年10月至1984年4月对阜新矿务局的两个竖井及七个斜井的噪声进行了调查。     

某矿业集团35年致死工伤事故发生时问分布规律的探讨

探讨不同时间煤矿工伤事故的发生规律、特征及其影响因素。应用回顾性调查的方法，研究分析某矿业集团公司12个国有重点煤矿职工在工作场所劳动过程中工伤死亡发生时间的分布规律。结果显示，1956～1990年35年间因工伤事故死亡989人；工伤死亡率由14．14／10。下降至2．80／10^4，不同时间的百万吨死亡率、工伤死亡率、死亡构成有明显不同。35年间12个国有重点煤矿所发生的工伤死亡情况总的呈逐年下降趋势，说明煤矿安全生产与国家和社会环境、经济条件、企业管理的变化有密切关系。     

服务矿山 奉献社会——唐山开滦医院简介

开滦医院是一所集医疗、教学、科研、预防于一体的大型综合性三级甲等医院。１９世纪末，伴随着中国第一座现代化煤矿——开滦煤矿的建立，１８９２年（清光绪十八年），开滦医院在唐山诞生，这是中国建院最早的１０所医院之一。１９２０年，医院拥有了现代化的手术室、X光室、电疗室、消毒室、病理实验室以及很多先进的医疗设备，设病床１２０余张，１９２７年建成后来成为华北煤炭医学院前身的“开滦高级护士学校”，形成总医院下辖天津、唐山、林西、秦皇岛四大医区，医疗服务范围覆盖京津至东北沈阳的名医荟萃、设备精良、技术先进、功…     

洞庭湖血吸虫病流行区电脑模拟系列图的研究

洞庭湖血吸虫病流行区电脑模拟系列图的研究谢木生，谭敦立，周达人，曾冬初，文斌随着科学技术的发展，研究一种微型载体，使洞庭湖血吸虫病流行区演变及防治工作进展，以高度集中、形象直观的画面反映出来，是一项十分有意义的工作。１９９１年３月至１９９２年１２月，...     

卫生统计

952401淄傅矿区煤矿尘肺死亡回硕性队列研究/郭平“.//中国工业医学杂志一1994,7(4)一201~204 应用回顾性队列研究方法对淄博矿区12个煤矿1977年1月1日在册的2 03了例煤矿尘肺的死因进行了调查。队列成员迫访至1986年,共死亡443人,煤矿尘肺全死因死亡率为2 408.8/10万,与用山东     

脑出血与脑梗塞人群归因危险度的分析及比较

采用配比病例对照研究方法,对经颅脑ＣＴ确诊的１６２例脑出血病人和１５８例脑梗塞病人分析配以同等数量的对照作１：１配比分析,探讨中老年人脑血和脑梗塞发病的危险因素爽因素条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析结果表明,脑出血的主要危险因素为高血压、短暂脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）、父母脑卒中病史及打鼾,相应的调整人群归因危险度（ＰＡＲｓ）分别为０．７００４、０．１８６２、０．１３５７、０．２０２０;４个因素综合的人群归     

Proportion of invasive breast cancer attributable to risk factors modifiable after menopause

A number of breast cancer risk factors are modifiable later in life, yet the combined impact of the population changes in these risk factors on breast cancer incidence is not known to have been evaluated. The population attributable risk (PAR) associated with individual risk factors and the summary PAR for sets of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors were estimated by using data on 3,499 invasive breast cancer cases and 4,213 controls from a population-based study in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, conducted from 1997 to 2001. The summary PAR for factors modifiable after menopause, including current postmenopausal hormone use, recent alcohol consumption, adult weight gain, and recent recreational physical activity, was 40.7%. Of the individual modifiable factors, the highest PARs were observed for weight gain (21.3%) and recreational physical activity (15.7%), which together showed a summary PAR of 33.6%. The summary PAR for factors not modifiable after menopause, including family history of breast cancer, personal history of benign breast disease, height at age 25 years, age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first birth, and parity, was 57.3%. These findings suggest that a substantial fraction of postmenopausal breast cancer may be avoided by purposeful changes in lifestyle later in life.     

Population-attributable risk for colon cancer in Italy.

Risk factors for colon cancer have essentially been considered in terms of relative risks. From a public health viewpoint, however, their impact depends not only on the strength of the association, but also on the distribution of exposures in the population. Thus we used data from a case-control study conducted in Italy between 1992 and 1996 to estimate the population-attributable risks (PARs) for colon cancer in relation to educational level, physical activity, energy and vegetable intake, eating frequency, and family history of colorectal cancer. Cases were 1,225 incident, histologically confirmed colon cancer patients admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals in six Italian areas; controls were 4,154 subjects with no history of cancer, admitted to hospitals in the same catchment areas for acute, nonneoplastic diseases. By use of the distribution of the risk factors in the cases and the multivariate relative risk estimates, PARs were computed, i.e., the proportion of colon cancer that would have been avoided if all subjects were moved to the lowest exposure level. The PARs were 12% for high education, 14% for low physical activity, 14% for high energy intake, 22% for low vegetable intake, 7% for high eating frequency, and 8% for a family history of colorectal cancer. These factors together accounted for 56% of colon cancer cases. PARs were similar across age strata. Men had higher PARs for education, physical activity, and their combination, but lower PARs for energy, eating frequency, vegetable intake, and their combination than women. The percentage of colon cancers attributable to all factors considered together was 50% in men and 67% in women. Even if the PAR estimates were based on several arbitrary assumptions on the exposure distribution for various risk factors, available knowledge could, in principle, explain > 50% of cases in this Italian population, thus indicating and quantifying the theoretical scope for prevention.     

月经、生殖因素与乳腺癌关系的病例对照研究

目的分析评价江苏地区女性月经、生殖因素与乳腺癌发病风险的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,对经病理确诊的488例乳腺癌病例和482例对照进行月经、生殖因素与乳腺癌关系的单因素和多因素的logistic回归分析。结果单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,初潮年龄大、活产数多能降低乳腺癌的发病危险性;首胎活产年龄大患乳腺癌的危险性增加,有流产史和无母乳喂养史者患乳腺癌的危险性亦增加。多因素logistic回归分析结果与单因素分析结果较为一致。结论月经、生殖因素在江苏地区女性乳腺癌的发病过程中起重要作用。     

Case-control study of thyroid cancer in Northern Italy: attributable risk.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of thyroid cancer cases attributable to specific risk factors can be calculated to focus preventive strategies. The per cent population attributable risks (PAR) for thyroid cancer were estimated in relation to history of benign thyroid diseases, history of radiotherapy, residence in endemic goitre areas and selected indicators of a poor diet, using data from a case-control study conducted between 1986 and 1992 in Northern Italy. METHODS: Cases were 399 histologically confirmed incident thyroid cancers and controls were 617 patients, admitted to hospital for a wide range of acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. The PAR were computed on the basis of multivariate odds ratios (OR) and on the distribution of risk exposure among cases, assuming they are representative of the general population of cases. RESULTS: A history of benign thyroid disease accounted for 18.9% of cases, radiotherapy for 1.2%, residence for > or =20 years in endemic goitre areas for 2.4% of cases, and their combination for 21.7% of thyroid cancer cases; selected indicators of a poor diet accounted for 40.9% of thyroid cancer cases in this population. The combination of all factors considered explained over 57% of thyroid cancer cases in both sexes. The estimates for thyroid-related conditions were higher in women than men, whereas the opposite was true for dietary indicators. The overall PAR were somewhat higher in people aged > or =45 years (63.8%) than in younger subjects, and for follicular (69.1%) rather than papillary (53.7%) cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to a few simply identified and potentially modifiable risk factors or indicators (benign thyroid disease, residence in endemic goitre area and a poor diet) explained about 60% of thyroid cancer cases in this Italian population, indicating the theoretical scope for prevention.     

Steroid receptor status and the epidemiology of breast cancer.

This case-control study examined risk factors for breast cancer according to tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status and progesterone receptor (PR) status. The data included 607 case patients and 1214 control subjects matched by age and residence. Of 528 case patients with steroid receptor information, 67% had ER-positive tumors and 55% had PR-positive tumors. Odds ratios for ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer were similar with respect to menopausal status, age at menarche, history of cystic breast disease, and Quetelet Index. Family history of breast cancer was a stronger risk factor for ER-negative than for ER-positive breast cancer and the odds ratios for number of births were suggestive of a different effect. While ER and PR status were highly correlated, there were some differences in their associations with risk factors. Odds ratios for PR-positive and PR-negative breast cancer differed for number of births and were suggestive of differences with respect to menopausal status, Quetelet Index, and family history of breast cancer. These findings do not suggest different causal pathways for ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer. However, they do indicate that PR status may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer.     

Multiple risk factors and population attributable risk for ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States, 1971-1992

The objective of this study was to assess the associations and population attributable risks (PAR) of risk factor combinations and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the United States. We used logistic regression models to assess the association of risk factors with IHD in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1971-1974) and Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982-1992) among white and black men and women. We examined eight modifiable risk factors: hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, overweight, current smoking, physical inactivity, depression, and nonuse of replacement hormones. Risk factors associated with IHD mortality were the same among white and black men (i.e., age, education, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and serum cholesterol). Age, education, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were the risk factors among white and black women. Physical inactivity, nonuse of replacement hormones, serum cholesterol, and overweight were the additional risk factors among white women. Adjusted for demographic risk factors, overall PARs for study risk factors were 41.2% for white men, 60.5% for white women (with five risk factors only), 49.2% for black men, and 71.2% for black women. Much IHD mortality attributable to individual risk factors is caused by those factors in combination with other risk factors; relatively little mortality is attributable to each risk factor in isolation. Analysis that does not examine risk factor combinations may greatly overestimate PARs associated with individual risk factors.     

Population attributable risk for occupational cancer in Italy

Population studies estimating the proportion of cancer attributable to occupation (PAR) in different geographical areas in Italy are reviewed. Studies using lists of industrial activities and occupations which are known or suspected to entail exposure to lung carcinogens gave lung cancer PARs between 5% and 36%. Those using job-exposure matrices estimated PARs of 3%-53%, with most of the values ranging between 17 and 33%. For bladder cancer, PARs ranged between 4% and 24%. The uses and limitations of calculating population attribultable risk are discussed.     

Occupational exposure to carcinogens and risk of lung cancer: results from The Netherlands cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate risk of lung cancers associated with common established carcinogenic occupational exposures (asbestos, paint dust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and welding fumes) in a prospective cohort study among the general population, and to estimate the proportion of lung cancer cases attributable to these occupational exposures. METHODS: A prospective cohort study on diet, other lifestyle factors, job history, and cancer risk that started in 1986 in The Netherlands on 58,279 men, aged 55-69 years. Based on information about job history obtained from a self-administered questionnaire, case by case expert assessment was carried out to assign to each study subject a cumulative probability of occupational exposure for each carcinogenic exposure. For analysis, a case-cohort approach was used, in which the person-years at risk were estimated from a randomly selected subcohort (n = 1688). After 4.3 years of follow up, 524 lung cancer cases with complete job history were available. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, each of the other occupational exposures, and for smoking habits and intake of vitamin C, beta-carotene, and retinol, significant associations were found between risk of lung cancer and cumulative probability of occupational exposure to asbestos (relative risk (RR) highest/no exposure = 3.49, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.69 to 7.18, trend P < 0.01 or paint dust (RR highest/no exposure = 2.48, 95% CI 0.88 to 6.97, trend P < 0.01). The population attributable risks (PARs) for the four exposures based on the multivariately adjusted RRs for ever exposed versus never exposed workers were calculated. The PAR of lifetime occupational exposure to asbestos was calculated to be 11.6%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective cohort study among the general population showed that occupational exposure to asbestos or paint dust is associated with higher RRs for lung cancer. This study shows that after adjustment for smoking and diet about 11.6% of the cases of lung cancer in men is attributable to lifetime occupational exposure to asbestos.     

Population-attributable risk estimates for risk factors associated with Campylobacter infection, australia

In 2001-2002, a multicenter, prospective case-control study involving 1,714 participants > or =5 years of age was conducted in Australia to identify risk factors for Campylobacter infection. Adjusted population-attributable risks (PARs) were derived for each independent risk factor contained within the final multivariable logistic regression model. Estimated PARs were combined with adjusted (for the > or =5 years of age eligibility criterion) notifiable disease surveillance data to estimate annual Australian Campylobacter case numbers attributable to each risk factor. Simulated distributions of "credible values" were then generated to model the uncertainty associated with each case number estimate. Among foodborne risk factors, an estimated 50,500 (95% credible interval 10,000-105,500) cases of Campylobacter infection in persons > or =5 years of age could be directly attributed each year to consumption of chicken in Australia. Our statistical technique could be applied more widely to other communicable diseases that are subject to routine surveillance.