A comparison of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal adipose tissue,maternal blood,cord blood,and human milk from mother/infant pairs

A total of 41 samples of maternal blood, milk, subcutaneous fat and umbilical cord blood were collected from mothers giving birth by Caesarean operation at Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi in 1986. The samples were analyzed for organochlorine contaminants. The main contaminants found in all the samples were p,p-DDT (100%), p,p-DDE (100%), o,p-DDT (59%), dieldrin (27%), transnonachlor (15%), -HCH (12%) and lindane (2%) of all the samples analyzed. Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) residues were not detected in any of the samples.The mean levels (mg/kg fat) of sum of DDT were 5.9 in subcutaneous fat, 4.8 in mothers milk, 2.7 in maternal serum and 1.9 in umbilical cord serum. There was a significant correlation between the levels of sum DDT in subcutaneous fat and milk fat (r=0.963), subcutaneous fat and maternal serum fat (r=0.843), and maternal serum fat and maternal milk fat (r=0.868), indicating the coherence of DDT in the body.Hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) was found in subcutaneous fat and milk fat with the mean levels of 0.03 and 0.26 mg/kg fat, respectively. Dieldrin detected in mothers milk and subcutaneous fat could not be quantified.     

Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples

Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are end-stage metabolic products from industrial flourochemicals used in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, and electronics that are widely distributed in the environment. The objective of the present study was to quantify exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in serum samples collected from pregnant women and the umbilical cord at delivery. Pregnant women (n=101) presenting for second trimester ultrasound were recruited and PFC residue levels were quantified in maternal serum at 24-28 weeks of pregnancy, at delivery, and in umbilical cord blood (UCB; n=105) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Paired t-test and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine the relationship between the concentrations of each analyte at different sample collection time points. PFOA and PFOS were detectable in all serum samples analyzed including the UCB. PFOS serum levels (mean±S.D.) were significantly higher (p<0.001) in second trimester maternal serum (18.1±10.9 ng/mL) than maternal serum levels at delivery (16.2±10.4 ng/mL), which were higher than the levels found in UCB (7.3±5.8 ng/mL; p<0.001). PFHxS was quantifiable in 46/101 (45.5%) maternal and 21/105 (20%) UCB samples with a mean concentration of 4.05±12.3 and 5.05±12.9 ng/mL, respectively. There was no association between serum PFCs at any time point studied and birth weight. Taken together our data demonstrate that although there is widespread exposure to PFCs during development, these exposures do not affect birth weight.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in maternal adipose tissue,blood, milk,and cord blood from mothers and their infants living in Norway

Samples of maternal blood, milk, and umbilical cord blood were collected from mothers and their infants at Ullevål University Hospital in Oslo, Norway. All the mothers had lived in Oslo during the last two years. Of the Norwegian mothers, 16 were delivered by Caesarean operation, and samples of subcutaneous fat tissues were collected. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),p,p-DDE,p,p-DDT, and dieldrin were found in 157, 135, 168, 22, and 12, respectively, of the 168 samples analyzed, while , and -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were found in 93 and 26, respectively, of the 152 samples analyzed for these compounds. In the samples obtained from the Norwegian mothers and infants, PCBs andp,p-DDE were the major contaminants present. In contrast, only traces of PCBs were found in six immigrant samples, which, however, contained 4–6 times higher levels ofp,p-DDE plusp,p-DDT than the corresponding Norwegian samples. Of the HCH isomers, the -HCH was the predominant isomer present. Two to three times significantly higherp,p-DDE and PCBs levels were found in maternal serum than cord serum. No significant differences were found between the organochlorine residue levels in subcutaneous fat and milk fat. A significant positive linear correlation was found between the levels ofp,p-DDE and PCBs in maternal serum and in milk fat, and between the levels ofp,p-DDE in maternal serum and cord serum from Norwegian mothers giving birth normally.Significantly higher PCBs andp,p-DDE residues were found in the maternal and cord serum samples obtained after Caesarean operation than after normal delivery, while no other such differences were found in the milk samples 5 days post partum.The results demonstrate that organochlorines are transferred from mother to fetus and newborn babies through the placenta and milk and that human milk is a good indicator in monitoring human beings and their environment for organochlorine contamination. Possible toxicological implications of the present results are discussed.     

产妇及新生儿血铅水平调查

目的了解佛山市产妇、新生儿血铅水平及其影响因素.方法采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法,于2003年6月～2004年2月,取本院产科产妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血588例,进行血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰水平测定,按妇幼保健管理卡内容,进行相关记录.结果产妇血铅水平0.424±0.170 μmol/L,Bpb≥0.483 μmol/L者占19.05%,新生儿脐血铅水平0.41 7±0.164μmol/L,铅中毒率为18.71%;母子血铅值显著正相关(r=0.861,P＜0.01),产妇血铅值与其血钙、铁值显著负相关(r=-0.267、-0.298,P＜0.05);城郊产妇及新生儿血铅水平显著高于城区.结论城郊产妇、新生儿血铅较高,血钙、锌、铁含量影响血铅水平.     

产妇及新生儿血铅水平调查

目的:了解佛山市产妇、新生儿血铅水平及其影响因素。方法:采用电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱法,于2003年6月～2004年2月,取本院产科产妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血588例,进行血铅、钙、锌、铁、铜和锰水平测定,按妇幼保健管理卡内容,进行相关记录。结果:产妇血铅水平0.424±0.170μmol/L,Bpb≥0.483μmol/L者占19.05％,新生儿脐血铅水平0.417±0.164μmol/L,铅中毒率为18.71％;母子血铅值显著正相关(r=0.861,P<0.01),产妇血铅值与其血钙、铁值显著负相关(r=-0.267、-0.298,P<0.05);城郊产妇及新生儿血铅水平显著高于城区。结论:城郊产妇、新生儿血铅较高,血钙、锌、铁含量影响血铅水平。     

Occurrence and transport of synthetic musks in paired maternal blood,umbilical cord blood,and breast milk

Although early exposure to environmental pollutants may have important toxicological consequences, the mechanisms of transplacental transfer of synthetic musks are still not well understood. The objective of the present study was to learn the musk contaminations in three matrices, including maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk; and investigate their placental transfer mechanisms.The concentrations of eight commonly used synthetic musks were measured in 42 paired samples (126 individual samples in total) of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and breast milk from Chinese women living in Shanghai.Musks were ubiquitously detected, especially galaxolide (HHCB) and musk xylene (MX). The total lipid-based concentrations were higher in umbilical cord sera (87.3 ng/g), but lower in breast milk (35.2 ng/g), compared with maternal serum concentrations (71.2 ng/g). There were significant correlations between maternal serum concentrations of HHCBs (HHCB and HHCB-lactone) and umbilical cord serum concentrations, and between maternal serum concentrations and breast milk concentrations (Spearman's rho = 0.338–0.597, p < 0.05), when outliers are excluded. The average transfer ratios of HHCB and HHCB-lactone between maternal sera and umbilical cord sera were >1. And the HHCB-lactone/HHCB ratio in maternal sera was higher compared with umbilical cord sera.Contamination levels were low compared with other regions and HHCBs were found to be the predominant constituents. No regional differences or age-related accumulations were observed. Our study suggests that prenatal exposure to HHCBs occurs and that transplacental transfer is the main route of exposure. Preferential accumulation in umbilical cord blood was observed. The results showed that transplacental transfer of HHCB did not correspond to passive diffusion since the transfer ratios were significantly different from 1. The transfer ratio for HHCB was also larger than that of HHCB-lactone, although HHCB has higher lipid solubility. Low fetal metabolism of HHCB was suggested by the HHCB-lactone/HHCB ratio in maternal and umbilical cord blood.     

脐带血血浆在人巨细胞病毒垂直传播中的作用

目的了解合肥地区正常顺产新生儿先天性人巨细胞病毒（human cytomegalovirus,HCMV）感染情况,并探讨脐带血血浆在HCMV垂直传播中的意义。方法自合肥市妇幼保健院采集5l份新生儿脐带血标本,将处理后得到的脐带血白细胞及血浆分别提取DNA后,进行HCMVUL55基因的巢式PCR俭测,并随机抽取其中18份脐带血白细胞进行HCMVp065抗原血症检测。结果51份新生儿脐带血白细胞HCMVUL55DNA阳性数为16份,阳性率为31．4％;同时进行检测的51份脐带血血浆HCMVUL55DNA阳性数为17份,阳性率为33．3％,新生儿脐带血白细胞与血浆的标本阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．00,P=1．000）。以新生儿脐带血白细胞HCMVUL55DNA巢式PCR结果为标准,利用血浆巢式PCR检测的灵敏度为75．0％（12／16）,特异度为85．7％（30／35）,阳性预测值为70．6％（12／17）,阴性预测值为88．2％（30／34）。随机抽取其中18份新生儿脐带血白细胞进行pp65抗原血症检测,阳性标本数为6份,阳性率为33．3％;与此18份血浆DNA巢式PCR结果相比较,两者差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．00,P=1．000）。结论脐带血血浆在HCMV垂直传播中起携带并传播病毒的作用。     

Interrelations of lead levels in bone, venous blood, and umbilical cord blood with exogenous lead exposure through maternal plasma lead in peripartum women

Recent research has raised the possibility that fetal lead exposure is not estimated adequately by measuring lead content in maternal whole blood lead because of the variable partitioning of lead in whole blood between plasma and red blood cells. Lead in maternal plasma may derive in large part from maternal bone lead stores. In this study we aimed to estimate the contribution of maternal whole blood lead, maternal bone lead levels, and environmental lead to umbilical cord blood lead levels (as a measure of fetal lead exposure). In the model, we assumed that lead from all of these sources reaches the fetus through the maternal plasma lead pathway. In 1994-1995, we recruited 615 pregnant women for a study of lead exposure and reproductive outcomes in Mexico City. We gathered maternal and umbilical cord blood samples within 12 hr of each infant's delivery and measured maternal lead levels in cortical bone and trabecular bone by a K-X-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) instrument within 1 month after delivery. We administered a questionnaire to assess use of lead-glazed ceramics (LGC) to cook food and we obtained data on regional air lead levels during the 2 months before delivery. We used structural equation models (SEMs) to estimate plasma lead as the unmeasured (latent) variable and to quantify the interrelations of plasma lead, the other lead biomarkers, and environmental lead exposure. In the SEM analysis, a model that allowed plasma lead to vary freely from whole blood lead explained the variance of cord blood lead (as reflected by a total model R(2); R(2) = 0.79) better than did a model without plasma lead (r(2) = 0.67). Cortical bone lead, trabecular bone lead, use of LGC, and mean air lead level contributed significantly to plasma lead. The exchange of lead between plasma and red blood cells was mostly in the direction of plasma to cells. According to the final model, an increase in trabecular bone lead and cortical bone lead was associated with increases in cord blood lead of 0.65 and 0.25 microg/dL, respectively. An increase of 0.1 microg/m(3) in air lead was associated with an increase in the mean level of fetal cord blood lead by 0.67 microg/dL. With one additional day of LCG use per week in the peripartum period, the mean fetal blood lead level increased by 0.27 microg/dL. Our analyses suggested that maternal plasma lead varies independently from maternal whole blood lead and that the greatest influences on maternal plasma lead are maternal bone lead stores, air lead exposures, and recent cooking with LGC. The contributions from endogenous (bone) and exogenous (environmental) sources were relatively equal. Measurement of plasma and bone lead may be important in accurately assessing fetal lead exposure and its major sources, particularly if exogenous exposures decline.     

孕妇血与新生儿脐血重金属水平相关性分析

目的 检测母血及脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度及相关影响因素分析.方法 随机选择125名健康住院分娩产妇作为研究对象,分别采集产前静脉血和分娩时胎儿脐血,并对产妇进行家庭社会环境和健康问卷调查.用微波消解,电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪(ICP-MS)检测全血样品砷、铍、铬和镍4种金属浓度.结果 母血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度分别为5.27,0.01,46.98和56.07μg/L,脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度分别为3.81,0.01,49.74和41.74μg/L,其中脐血中砷浓度显著低于母血(P<0.01).母血与脐血中砷、铍、铬和镍浓度均呈现显著正相关(P<0.01).孕妇接触职业性有害因素及近期家庭装修与母血及脐血中砷浓度有相关性.结论 孕妇和胎儿增均已暴露于砷、铍、铬和镍重金属;胎盘对铍、铬和镍缺乏有效屏障作用.     

Partitioning of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) in serum, adipose tissue, breast milk, placenta, cord blood, biliary fluid, and feces

Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) concentrations in specimens from adult males and females were used to determine the distribution of PBBs in body tissues and the partitioning ratio between types of tissues. Specimens of serum, adipose tissue, biliary fluid, and feces were tested by gas chromatography. In addition, parturient women provided breast milk, placenta, and cord blood for testing. There was a significant correlation between serum and adipose PBB levels. Pregnant and nonpregnant women and male chemical workers had similar serum to adipose tissue concentration ratios, which ranged from 1:140 to 1:260. Males from farms had a significantly different ratio of 1:325-329. Potential exposure to the fetus and newborn was demonstrated. Cord blood contained one-tenth of the concentration found in maternal serum which indicated partial placental passage. Human milk contained PBBs at 107 to 119 times the quantity found in maternal serum. Polybrominated biphenyls were detectable in bile and feces demonstrating transfer into the intestinal tract. The concentration of PBBs in feces represented a minor proportion of the total body burden indicating a slow rate of excretion.     

胎儿脐血中脂联素水平与出生体重的相关性

目的探讨胎儿脐血中脂联素水平与出生体重的相关性。方法选择2015年10月—2015年12月在本院分娩的健康新生儿30例,根据新生儿出生体重分为3 000 g组、3 000~3 999 g组、≥4 000 g组,分析各组新生儿母亲的年龄、身高、孕次、产次、孕前BMI及新生儿出生体重与母血、脐血脂联素浓度、新生儿性别的关系。结果男婴和女婴脐血中脂联素含量均明显高于其母血中脂联素含量,差异有统计学意义;男婴与女婴母血脂联素浓度比较,差异无统计学意义;女婴脐血脂联素浓度明显高于男婴,差异有统计学意义。母血脂联素浓度与孕母年龄、身高、孕次、产次无关(r=0.043、0.087、0.076、0.101,P0.05);母血脂联素与孕前BM1、新生儿性别相关(r=0.365、0.886,P0.05)。三组母血脂联素比较,差异无统计学意义;3 000~3 999 g组、≥4 000 g组脐血脂联素水平明显高于3 000 g组,差异有统计学意义。新生儿出生体重与母血脂联素浓度无关(r=0.014,P=0.912);新生儿体重与脐血脂联素浓度相关(r=0.939,P0.01)。结论胎儿脐血脂联素水平与孕母年龄、身高、孕次、产次无关,与孕前BMI、新生儿性别相关,与出生体重高度相关,可作为胎儿生长发育与营养状态的评价指标之一。     

Maternal and umbilical cord blood lead levels: an Istanbul study

Current mean lead concentrations in umbilical cords and in maternal blood in Istanbul were 1.69 +/- 0.91 (standard deviation) microg/dl and 2.37 +/- 0.89 microg/dl, respectively. These levels were much lower than values reported in previous years. Umbilical cord blood lead levels, which correlated significantly with mothers' blood lead levels, were approximately 70% of the latter. The drastic decrease in blood lead levels likely reflects the reduction in use of tetraalkyl lead in gasoline subsequent to 1989.     

Mercury levels in human maternal and neonatal blood,hair and milk

Summary Total mercury levels were determined with blood, hair and breast milk of mother-neonate pair sampled at the time of delivery. All of the thirty-four mothers are residents of Tokyo Metropolitan area. The maternal samples in general showed lower total mercury levels than those in the neonatal samples. A significant correlation was observed as regards the concentration of total mercury between the neonatal hair and maternal blood, and also neonatal hair and neonatal blood. But no correlation was noticeable on statistical basis between the other items of mother and her neonate.     

Child intellectual development in relation to cytokine levels in umbilical cord blood

Although cytokines play a dual role in the developing neurologic system and in prenatal immune reactions, relations between fetal cytokine levels and child intellectual development remain unknown. The authors investigated associations between umbilical cord serum cytokine concentrations and intellectual outcomes in 369 children within a prospective cohort study, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-University of Alabama Infant Growth Study (1985-1988). Concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins 4, 10, and 12p70 were determined. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised was administered at age 5 years, producing verbal and performance intelligence quotients (VIQ and PIQ); associations with each cytokine were evaluated using linear and logistic regression. Log-unit increases in IFN-γ (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 0.98) and interleukin-12p70 (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.87) were inversely associated with low PIQ (score <70). One log-unit increase in TNF-α was associated with a reduced odds ratio for low VIQ (score <70) among preterm children (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.94) and an elevated odds ratio for low VIQ among small-for-gestational-age children (aOR = 3.96, 95% CI: 0.99, 15.9). IFN-γ, which is involved in neurogenesis and perinatal adaptive immunity, may be related to fetal neurologic development overall, while TNF-α may be a marker of intellectual development in vulnerable subgroups.     

Endosulfan and its metabolites in fertile women, placenta, cord blood, and human milk

Although industrialized nations have restricted or banned many organochlorine pesticides, some of these chemicals (e.g., endosulfans) are still used, on the assumption that they pose little threat to the environment, wildlife, or human health. According to available information, Spain is the main consumer of endosulfans within the European Union, accounting for almost half of the total consumption. Reports on human exposure in Southern Spain to persistent bioacumulable organochlorine pesticides have indicated considerable exposure to endosulfans. The present study investigated the presence of endosulfan I, endosulfan II, and endosulfan metabolites in fatty and non-fatty tissues and fluids from women of reproductive age and children in Southern Spain. The highest concentration of commercial endosulfan I and endosulfan II was found in adipose tissue, with a mean value (I+II) of 17.72 ng/g lipid, followed by human milk, with a mean value (I+II) of 11.38 ng/mL milk. These findings support the lipophilicity of these chemicals and their elimination by milk secretion. The concentration in the placenta homogenate was similar to that in the blood from the umbilical cord (7.74 and 6.11 ng/mL, respectively) and reflected their lower fat content. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan sulfate were more frequently found in placenta homogenate, with a mean concentration of 12.56 and 3.57 ng/mL, respectively, and in blood from umbilical cord, at 13.23 and 2.82 ng/mL, respectively. Therefore, women of reproductive age in Southern Spain appear to be currently exposed to endosulfans. Because these chemicals can be mobilized during pregnancy and lactation, further research is warranted to investigate the health consequence in children resulting from exposure to chemicals suspected of immunotoxic, neurotoxic, or endocrine-disrupting effects.     

新生儿脐血砷水平及其与体格生长指标关系的研究

【目的】 调查上海市胎儿期砷暴露水平,分析新生儿体格生长指标与新生儿脐带血砷水平的关系。【方法】 调查2008年10月-2009年10月上海市10家医院足月分娩的产妇及新生儿,采集脐带血,测定脐带血砷浓度,分析脐带血砷与婴儿出生体重、头围、身长等体格生长指标的关系。【结果】 共收集了291名新生儿的脐带血,测定脐带血砷,最高值24.87 μg/L,最低值1.81 μg/L,几何均数(G±S)值为 (5.48±3.49) μg/L,中位数为5.42 μg/L。新生儿体重及身长与脐带血砷均无统计学意义的相关性,但脐带血砷在男婴中与头围呈正相关(r=0.25,P=0.004),但对女婴无影响。【结论】 上海市胎儿期砷暴露处于较低水平,该暴露水平对新生儿体重、身长未发现影响。     

产妇血和新生儿脐带血重金属及其他元素水平调查

目的 了解产妇全血及新生儿脐带血中12种元素(镉、铅、铜、铬、锰、钴、砷、硒、钼、锑、汞和铊)的负荷水平及相关影响因素.方法 选择2010年3月—4月间在深圳某医院住院分娩、年龄21～40岁的产妇109名,分别采集产妇静脉血和分娩时胎儿脐血,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定全血中镉、铅、铜、铬、锰、钴、砷、硒、钼、锑、汞和铊的含量,并进行产妇问卷调查和新生儿医学检查.结果 有1例产妇血镉超标,其他重金属浓度均未超标.新生儿脐带血中铅、汞、镉、砷、锰、硒、钼、铊、锑、钴元素浓度与产妇血中同种元素浓度呈正相关(P＜0.01),并且全血中铅和镉浓度具有正相关关系,砷、汞、硒三种元素浓度呈正相关(P＜0.05).单因素分析显示,吸烟的产妇血和脐带血中钼浓度高于不吸烟者,常食用海产品的产妇血镉浓度高于不食用海产品者(P＜0.05).各项新生儿生长发育状况指标与新生儿脐带血中重金属浓度未见统计学相关(P＞0.05).结论 本次调查的深圳地区产妇血和脐带血中重金属暴露处于较低水平.     

脐血铅胎粪铅含量与新生儿神经行为发育的关系

目的 探讨在宫内低水平铅暴露状态下,新生儿脐血铅含量及胎粪铅含量与神经行为发育的关系。方法 随机选取武汉市青山区第一冶金建筑总公司职工医院妇产科1999年1－10月出生的足月新生儿103例。以脐血铅和胎粪铅含量作为新生儿宫内铅暴露的指标,新生儿神要行为发育评分作为效应指标。采用描述性分析方法评价其相关关系。脐血铅以0．483μmol/L为界、胎粪铅以127．78mg/kg为界,分别将研究对象分为高铅组与低铅组。结果 脐血高铅组与低铅组仅在新生儿神经行为发育总评分（1352．5与4003．5）、生物视听定向反应（1310．5与4045．5）得分上差异有显性,但脐血铅含量与新生儿神经行为发育总评分、非生物听定向反应、非生物视定向反应、生物视听定向反应之间不存在等级相关关系;而胎粪高铅组与低铅组在新生儿神经行为发育总评分（1636．0与3720．0）、非生物听定向反应（2110．5与3245．5）、非生物视定向反应（1836．0与3520．0）、生物视听定向反应（1828．5与3527．5）4项评分上,两组差异有显性或非常显性。胎粪铅含量与新生儿神经行为发育总评分、非生物视定向反应、生物视听定向反应3项神经评分有明确的等级负相关关系。结论 胎粪铅含量可作为妊娠期胎儿体内铅蓄积的指标。