糖尿病裸鼠的皮肤组织改变及其与创面愈合的相关性

目的 研究糖尿病裸鼠的皮肤组织改变及其与皮肤创面愈合的相关性。方法 采用150 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）一次性腹腔注射建立糖尿病裸鼠模型。对正常对照组裸鼠（n=20）和诱导成模后4周的糖尿病裸鼠（n=20）分别切取背部直径为1.8 cm的全层皮肤。采用苏木精-伊红（HE）染色,观察裸鼠皮肤的组织学改变并测量真皮层和表皮层厚度。采用苦味酸天狼猩红染色并分析相对胶原含量;应用氧化酶法测量皮肤组织糖含量。于术后第3、5、7、14和21天观察创面的愈合率。结果 糖尿病组裸鼠的皮肤真皮层和表皮层厚度较正常对照组明显变薄,真皮层相对胶原含量也明显少于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。糖尿病组裸鼠的血糖浓度和皮肤糖含量均高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;皮肤组织糖含量与血糖浓度呈正相关（r=0.951,P＜0.01）。糖尿病组裸鼠在术后第3、5、7、14和21天的创面愈合率显著低于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 应用STZ诱导的糖尿病裸鼠模型的皮肤组织改变明显,这些改变可能与局部糖基化终末产物蓄积,导致糖尿病皮肤创面不易愈合有关。     

糖尿病患者血清层粘连蛋白水平及其影响因素的探讨

目的：为探讨血清层粘连蛋白（Ｌａｍｉｎｉｎ,ＬＮ）与糖尿病微血管病变的关系,研究糖尿病患者血清ＬＮ的影响因素。方法：用放免法测定７６例２型糖尿病患者和３８例正常对照者的血清ＬＮ浓度。结果：糖尿病患者血清ＬＮ显著高于正常对照（分别为１６８．７６±２７．８４ｎｇ／ｍｌ和１４９．０９±２８．８４ｎｇ／ｍｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１有微血管病变患者显著高于无微血管病变患者（分别为 １７４．９７±２７．１４ｎｇ／ｍｌ和１５８．１２±２６．１２ｎｇ／ｍｌ　Ｐ＜０．０２）,糖尿病视网膜病变（ＤＲ,ｎ＝４１,１７５．６２±２６．５６ｎｇ／ｍｌ）和糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ, ｎ＝２８, １７９．５９±２９．６６ｎｇ／ｍｌ）患者血清 ＬＮ分别显著高于无 ＤＲ（ｎ＝３５,１６０．７１±２７．１２ｎｇ／ｍｌ）和无ＤＮ（ｎ＝４８,１６０．５３±２４．１１ｎｇ／ｍｌ）的患者（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时伴有ＤＲ和ＤＮ患者血清ＬＮ高于单有ＤＲ或单有ＤＮ患者。多元逐步回归分析提示糖尿病患者血清ＬＮ浓度增高的程度与其糖尿病病程长短关系密切。糖尿病患者血清ＬＮ与血清ＩＶ型胶原、血清结合珠蛋白水平呈正相关（Ｒ＝０ ５３,Ｐ＜０．００１和Ｒ＝０．４０,Ｐ＜０．０１）     

苦参黄酮联合卡托普利对糖尿病大鼠心肌病变的改善作用

目的：探讨苦参黄酮与卡托普利联合应用对2型糖尿病心肌病模型大鼠心肌病变的改善作用,初步阐明其改善大鼠心肌纤维化的作用机制。方法：在100只清洁级雄性Wistar 大鼠中随机选取15只为正常组,其余大鼠以高脂、高糖饲料饲养配合一次性腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素（STZ,30mg·kg^-1）的方法,建立实验性2型糖尿病心肌病大鼠模型,共72只成模。按血糖水平选取60只大鼠,随机分为模型组、卡托普利组、苦参黄酮组和苦参黄酮联合卡托普利组,每组15只,灌胃给药8周后,观察各组大鼠的体质量、心脏指数和血清中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶-MB（CK-MB）活性及心肌组织中一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、一氧化氮（NO）、Ⅰ型胶原及Ⅲ型胶原的水平。结果：与正常组比较,模型组大鼠体质量下降（P < 0.01）,心脏指数增加（P < 0.01）,血清中LDH和CK-MB活性增加（P < 0.01）,心肌组织中iNOS和 NO水平降低（P < 0.05）,ColⅠ和ColⅢ水平增加（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠体质量增加（P < 0.05）,心脏指数下降（P < 0.05）,血清中LDH和CK-MB活性降低（P < 0.05）,心肌组织中iNOS和NO水平增加（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）,ColⅠ和ColⅢ水平降低（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）,且苦参黄酮联合卡托普利组改善效果好于单独用药组（P < 0.05）。结论：苦参黄酮与卡托普利联合应用对2型糖尿病模型大鼠心肌病变有一定的改善作用,其可能的机制是通过减少心肌损伤改善糖尿病心肌病。     

胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠潜在皮肤病变防护作用的机理研究

目的探讨胰岛素对糖尿病潜在皮肤病变保护作用的机理。方法用链脲佐菌素(STZ)将8周龄雄性SD大鼠诱导成速发型糖尿病大鼠模型,分为应用胰岛素强化控制血糖组(A组)(n=27)和未控制血糖组(B组)(n=27),并以正常大鼠作对照(C组)(n=27),分别于致病后4、8和12周获取大鼠背部中央的皮肤标本。应用HE染色,观察皮肤组织学的改变;应用Beckman′s生化自动分析仪检测皮肤组织匀浆的糖含量;采用F3010荧光分光光度计和免疫组织化学技术测定皮肤中晚期糖基化终末产物(AGE)含量的变化;应用透射电镜观察皮肤微血管超微结构的改变。结果组织学观察,致病后12周B组糖尿病大鼠皮肤明显变薄,表皮细胞层次欠清晰,部分表皮缺乏复层排列;真皮层部分胶原萎缩、肿胀,退化变性,并伴随程度不等的炎性细胞浸润;皮下脂肪进行性萎缩或消失。A组糖尿病大鼠皮肤未出现上述明显的组织学改变。B组糖尿病大鼠皮肤糖含量在各时相点均明显高于A组和C组(P<0.01),而A组与C组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组和A组糖尿病大鼠皮肤胶原提取液的荧光值均高于相应年龄正常大鼠,病程越长,荧光值增加越明显。8周和12周的B组糖尿病大鼠皮肤胶原提取液的荧光值明显高于同期A组的糖尿病大鼠;8周时B组为(34U/mg±4U/mg),A组为(29U/mg±3U/mg,P<0.05);12周时B组为(41U/mg±4U/mg),A组为(32U/mg±4U/mg,P<0.05)。免疫组织化学检查亦显示B组糖尿病大鼠皮肤中AGE表达阳性率于8周和12周均显著高于A组,8周时B组为32%±4%,A组为25%±5%,(P<0.05);12周时B组为39%±5%,A组为27%±4%,(P<0.05)。透射电镜观察A组糖尿病大鼠皮肤血管内皮细胞变性和基底膜增厚程度均明显好于B组。结论皮肤中AGE蓄积和高糖是糖尿病皮肤病变的重要致病因素之一,胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠潜在皮肤病变具有防护作用,其作用机制可能与严格控制血糖、抑制AGE的合成、阻断AGE的作用环节等有关。     

高压氧治疗对糖尿病足患者胶原合成和氮氧化合物的影响

目的探讨高压氧治疗对糖尿病足患者胶原合成和氮氧化合物(NOx)的影响。方法纳入20例糖尿病足慢性溃疡患者,所有患者接受常规治疗,胰岛素控制血糖和抗生素控制感染。在此基础上,给予患者吸入100%的纯氧,压力为2.4个大气压,持续105min,1周5次,连续治疗6周,共30次。检测治疗前后患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及创面面积。此外检测血浆Ⅰ型前胶原肽(PⅠNP)和Ⅲ型前胶原肽(PⅢNP)及NOx。结果治疗后,所有患者血糖和HbA1c水平降低(P<0.001),CRP水平在治疗后下降(P<0.001)。接受高压氧治疗后20名患者血浆PⅠNP和PⅢNP水平升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),NOx治疗前后的水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。创面愈合程度大于50%的患者治疗后NOx的水平明显升高(P<0.05),创面愈合程度小于50%的患者治疗后NOx的水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论高压氧治疗可以增加糖尿病足(DF)患者血浆PⅠNP和PⅢNP的水平,适宜浓度的NOx可以促进创面的愈合。     

Impact of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

Objective To investigate the impact of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods Type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) model rats were established by intraperitoneally injecting with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 8 weeks, 19 male rats were identified as diabetic with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by ultrasound examination, and randomly assigned into three groups:untreated (DM-LVH, n=7), treated with insulin (DM-LVH+INS, n=6), and treated with 1, 25-(OH)2D3 (DM-LVH+VD, n=6). Healthy male rats were used as the controls group (n=6). The fasting blood glucose and the insulin level were determined weekly. The left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor level were determined by 4 weeks later.
Results In the DM-LVH model group, the insulin level was significantly decreased compared with the non-diabetic control group (P<0.05), whereas the blood glucose, left ventricular mass index, myocardial collagen content, collagen volume fraction, and 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression were significantly increased (all P<0.05). In the DM-LVH+INS and DM-LVH+VD groups, the insulin levels were significantly increased compared with the DM-LVH model group (P<0.05), whereas the other parameters were significantly decreased (all P<0.05).
Conclusion 1, 25-(OH)2D3 could reverse LVH in diabetic rats and that the mechanism may involve stimulating insulin secretion and reducing blood glucose via direct up-regulation of 1, 25-(OH)2D3-receptor expression.     

2型糖尿病与钙,磷代谢及相关激素的关系

目的 观察２型糖尿病患者钙、磷代谢及相关激素的变化及对骨代谢的影响。方法 测定２０例健康对照者和６０例２型糖尿病患者血甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ）、降钙素（ＣＴ）、２５羟维生素Ｄ３「「２５（ＯＨ）Ｄ３」」、环磷酸腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）和血、尿钙（Ｃａ）、磷（Ｐ）、镁（Ｍｇ）,糖基化血红蛋白（ＨｂＡｌｃ）、２４ｈ尿和２４ｈ尿白蛋白定量等指标。结果 ２型糖尿病患者血ＰＴＨ水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＣＴ水平     

血糖及皮肤组织糖含量对大鼠浅二度烫伤创面愈合影响的实验研究

目的研究血糖及皮肤组织糖含量对浅二度烫伤创面愈合的影响。方法96只清洁级SD大鼠随机分成正常组和以STZ诱导的速发型糖尿病组,并造成10%体表总面积(TBSA)的浅二度烫伤模型,分别测定伤前、伤后第1天、3天、5天、7天、10天和14天的血糖、皮肤或创面组织糖含量;大体和组织学动态观察创面愈合过程;伤前和伤后3d、7d和14d检测表皮细胞增殖周期。结果糖尿病大鼠血糖浓度明显高于正常组(27.28mmol/L±0.80mmol/Lvs4.65mmol/L±0.14mmol/L,P<0.01);皮肤组织创面中局部的糖含量与血糖变化有显著的相关性(r=0.881,P<0.05),糖尿病组大鼠浅二度烫伤创面局部糖含量明显高于正常烫伤组(14.2mmol/L±3.0mmol/gvs4.5mmol/L±0.5mmol/g,P<0.01)。糖尿病烫伤创面愈合明显延迟,新生上皮明显减少,表皮细胞进入S期和G2/M期百分比增殖较正常大鼠显著减少。结论糖尿病大鼠局部创面组织糖含量增加与血糖变化密切相关,而创面局部糖含量的增加与创面愈合延迟存在着不可分割的联系。高糖环境可抑制浅二度烫伤创面表皮细胞增殖。     

血糖波动对60岁以上2型糖尿病患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨血糖波动对60岁以上2型糖尿病患者认知功能的影响。方法对108例60岁以上2型糖尿病患者行3d动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）监测,应用CGMS监测评价24h血糖平均值（MBG）及其标准差（s）;CGMS监测期间行认知功能评估量表测定,包括简易智力状态量表（MMSE）、加拿大蒙特利尔认知量表（MOCA）和画钟试验,统计分析标准差与上述3项神经心理学量表测定分数的相关性。结果标准差与MMSE分数呈显著负相关（r=-0．324,P〈0．01）,与MOCA分数无关（r=-0．212,P=0．081）,与画钟试验分数呈显著负相关（r=-0．325,P=0．001）;校正糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）后,标准差与MMSE、MOCA、画钟试验分数均为负相关（r值分别为-0．387,-0．046,-0．292,均P〈0．05）;校正MBG后,标准差与MMSE、MOCA、画钟试验分数均呈显著负相关（r值分别为-0．314,-0．455,-0．345,均P〈0．01）。分别以MMSE、MOCA、画钟试验为应变量,多元逐步回归分析提示标准差是MMSE、MOCA、画钟试验分数的影响因素（β值分别为-0．378,-0．224,-0．345,均P〈0．05）。结论血糖波动对60岁以上2型糖尿病患者认知功能有影响,血糖波动大可能导致总体认知功能及执行功能下降。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清透明质酸的变化及其意义

目的 :观察透明质酸在糖尿病肾病中的变化 ,探讨其临床意义。方法 :测定 30例健康对照者和 4 0例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的透明质酸 (HA) ,糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1C) ,空腹血糖、脂质等指标。结果 :Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的血清HA水平显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,伴有大量白蛋白尿的糖尿病患者的血清HA水平分别显著高于伴有微量白蛋白尿和正常白蛋白尿的患者。血清HA水平同HbA1C水平呈显著正相关 (r=0 .4 72 4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,同空腹血糖水平呈显著正相关 (r =0 .5 75 0 ,P <0 .0 1) ,同血胆固醇水平呈显著负相关 (r =- 0 .4 979,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清HA水平与血糖控制有关 ,反映了糖尿病肾病的进展。     

阿利克仑对1型糖尿病大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的:研究阿利克仑,一种直接的肾素抑制剂,对1型糖尿病大鼠模型氧化应激的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为4组(9只/组):对照组(CON),阿利克仑[30 mg/(kg.day)]处理对照组(C+A),糖尿病组(DM),阿利克仑[30 mg/(kg.day)]处理糖尿病组(D+M)。每天灌胃给药5周后,比较各组间改善效果。结果:与CON组比较,DM组血清中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活力增强(P<0.01),血清一氧化氮(NO)浓度升高(P<0.01),主动脉上活性氧增多;与DM组比较,阿利克仑处理(D+A)正常化这些数据(P<0.05)。阿利克仑处理不改变DM组减轻的体重(P<0.01)、增高的血糖和糖化血红蛋白水平(P<0.001)。结论:阿利克仑这种新型的直接肾素抑制剂可提高1型糖尿病大鼠抗氧化能力,抑制氧化应激。     

胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠模型的心肌病理改变及TGF-β1、collagenⅢ表达的影响

目的探讨胰岛素对糖尿病大鼠模型的心肌病理改变及TGF-β1、胶原蛋白Ⅲ（collagenⅢ）表达的影响。方法将30只SD大鼠分别分为A、B、C组,每组10只,A组为对照组,B、C两组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,A、B组给予1 mL生理盐水腹腔注射,C组腹部皮下注射胰岛素。三组大鼠造模5周后处死,检测三组大鼠的血糖和血脂的变化,观察大鼠心肌的变化,TGF-β1、collagenⅢ的表达情况。结果①血糖、血脂改善：B、C两组大鼠的三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）均显著高于A组（P〈0.05）。C组的血糖、TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）显著低于B组（P〈0.05）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）显著高于B组（P〈0.05）。②心肌病理学改变：A组大鼠心肌细胞结构正常;B组大鼠心肌细胞排列紊乱,局灶性心肌纤维溶解,可见变性、坏死;C组大鼠心肌细胞排列比较完好,无明显的溶解断裂,无变性坏死;③因子、蛋白表达：B、C两组大鼠心肌组织中的TGF-β1、collagenⅢ表达显著高于A组（P〈0.05）。但C组中的TGF-β1、collagenⅢ表达显著低于B组（P〈0.05）。结论胰岛素可调节糖尿病大鼠的糖、脂质代谢紊乱,降低的心肌病变程度,其机制可能与其降低了心肌组织中TGF-β1及collagenⅢ的表达有关。     

糖尿病大鼠血糖与视网膜微血管RAGE及ICAM-1表达的关系

目的:探讨糖尿病大鼠血糖水平与视网膜微血管中糖基化终产物受体(RAGE)、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)表达及无细胞毛细血管数的关系. 方法:复制链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后每4 wk监测血糖,采用免疫组织化学方法和半定量方法分析视网膜微血管中RAGE,ICAM-1的表达,光学显微镜观察视网膜微血管形态学改变. 结果:糖尿病大鼠视网膜微血管中RAGE,ICAM-1的表达较非糖尿病组分别增加1.27,1.41倍,无细胞毛细血管数增加2.68倍(P＜0.05),与血糖升高成线性相关(r分别为-0.693,-0.805,0.855,P＜0.01). 结论:糖尿病大鼠视网膜中无细胞毛细血管,RAGE及ICAM-1表达的增加与血糖水平密切相关.     

Gene Expression of Adiponectin and Adiponectin Receptor 1 in Type 2 Diabetic Rats and the Relationship with the Parameters of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived factor ,which plays pivotal roles of the insulin-sensitizing,anti-inflammatory ,and atheroprotective . Two adi-ponectin receptor types were recently identified:AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in muscle ,whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed inthe liver[1].They are thought totransmit effects ofadiponectin . We examined serumadiponectin, mR-NAlevels of adiponectinin adipose tissue and mR-NAlevels of AdipoR1 inthe muscles of type 2 dia-betic rats ,to …     

Role of connective tissue growth factor in experimental radiation nephropathy in rats

Background Connective tissue growth factor （CTGF） is a potent fibrogenic cytokine which has been associated with progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. We investigated the role of CTGF on the progression of a rat model of radiation nephropathy. Methods The model of radiation nephropathy in rats was established as follows： control group （n=12）, underwent only laparotomy; irradiated group （n=-20）, underwent a laparotomy, then the rats were subjected to a single dose 25 Gy X-ray to the kidneys. The rats were followed up one, three, six and nine months after renal exposure to radiation. Results Renal dysfunction was noted early in irradiated rats. Histological analysis showed focal glomerular sclerotic lesions at an early stage after irradiation. Radiation-induced glomerular and tubulointerstitial injuries were particularly severe the sixth month after irradiation as compared to the control group （P 〈0.01）. By immunohistochemistry, increased expression of CTGF was noted in the irradiated kidneys, which began to increase from the first month after irradiation, and remained significantly higher at the sixth and ninth month after irradiation （P 〈0.01）. Upon Western blot analysis CTGF protein expression showed an increase in the radiation treated kidneys compared with the control rats. The expression of CTGF closely correlated with the progression of radiation nephropathy. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, type Ⅲ collagen and type Ⅳ collagen was also high in the irradiated kidney as compared to control rat kidneys （P 〈0.05）, and was most severe at the sixth and ninth month after irradiation （P 〈0.01）. By double immunostaining, CTGF expressing cells were found to be α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts and vimentin-positive tubular epithelial cells. Glomerular expression of CTGF closely correlated with the glomerular expression of a-SMA （r=0.628, P 〈0.01）, vimentin （r=0.462, P 〈0.05） and accumulation of type IV collagen （r=0.584,     

黄芪多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠肾组织胰岛素信号转导的影响

目的:研究黄芪多糖(APS)对 2 型糖尿病大鼠肾组织胰岛素信号分子表达的影响。方法:Wistar大鼠随机分成正常对照组(Control组)、链脲佐菌素(STZ)糖尿病组(DM组)和糖尿病黄芪多糖治疗组(DM+APS组),5周后观察动物一般情况,处死动物取血测血糖、血清胰岛素水平,用免疫组化的方法检测肾组织中胰岛素受体(InsR)、胰岛素受体底物 1(IRS 1)、磷脂酰肌醇3 激酶(PI3K)表达水平。结果:DM组体重水平高于 Control组和DM+APS组,差别有显著性(P<0.01);DM组和DM+APS组血糖水平均高于 Control组(P<0.01),DM+APS组血糖水平低于DM组(P<0.01);各组间血胰岛素水平差别无显著性(P> 0. 05); DM组肾组织 InsR、IRS 1、PI3K的表达水平均低于Control组和DM+APS组(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪多糖可降低 2 型糖尿病大鼠血糖水平,其机制可能与提高糖尿病大鼠肾组织中 InsR、IRS 1、PI3K水平,增加组织对胰岛素的敏感性,改善胰岛素信号转导有关。     

Effect of different modeling time on intestinal bacteria in letrozole induced PCOS rats

Objective: The differences of ovarian morphology, reproductive hormones, glucose and lipid metabolism and intestinal bacteria in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced by triazole were compared. Method: Eighteen 21 SPF female SD rats were randomly divided into group A (3-week group), group B (5-week group) and group D (control group) by random number table.Group A received letrozole + CMC-Na mixture by gavage in the first 3 weeks and CMC-Na solution by gavage in the last 2 weeks, group B received letrozole + CMC-Na mixture by gavage for 5 weeks, and group D received CMC-Na solution by gavage for 5 weeks, and all three groups of rats were fed with normal diet.At the end of gavage, the body weight of rats in each group was observed, the histological changes of ovaries were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, the serum levels of estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose (Glu), fasting insulin (FINS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the LH/FSH ratio and insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) were calculated; the intestinal bacteria of rats were detected by 16S rRNA technique. Result: 1. Comparison of ovary histomorphology: Under light microscope, multiple luteum and oocytes were observed in mature follicles in group D, and granulosa cells were orderly arranged and multilayered, without cystic dilated follicles. There were no mature follicles in the ovarian tissues of group A and GROUP B. The follicles were irregular in structure and more cystic dilated follicles were visible. The number of granular cells in some follicles decreased or even disappeared. 2. Comparison of sex hormone levels: compared with group D, T level in group B was significantly increased (P < 0.001), and T level in group A had an upward trend (P > 0.05); The LH/FSH levels in group A and B were significantly increased (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). Compared with group A, E2 in group B was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and T was significantly increased (P < 0.01). 3. Comparison of glucose and lipid metabolism levels: Compared with group D, TC levels in groups A and B were significantly increased (P < 0.01; P < 0.01). Compared with group A, TG in group B was significantly increased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in Glu, FINS and HOMA-IR levels among all groups. 4. Comparison of LPS levels: Compared with group D, the serum LPS levels of rats in groups A and B were significantly increased (P < 0.001; P < 0.01). 5. Intestinal flora analysis and comparison: At the phylum level, compared with group D, the abundance of Firmicutes in group B increased (P < 0.01), Firmicutes in group A showed an upward trend (P > 0.05), and the abundance of Bacteroidetes in groups A and B decreased (P < 0.05). At the genus level, compared with group D, Lactobacillus in group B increased (P < 0.01). The results of LEfSe analysis showed that there were differences in the composition of various intestinal bacteria among the three groups (LDA > 3).Conclusion: The phenotype of PCOS rats was related to the length of modeling, and the phenotypic characteristics of PCOS in rats at 5 weeks of modeling were more typical than those in rats at 3 weeks of modeling; PCOS can cause changes in intestinal flora, and the changes in the structure of intestinal flora between groups are related to different modeling duration.     

Hypoglycemic effect of Catharanthus roseus in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The effects of crude juice (at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w.) and aqueous extract (at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg b.w.) of leaves of Catharanthus roseus on serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were examined at 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours following single oral administration. The administration of crude juice at 1 ml/kg b.w. continued for another 9 doses (total 10 single morning doses given) and its effect was examined on the 4th and 11th day. The rats were made diabetic by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg b.w. Glibenclamide was used in the study for comparison. The crude leaf juice at 0.5 and 1 ml/kg b.w. reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period significantly (P varies between 0.05 and 0.001 at different times). The aqueous extract at 0.30 and 0.45 gm/kg reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin diabetic rats at 8 and 12 hour significantly (P varies between 0.05 to 0.01 at different times) but not at the 24 hour. Glibenclamide, at 500 mug/kg, also reduced the serum glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats throughout the 24-hour period (P<0.001). The crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg also significantly reduced the serum glucose level in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats on the 4th and 11th day (P<0.001 on both occasions). The effect of crude leaf juice at 1 ml/kg b.w administered daily orally over a 10 day period was also examined on a group of normal rats at different times. The study showed significant reduction at 8 hr (P<0.05), 12 hr, 24 hr and on the 4th day (P<0.01 on these 3 occasions) and also on the 11th day (P<0.001).     

糖尿病大鼠视网膜细胞凋亡和Na~+、K~+含量变化的实验研究

目的　观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜组织中细胞凋亡量的变化。方法　将 40只Wistar大鼠随机分成实验组和对照组 ,每组 2 0只。实验组用链脲佐菌素 (Streptozocin ,STZ)诱发糖尿病。并在糖尿病发病后分别于第 4、6、12、16周检测视网膜细胞凋亡和视网膜组织中Na+ 、K+ 浓度的变化 ;对照组单纯用等量柠檬酸盐缓冲液注射。对两组空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白 (AbA1c)及糖尿病病程进行相关性分析。结果　实验组视网膜细胞溶解液中在发病后 4周可测到细胞凋亡 ,且随糖尿病病程的延长凋亡程度逐渐加重 ;视网膜组织内Na+ 浓度增加、K+ 浓度明显减少 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 5 )。实验组视网膜细胞凋亡的程度与FBG浓度、AbA1c水平、视网膜内Na+ 含量及糖尿病病程呈正相关 (γ分别为 7.5 84,7.844 ,7.3 69,6.2 46,P均 <0 .0 0 1) ;而与视网膜内K+ 含量呈高度负相关 (r =-7.65 8,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　糖尿病大鼠视网膜中存在细胞凋亡和Na、K离子含量的异常 ,这些变化是糖尿病视网膜病变的病理基础之一。     

Advanced glycosylation end products, protein kinase C and renal alterations in diabetic rats

Objective To study the relationship between advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) an d protein kinase C (PKC), and their effects on renal alteration in diabetic rats .
Methods Insulin or aminoguanidine was administered to diabetic rats. Blood glucose, hem oglobin A_1C (HbA_1C), glomerular tissue extracts AGE (GTE-AGE), PKC, glomerular basement membrane thickness (GBMT) and urine protein/creatinine ( Pr/Cr) ratio in diabetic rats were measured and analysed.
Results Levels of blood glucose, HbA_1C and AGE, PKC activity, the Pr/Cr ratio an d GBMT were all significantly increased (P values all less than 0.01) in di abetic rats. Insulin could decrease the formation of HbA_1C and AGE, and improve PKC activity. Aminoguanidine had no influence on PKC activity (P >0.05) although it decreased the formation of AGE. Both drugs could delay t he increase of urine Pr/Cr ratio and GBMT (P<0.05 or P<0.01).
Conclusions Chronic hyperglycemia may lead to an increase of PKC activity. HbA_1Cand AGE may not directly contribute to alterations of PKC activity, but the increa se of PKC activity could promote the action of AGE on GBM thickening. It is imp ortant t o inhibit the formation of AGE and reduce the PKC activity so as to prevent or d elay the development of diabetic nephropathy.