中风急症候研究与问题探讨

目的：探讨中风急症患者的证候分布。方法：对249例中风急症始发状态患者进行了中风辩证量化诊断调查。结果：本病急性期证候分布概率以血瘀证最高（64．66％）,其次为风证（62．25％）、痰湿证（47．79％）、火热证（30．12％）、气虚证（25．70％）及阴虚阳亢证（18．88％）。证型组合形式复杂,计54个类型。脑出血者以3证组合居首,2证次之;脑梗死则与之相反。证候组合规律以风瘀同时存在最多（40．56％）,其次为风痰（35．34％）、痰瘀（31．73％）及风火（16．47％）;3证组合依次为风痰瘀（19．68％）、风火痰（8．03％）和风火瘀（7．23％）;4证与5证组合以风火痰瘀最高,两者共占7．23％。证候得分均值与疾病性质、病灶大小关系密切。结论：用统一中医辩证量化诊断标准探讨中风急症病理病机,并对重视早期量化诊断问题提出了建议与处理办法。     

脉络宁注射液和复方丹参注射液治疗急性缺血性中风的疗效观察

目的：观察脉络宁注射液和复方丹参注射液治疗急性缺血性中风的临床疗效；并探讨脉络宁注射液的临床疗效与给药时间、药物剂量及中医证型的关系。方法：将急性缺血性中风患者５０２例随机分为脉络宁注射液治疗组３７７例和复方丹参注射液对照组１２５例，连续治疗１４日～２８日。结果：脉络宁注射液的基本显效率（７０．０３％）及总有效率（９５．７６％）均明显优于对照组（２６．４０％和８１．６０％），Ｐ均＜０．０１。时效关系：脉络宁注射液的起效时间在７日，持续作用到１４日；量效关系：脉络宁注射液每日４０ｍｌ为治疗的最佳剂量；证效关系：脉络宁注射液可广泛应用于急性缺血性中风的各个中医证型。结论：脉络宁注射液更适合于急性缺血性中风的治疗     

中风急症证候研究与问题探讨

目的：探讨中风急症患者的证候分布。方法：对249例中风急症始发状态患者进行了中风辨证量化诊断调查。结果：本病急性期证候分布概率以血瘀证最高（64.66%）,其次为风证（62.25%）、痰湿证（47.79%）、火热证（30.12%）、气虚证（25.70%）及阴虚阳亢证（18.88%）。证型组合形式复杂,计54个类型。脑出血者以3证组合居首,2证次之;脑梗死则与之相反。证候组合规律以风瘀同时存在最多（40.56%）,其次为风痰（35.34%）、痰瘀（31.73%）及风火（16.47%）;3证组合依次为风痰瘀（19.68%）、风火痰（8.03%）和风火瘀（7.23%）;4证与5证组合以风火痰瘀最高,两者共占7.23%。证候得分均值与疾病性质、病灶大小关系密切。结论：用统一中医辨证量化诊断标准探讨中风急症病理病机,并对重视早期量化诊断问题提出了建议与处理办法。     

脑卒中后抑郁患者中医证型与神经功能及精神心理学表现的关联

目的：分析脑卒中后抑郁患者中医证型与神经功能、精神心理学表现的相关性，为辨证施治提供依据。方法：选择2002—04／2005-07在阜新矿业集团公司总医院治疗的脑卒中后抑郁患者177例。①入选对象均在出院前1周内由资深中医师进行辨证诊断，并接受了以下几项评估：神经功能缺损评分（满分45分，分值越高，缺损程度越重）、Fugl—Meyer评分（满分100分，上肢66分，下肢34分，评分越高运动能力越好）、改良的Barthel指数（满分为100分，评分越高日常生活活动能力越好）、临床精神卫生症状自评量表（SCL-90，评估指标包括总分，阳性总分，阳性项目均数和阳性项目均分）、汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑量表（均为得分越高病情越重）。不同证型患者间进行各量表得分比较。②将患者分为单一证型、2种证型和≥3种证型，并进行组间得分比较。③将患者按虚证、实证和虚实夹杂证型分组，并进行组间得分比较。结果：177例患者均进入结果分析。①177例患者中痰瘀互阻型43例、气滞血瘀型64例、肾精不足型21例、脾胃虚弱型33例、痰火扰心型16例。痰瘀互阻型、气滞血瘀型和肾精不足型患者的Fugl—Meyer评分、改良的Barthel指数得分明显低于总体样本和脾胃虚弱型、痰火扰心型患者，而前3者中多数神经功能缺损评分、汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑量表得分、SCL-90各项均分都明显高于后3者（P均〈0．05～0．01）。②单一证型和2种证型患者的Fugl—Meyer评分、改良的Barthel指数得分明显高于总体样本和≥3种证型患者，而前2者中多数神经功能缺损评分、汉密尔顿抑郁和焦虑量表得分、SCL-90各项均分都明显低于后2者（P均〈0．05-0．01）。③虚证、实证、虚实夹杂证证型患者之间多数神经功能和心理学检查评分无明显区别（P均〉0．05）．结论：痰瘀互阻、气滞血瘀、肾精不足证型中风后“郁证”及多种证型组合（≥3种）患者的神经功能指标和精神心理学损害较重，进行中医辨证施治有可能改善病情。     

脉络宁注射液和复方丹参注射液治疗包性缺血性中风的？…

目的：观察脉络宁注射液和复方丹参注射液治疗急性缺血性中风的临床疗效，并探讨脉络宁注射液的临床疗效与给药时间、药物剂量及中医证型的关系。方法：将急性缺血性中风患者５０２例随机分为脉络宁注射液治疗组３７７例和复方丹参注射液对照组１２５例，连治疗１４日－２８日。结果：脉络宁注射液的基本显著效率（７０．０３％）及总有效率（９５．７６％）均明显优于对照组（２６．４０％和８１．６０％），Ｐ均〈．０１。时效关系     

Ⅱ型糖尿病患者与健康者社会心理因素和生活方式对照研究

目的：探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者与健康者的社会心理因素和生活方式状况。方法对61例Ⅱ型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）和60名健康志愿者（对照组）采用生活事件量表、社会支持评定量表、艾森克个性问卷、生活方式调查表进行测评分析。结果糖尿病组生活事件量表精神紧张总值、负性事件紧张值和艾森克个性问卷精神质、内外倾、神经质维度分显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）,社会支持评定量表评分显著低于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）,不良生活方式显著多于对照组（ P＜0．05或0．01）。结论Ⅱ型糖尿病患者存在有明显的个性缺陷、不良生活方式及负性生活事件等,获得社会支持度相对较少。     

尾加压素Ⅱ与糖尿病肾病关系探讨

目的：探讨尿中尾加压素Ⅱ（UⅡ）排泄量与2型糖尿病肾病的关系。方法：2型糖尿病患者按尿自蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为两组：单纯糖尿病组：UAER％20μg／min；糖尿病肾病组：UAER〉20μg／min。采用放射免疫分析法检测85例2型糖尿病患者尿UⅡ排泄量。结果：糖尿病肾病组患者尿UⅡ排泄量明显高于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0．01），并且尿UⅡ排泄量与UAER呈显著正相关（r=0．51，P〈0．01）。结论：UⅡ与糖尿病肾病的发生和发展可能有关。联合测定糖尿病患者尿UⅡ及UAER水平，有可能成为诊断糖尿病肾病早期损害较灵敏的指标。     

2型糖尿病患者抑郁、焦虑情绪评分与中医症候的关系

目的 进行2型糖尿病思者的中医症候与抑邵、焦虑情绪评分调查，研究其规律性。方法 167例2型糖尿病患者在治疗前1周内分别接受了中医师辨证和Zung编制的抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评估。结果 167例2型糖尿病患者中医证型分布如下：肺胃热盛证31例(18．6％)、气阴两虚证43例(25．7％)、肝肾阴虚证25例(14．9％)、阴阳俱虚证9例(5．4％)、血瘀气滞证19例(11．4％)、脾胃气阴两虚证11例(6．6％)、湿邪阻滞证16例(9．6％)、肝郁化热证13例(7．8％)。在2型糖尿病患者中医证型与抑郁、焦虑情绪评分结果比较中，气阴两虚证、肝肾阴虚证和阴阳俱虚证SAS评分和SDS评分均明显高于肺胃热盛证、血瘀气滞证、脾胃气阴两虚证、湿邪阻滞证和肝郁化热证患者相同项评分(P均&;lt;0．01～0．05)。结论 2型糖尿病中气阴两虚、肝肾阴虚和阴阳俱虚的中医症候患者的抑郁、焦虑情绪评分较高。     

不同证型中风患者氧自由基和血液流变学的研究

６７例中风患才，辨证分为肾阳气虚血瘀证（阳虚型）和肾阴气虚血瘀证（阴虚型）两型。比较两型患者的与健康人的氧自由基及因液流变学指结果：两型中风患者的超氧化物岐化酶活性及过氧化脂质均分别明显低于及高于健康人；红细胞压积、纤维蛋白的及全血粘度均明显高于健康人；血小板电泳时间明显延长；阴虚型红细胞电泳时间较健康人明显延长。超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化脂质、红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原有全血粘度两型间均无明显差异；     

2型糖尿病患者中医辨证分型与听力损害的相关分析

目的：观察不同中医证型2型糖尿病患者听力损害程度、范围、表现，纯音测听和血液流变学指标变化，并与健康人对照。 方法：①选择2003—07／2005-08在解放军第三。三医院内分泌科门诊就诊或住院治疗的2型糖尿病患者81例，男55例，女26例。选择同期在本院进行健康体检的健康者55名为对照组，男36名，女19名。均对检测指标知情同意。②参照1993年卫生部《中药新药临床研究指导原则》关于“治疗消渴病（糖尿病）的临床研究指导原则”所确定的辨证标准，并结合临床实际，初步拟设阴虚热盛证（n=29）、气阴两虚证（n=22）、阴阳两虚证（n=30）3个证型。③使用MedseOB822听力计进行纯音听阈检查，耳聋程度判定标准选择4级方法：轻度聋（纯音听力损失10-30dB），中度聋（纯音听力损失31-60dB），重度聋（纯音听力损失61-90dB），极重度聋（纯音听力损失〉90dB）。听力减退的判定标准：言语频率（包括语音频率、4kHz和8kHz频率）平均听力损失≥10dB。④采用北京产LBY—N6A自清洗旋转式黏度计检测血液流变学指标（全血高、低切黏度，血浆比黏度，红细胞压积，全血还原黏度和K值方程）。 结果：2型糖尿病患者81例和健康体检者55名均进入结果分析。①阴虚热盛证、气阴两虚证、阴阳两虚证2型糖尿病患者听力减退患病率明显高于对照组（50.0％，56．8％，51．7％，23．6％，P〈0.05）；平均听阈值明显高于对照组[（29．76&;#177;8．08），（33．76&;#177;9．50），（32.63&;#177;10.19），（26.52&;#177;5.01）dB，P〈0.05]。阴虚热盛证患者的平均听阈值明显低于气阴两虚证和阴阳两虚证患者（P〈0.05）。不同中医证型2型糖尿病患者与对照组的听力损害发病表现（突发聋和渐进聋）及损伤范围（单侧聋和双侧聋）和损害程度无明显区别（P〉0.05）。②对照组语音频率、4kHZ和8kHz频率双侧纯音测听指标均明显低于不同中医证型2型糖尿病患者（除外阴虚热盛证患者左侧和气阴两虚证患者右侧4kHz频率纯音测听结果，P〈0．05），同时阴虚热盛证患者的语音频率、4kHz和8kHz频率双侧纯音测听指标均明显低于气阴两虚证和阴阳两虚证患者（除外气阴两虚证患者左侧和阴阳两虚证患者右侧4kHz频率纯音测听结果，P〈0．05）。③对照组血液流变学指标均明显低于不同中医证型2型糖尿病患者（除外阴虚热盛证患者红细胞压积和全血还原黏度，P〈0．05）；阴虚热盛证患者血液流变学指标明显低于气阴两虚证和阴阳两虚证患者（除外气阴两虚证患者全血低切黏度和阴阳两虚证患者血浆比黏度，P〈0．05）。 结论：①2型糖尿病患者并发听力损害患病率明显高于健康者，但听力损害范围、表现及程度与健康者无明显区别。②阴虚热盛证2型糖尿病患者听力损害程度和血液流变学指标异常程度轻于其他2种证型。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.