纤维支气管镜灌注吸痰预防吸烟者肺切除术后肺部感染的研究

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜吸痰和支气管肺泡灌注对吸烟者肺切除术后肺部感染的预防作用。方法：将肺切除术后132例吸烟患者根据术前吸烟量大小，分为A、B两组，每组再分为两组A1、A2和B1、B2组，其中A1、B1组术后第1—5天进行纤支镜吸痰和支气管肺泡灌注治疗。A2、B2组予单纯常规治疗。观察患者术后是否发生肺部感染。结果：吸烟量大的患者术后肺部感染发生率高（P〈0．05），常规治疗组（A2、B2）术后肺部感染发生率高于纤支镜治疗组（P〈0．05）。结论：纤维支气管镜吸痰和支气管肺泡灌注治疗对肺切除术后患者肺部感染有预防作用。     

经纤维支气管镜床边灌注治疗开颅术后严重肺部感染76例

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗对开颅术后严重肺部感染的治疗价值。方法 对76例开颅术后并重症肺部感染患者床边应用便携式纤支镜行吸痰和灌洗术，同时取痰培养根据药敏结果选择抗生素治疗。结果 61例显效，15例有效，有效率达100％。痰菌培养76例，68例阳性，阳性率89．5％，无明显并发症发生。结论 对开颅术后重症肺部感染患者尽早经纤支镜灌洗吸痰，明确病原菌及指导抗生素选用，可明显改善肺通气功能，促进脑损害的康复，提高治愈率。     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部重症感染44例临床观察

目的 研究纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染的治疗方法 及临床效果.方法 将各种肺部重症感染患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在常规抗感染基础上通过纤支镜向病变部位注入0.9%氯化钠灌洗液;对照组采用常规抗感染、止咳化痰、体位引流或机械辅助排痰等方法 综合治疗,观察其临床治疗效果.结果 治疗2周后,治疗组总有效率为90.9%,对照组为68.8%.结论 经纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染患者能有效去除肺部痰液阻塞,促进气道痰液引流,感染控制快,即时改善患者通气功能,提高疗效,缩短疗程,减少医疗费用.支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗肺部重症感染疗效显著,安全可靠,简便易行,值得临床推广.     

纤维支气管镜吸痰和灌洗在重症肌无力危象肺部感染的治疗作用

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）吸痰和气管肺泡液灌洗术（ＢＡＬ术）在重症肌无力危象合并肺部感染患者中的应用价值。方法：对１０例（１４例次）经常规吸痰和抗生素治疗无效的重症肌无力合并肺部感染患者行纤支镜吸痰和ＢＡＬ术，并根据痰培养药敏试验结果选择抗生素治疗。结果：对重症肌无力危象合并肺部感染患者行纤支镜吸痰及ＢＡＬ术，并指导抗生素的选择应用，有较明显的治疗效果，且安全可行，在临床上值得推广。     

便携式纤支镜肺泡灌洗辅助治疗重症卒中相关性肺炎的研究

目的:研究便携式纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗在重症卒中相关性肺炎患者中的临床应用效果。方法:将48例机械通气治疗的重症卒中相关性肺炎患者随机分为A、B两组,每组均为24例。A组使用吸痰管常规吸痰;B组变常规吸痰为便携式纤支镜吸痰及肺泡灌洗。比较两组患者治疗7天后血清炎症指标、血气分析、临床肺部感染评分、APACHEⅡ评分、肺部CT、撤机拔管情况。结果:B组治疗后炎症指标、临床肺部感染评分、撤机率及拔管率等指标均优于A组。结论:纤支镜直视下吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗术用于辅助治疗卒中相关性肺炎患者疗效可靠,且安全性高,值得临床推广使用。     

纤支镜治疗老年急性重症肺部感染并肺不张39例分析

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)在老年急性重症肺部感染并肺不张的应用价值。方法:对39例经内科常规治疗效果不佳的老年急性重症肺部感染并肺不张患者,行纤支镜吸痰及支气管肺泡冲洗术(BL)。结果:所有病例经治疗后均取得良好效果,肺复张率为100%,无严重并发症及意外发生。结论:纤支镜对老年急性重症肺部感染并肺不张治疗效果好,安全可行。     

经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗方法治疗严重肺部感染

目的:观察对严重肺部感染患者经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗的临床疗效。方法:将52例严重肺部感染患者随机分为灌洗组及对照组,灌洗组26例,对照组26例,均在全身应用抗菌药物及祛痰药的基础上,灌洗组在实时心电、血压、血氧饱和度监测下进行床旁经纤支镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗,对照组常规吸痰。分析比较两组血气分析的变化、体温、白细胞数量及肺部X线表现变化以评价肺部感染控制情况。结果:纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗后较治疗前PaO2明显提高,治疗后相同时间点PaO2灌洗组较对照组明显增高,灌洗组有效率明显高于对照组。灌洗组显效13例,好转10例,有效率为88%;对照组显效8例,好转9例,有效率为65%,两组有效率比较,P<0.05。无气胸及严重气道内出血等并发症。结论:经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗是治疗严重肺部感染的有效方法。     

重症肺部感染床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗的护理配合

目的 总结床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染的配合及护理方法.方法 将78例重症肺部感染患者按随机数字表法分为A组37例、B组41例,A组行床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗术,B组用负压经口鼻常规吸痰.观察两组治疗前后氧合指数的变化、治疗7天后肺部感染评分的变化及不良反应,总结护理经验.结果 两组的氧合指数及肺部感染评分在治疗后均改善,A组改善程度优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组均未见重大不良反应.结论 床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗是控制重症肺部感染的一项安全有效的手段,护理配合具有重要意义.     

纤维支气管镜在胸部外伤及术后并发重症肺部感染抢救中的作用

纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)广泛用于呼吸系统疾病的诊疗中。目前在抢救胸部外伤、胸腹部术后并发危重肺部感染者中作用倍受重视，较早行镜下吸痰治疗可取得满意效果。现将我院用纤支镜抢救在胸部外伤及术后并发重症肺部感染29例患者情况报告如下：     

脑卒中合并重症肺部感染临床治疗观察

目的探讨脑卒中并发肺部感染的临床治疗方法。方法对29例脑卒中后重症肺部感染患者采用床旁纤支镜下支气管-肺泡灌洗治疗。结果本组29例经纤支镜下支气管-肺泡灌洗治疗2周，总有效率达96．55％（28／29）。无不良反应发生，未见肝、肾功能及心电图异常。结论经纤支镜灌洗吸痰是一种治疗脑卒中并发重症肺部感染安全有效的方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.