神经导航辅助锁孔手术治疗功能区小病灶

目的探讨神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术切除脑功能区小病灶的应用价值。方法采用神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术切除18例脑功能区小病灶。术前将影像学资料输入神经导航系统进行三维重建,制定手术计划。术中实时导航指导手术切除范围,分析治疗结果。结果导航平均注册误差（2．05---0．62）mm,平均骨窗直径3．0cm。所有病例术中均准确定位病灶,其病灶全切17例,次全切除1例。术后16例病人恢复良好,原有症状均获得不同程度改善,1例原有神经症状加重,1例出现新的神经功能损害。结论神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术能准确切除脑功能区病灶,减少手术创伤,提高手术效果,降低死亡率、病残率,在显微神经外科手术中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑功能区胶质瘤的术中配合

目的 总结神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑功能区胶质瘤的术中配合经验。方法 应用神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区胶质瘤15例,总结术中配合经验。结果 15例手术在神经导航下,避开脑运动区、语言区和视觉区,肿瘤顺利全切。术中配合熟练未发生失误。结论 神经导航技术能精确定位脑皮层下病变,避免重要脑功能区损伤,保护病人神经功能;神经导航仪的熟练应用、术前做好充分准备、术中的熟练配合是手术顺利进行的重要保证。     

神经导航辅助显微手术切除大脑功能区胶质瘤☆

目的探讨神经导航辅助显微手术切除大脑功能区胶质瘤的优势。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月在中山大学附属第一医院行显微手术切除的大脑功能区胶质瘤99例患者的临床资料,包括神经导航组46例及非神经导航组53例。神经导航组行神经导航辅助显微手术,非神经导航组行常规显微手术。采用MRI检查、卡氏(Karnofsky Performance Scale,KPS)评分和症状改善率,对肿瘤切除程度及功能状态进行分析。结果与非神经导航组全切率73.6%(39/53)相比,神经导航组肿瘤全切率达91.3%(42/46)(Z=-2.343,P0.05);神经导航组和非神经导航组术后症状缓解和术后KPS评分提高,与术前相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。除1例非神经导航组出现术后一侧肌力下降外,其余患者术后未出现症状体征加重或新的并发症。按肿瘤大小,肿瘤最大径≥3 cm患者,神经导航组与非神经导航组全切率分别为89.5%(34/38)和72.5%(37/51)(Z=-2.040,P0.05)。结论神经导航辅助显微手术切除大脑功能区胶质瘤,可提高全切率,改善患者生存质量,不增加术后并发症。     

神经导航在颅内功能区微小病变手术中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助下颅内功能区微小病变显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法自2012年4月至2015年2月应用复旦数字医学Excelim-04神经导航系统辅助手术切除脑功能区微小病变45例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为2.1 mm,病变与重要的解剖功能结构定位准确,病变全切除率91.1%。术后有10例患者出现一过性神经功能障碍加重,经康复后已基本恢复,余病例神经功能障碍未受明显影响,手术并发症较以往有明显的减少。结论神经导航对于切除邻近脑功能区微小病变具有定位准确、动态示踪和实时导航、侵袭性小、安全、可靠等特点,能明显提高病变全切率及降低手术并发症。     

神经导航在锁孔入路手术切除邻近重要功能区病变中的应用

目的 探讨神经导航系统在切除邻近重要功能区病变手术中定位的精确性和锁孔显微手术的治疗效果。方法 2005年6月～2006年10月，应用Stryker公司导航系统辅助切除邻近重要功能区病变32例，并对神经导航在手术中应用的优越性、精确性、注意事项以及锁孔显微手术的治疗效果进行分析。结果 本组病例中注册误差为（1．6±0．5）mm，术后近期复查CT或MRI证实病变全切除比例为29／32，患者临床症状均得到明显改善，手术效果良好。结论 神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术对于切除邻近重要功能区病变具有定位准确、动态示踪、创伤轻微、安全可靠等特点，有助于提高病变的全切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区肿瘤

目的探讨神经导航系统辅助下脑重要功能区肿瘤显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法1999年12月～2002年6月应用StealthStation神经导航系统辅助切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤10例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为(2.8±0.9)mm,肿瘤和重要解剖功能结构定位准确,肿瘤全切除率77.8%。术后神经功能未受明显影响,无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航系统对于切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤具有定位准确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点,有助于提高肿瘤全切率及降低手术并发症。     

神经导航和神经电生理辅助下脑功能区肿瘤手术

目的 探讨脑功能区肿瘤治疗的策略和技巧.方法 分析2008年5月至2009年5月手术治疗的脑功能区41例肿瘤.使用神经导航和神经电生理辅助的有23例(辅助组),未使用18例(未辅助组).未辅助组直接行显微手术切除肿瘤.辅助组采用神经导航、皮层神经电刺激(MEP)、体感诱发电位(SEP)、术中唤醒麻醉等技术确定肿瘤和脑功能区,根据肿瘤和功能区的关系切除肿瘤.结果 未辅助组肿瘤全切4例(22%),3例(17%)次全切,11例(61%)大部切除.术后功能良好6例(33%),无变化2例(11%),10例(56%)功能障碍加重.辅助组肿瘤全切12例(52%),4例(17%)次全切,7例(31%)大部切除.术后功能良好16例(70%),无变化3例(13%),4例(17%)功能障碍加重.两组肿瘤全切率及术后功能障碍发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在神经导航和神经电生理监测的辅助下,可以做到精确的病灶解剖和脑功能区定位,加上运用娴熟的显微手术技巧,脑功能区的肿瘤也能取得良好疗效.     

神经导航辅助显微手术在神经外科中的应用

目的：探讨神经导航技术在神经外科领域的应用前景和总结应用神经导航辅助显微神经外科手术切除位于脑重要功能区和深部小病灶的经验和体会。方法：我院2000年11月至2001年3月采用StealthStation神经导航系统辅助显微手术切除的颅内病灶18例,额叶6例（其中3例为于运动区）,顶叶4例,枕叶2例,颞叶1例,桥小脑角2例,小脑半球3例,脑膜瘤6例,胶质瘤4例,炎性肉芽肿2例,血管网织细胞瘤3例,脂肪瘤,三叉神经纤维瘤和寄生虫感染各1例,结果：神经导航总体误差1．8－5．7mm,平均2．8mm,病灶全切除14例,次全切4例,位于运动区的3例小病灶,手术全切除后无任何神经功能障碍,结论：Stealth Station神经导航系统定位准确,尤其是对位于脑深部和重要功能区的小病灶,辅助显微手术效果显。     

术中超声辅助神经导航技术切除岛叶胶质瘤

目的 探讨术中超声及神经导航技术在岛叶胶质瘤手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年5月在术中超声和(或)神经导航指导下经显微手术治疗的23例岛叶胶质瘤患者的临床资料,重点关注肿瘤切除程度及术后神经功能损害情况.结果 术后影像学证实肿瘤全切除14例,次全切除或大部切除9例,其中应用术中超声辅助神经导航技术定位肿瘤组肿瘤全切除8例,单独术中超声组肿瘤全切除4例,单独神经导航组肿瘤全切除2例.术后随访5 ～52个月,术中超声辅助神经导航组术后早期及远期神经功能损害程度明显低于其他两组.结论 术中超声辅助神经导航技术切除岛叶胶质瘤,可提高肿瘤全切率,增加手术安全性.     

神经外科导航辅助下邻近功能区脑胶质瘤的手术治疗

目的 总结神经导航系统在邻近重要功能区手术切除脑胶质瘤的价值.方法 应用德国Brain-LAB公司VV2神经导航系统辅助切除大脑半球邻近脑功能区胶质瘤56例,并对神经外科导航应用于脑胶质瘤切除手术的优越性、精确性和注意事项进行分析和总结.结果 本组病例中,平均注册误差为1.6±0.5mm,术后近期复查CT或MRI证实肿瘤影像学全切率为87.5%,患者临床症状均得已改善,肢体活动等重要神经功能与术前比较均未受明显影响,手术并发症少.短期随访3～13个月期间,5例复发.结论 神经导航系统辅助手术切除邻近重要功能区胶质瘤具有定位准确、精确性好、具有微侵袭等特点,有助于提高脑胶质瘤的全切率及降低手术并发症,相对提高病人生存质量和疗效.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.