日本血吸虫Sj97疫苗研究进展

日本血吸虫疫苗研制已作为我国防治该病的重要组成部分。副肌球蛋白是WHO提出的血吸虫疫苗较为理想的候选抗原之一,已用于日本血吸虫疫苗的研究。本文主要对日本血吸虫副肌球蛋白的概况、重组蛋白疫苗和DNA疫苗研究进展进行综述。     

血吸虫疫苗免疫机制研究

血吸虫疫苗研究已有60多年的历史，大体上经历了死疫苗、减毒活疫苗、分子疫苗、DNA疫苗以及重组BCG疫苗研究阶段。死疫苗的抗感染效果很差，国内外学者对减毒活疫苗和分子疫苗进行了比较深入的研究，DNA疫苗和重组BCG疫苗则属于新型血吸虫疫苗，它们接种易感动物均产生了部分保护力，故有必要探讨其保护性免疫反应机制，本文拟就这方面的进展进行综述。1死疫苗30年代初期，Ozawa采用日本血吸虫成虫或尾蚴乳剂免疫犬，经同种尾蚴攻击感染后，减虫率分别为25％或35％。在此研究的基础上，许多学者采用不同的抗原制备方法，从血吸虫生活…     

日本血吸虫病DNA疫苗的研究进展

血吸虫病严重危害人类及家畜健康,发展疫苗是预防和控制日本血吸虫病的重要措施之一。近些年来,有关血吸虫DNA疫苗在国内外已进行了大量的研究,与传统疫苗相比,DNA疫苗具有高效、持久、广谱、简便和廉价等优点,显示出良好的应用前景。本文对日本血吸虫病DNA疫苗的研究进展进行了简要综述。     

日研制出抑制艾滋病病毒增殖的疫苗

据医学空间网8月12日报道，日本厚生劳动省研究小组最近开发出了对艾滋病毒增殖有抑制效果的疫苗，并通过猴子实验得到了证实，该疫苗有望用于预防艾滋病病毒感染。     

日本血吸虫中国大陆株23kDa膜蛋白的基因克隆与序列分析

本研究根据曼氏血吸虫疫苗候选分子Sm23的基因序列，设计了一对引物，并通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）基因克隆技术，从日本血吸虫中国大陆株cDNA文库中克隆出了中国大陆株23kDa膜蛋白基因。DNA序列分析表明，编码日本血吸虫中国大陆株Sj23膜蛋白的基因含有657bp，与曼氏血吸虫Sm23的核着酸有79．5％的同源性，而与日本血吸虫菲律宾株的Sj23的同源性为100％。该研究为发展Sj23多肽疫苗奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫病候选分子疫苗免疫保护力研究进展

血吸虫病是严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,疫苗是预防控制血吸虫病的重要手段。本文对日本血吸虫病蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗及联合免疫的研究现状、血吸虫病疫苗存在的问题及其展望进行了概述。     

日本血吸虫Sj14-3-3疫苗研究进展

日本血吸虫病是由日本血吸虫引起的一类严重危害人类健康的人兽共患寄生虫病,研制疫苗防治该病是目前的研究热点.Sj14-3-3蛋白是一种有效的疫苗分子,该文就Sj14-3-3蛋白疫苗和核酸疫苗的研究进展进行综述.     

国际日本血吸虫分子生物学研讨会在宁召开

1994年10月25—27日,中华人民共和国卫生部与世界卫生组织/热带病研究和培训特别规划署在中国南京,联合召开了国际日本血吸虫分子生物学研讨会。参加会议的有来自澳大利亚、菲律宾、中国、以色列、瑞士、英国和美国等国家的19位科学家,中华人民共和国卫生部全国地方病防治办公室贾义德处长和世界卫生组织/热带病研究和培训特别规划署血吸虫病抗感染及抗病疫苗指导委员会主席R.Burgquist博士也参加了会议。 与会专家各自报告了他们在日本血吸虫疫苗候选分子、免疫应答以及流行病学等方面的研究进展。到目前为止,世界上日本血吸虫疫苗的研究,已经确定了许多候选疫苗分子,而且兽用抗日本血吸虫疫苗即将/正在开始试用。会议认为,兽用疫苗的研究和试用,不仅能为人用疫苗试验提供重要的参考,而且兽用疫苗的使     

抗日本血吸虫疫苗：方兴未艾

发展有效的抗日本血吸虫疫苗正处在一个重要阶段，尽管到目前为止进展相对缓慢，但是，采用减毒活疫苗以及特异的日本血吸虫天然抗原和重组抗原进行动物实验获得了令人鼓舞的结果。这些实验提示生产出一种安全而有效的疫苗是切实可行的。本介绍了当前这方面的进展，并总结了一些最有前途的疫苗候选抗原所得到的实验结果。     

日本血吸虫病抗病疫苗研究展望

本文探讨了抗病疫苗研究的意义、疫苗研制的对策和依据．认为抗病疫苗研究主要集中于抗虫卵疫苗（抗生殖疫苗、抗胚胎发育疫苗和抗毛蚴疫苗等）和抗免疫病理疫苗．设想在血吸虫感染前通过抗病疫苗接种，诱导宿主的“调节状态”（ｍｏｄｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｔａｔｅ）抑制虫卵肉芽肿（Ｇｒ）的形成，减轻慢性感染造成的病理损害．文中列举了抑制Ｇｒ形成的一些探索．日本血吸虫２６和２８ｋＤａ谷胱甘肽Ｓ转移酶（ＧＳＴ）、成虫３１／３２ｋＤｅ抗原和虫卵１４ｏｋＤｅ抗原分子很可能是有希望的抗病疫苗候选分子     

What's in a prick? Vaccines and the cardiovascular system

Evidence suggests a crucial role for vaccines in cardiovascular disease, mediated not only by disease prevention but also by immunomodulatory effects. This review attempts to briefly present the effects of pathogens and vaccines on the cardiovascular system and potential mechanisms for the development of vaccines against cardiovascular diseases per se. Current epidemiological evidence regarding vaccine effectiveness in different categories of heart disease is discussed, as well as current international guidelines’ recommendations. In summary, cardiologists should strive to promote vaccination against specific pathogens with proven beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases.     

AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and Perspectives

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.     

Tuberculosis vaccines: past, present and future

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The current vaccine against tuberculosis protects against severe forms of the disease in children but confers variable effectiveness against pulmonary disease. With tuberculosis eradication on the horizon new vaccines with better protection than Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) are needed. This review will outline the most promising tuberculosis vaccine candidates from selected publications. RECENT FINDINGS: The enormous effort of the scientific community in the last 10 years has generated hundreds of tuberculosis vaccine candidates. These include sub-unit vaccines and live vaccines such as recombinant BCG and other attenuated live vaccines. Some of these are being included for the first time in phase I clinical trials. SUMMARY: For more than 80 years now no new tuberculosis vaccine has successfully been developed. There is now renewed optimism that vaccines superior to BCG can be developed in the coming years. The goal is to obtain a new generation of vaccines effective against more transmissible forms of tuberculosis. As a first step, good candidate vaccines able to boost BCG and improve BCG protection could be a reality in the near future. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates, able to replace the currently used BCG and make the eradication of tuberculosis feasible, can be expected in the mid-term, and live vaccines are reliable and promising candidates.     

Focus group study on perceptions and information needs regarding vaccines targeting the older population: a cross-country comparison in four European countries

The increasing life expectancy leads to more older adults suffering from infectious diseases. Vaccines are available against diverse infections such as influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster and tetanus. However, vaccine acceptance is crucial for optimal preventive effect. The objective of the study is to perform a cross-country analysis of the perceptions and decision-making behaviour of older adults regarding vaccinations and their information needs. Focus groups with older adults were conducted in four countries: France, Hungary, Italy and the Netherlands. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Demographic characteristics of participants were gathered with a questionnaire. Influenza and tetanus vaccines were commonly known, as was the disease influenza. On the contrary, the awareness of the vaccines against pneumococcal disease and herpes zoster were low. Participants also expressed a need for more information on vaccines, such as possible side effects, contra-indications and duration of protection, emphasizing that information is a condition for decision-making on vaccination. General practitioners were found to be the most important in information provision on vaccines. Perceptions on vaccines, such as effectiveness, side effects and safety, as well as perceptions on infectious diseases, such as severity, susceptibility and experiencing an infectious disease, played a role in the decision-making of older adults on vaccines. More awareness of the information needs among older adults with regard to vaccines should be raised among general practitioners and other healthcare providers. This requires appropriate knowledge about the vaccines among healthcare providers as well as communication skills to meet the information needs of older adults.

     

Bacterial enteric infections and vaccine development.

There is a great need for effective vaccines against the major bacterial enteropathogens. Bacterial enteric infections resulting in diarrhea, dysentery, or enteric fever constitute a huge public health problem, with more than a billion episodes of disease and several million deaths annually in developing countries. Diarrhea caused by a bacterial enteric infection is also the commonest illness experienced by international travellers. Studies of pathogenesis have established the importance of specific ligand-receptor interactions between the enteropathogens and the intestinal epithelium, resulting in attachment and colonization of the bacteria and production of disease through either invasive mechanisms or production of toxins. Studies of protective immune mechanisms have emphasized the importance of secretory IgA antibodies and mucosal memory for protection against noninvasive, enterotoxigenic infections such as cholera and ETEC diarrhea and also drawn attention to the possible protective role of IFN-gamma production by intestinal T cells in these secretory diarrheas. In invasive dysenteric and enteric-fever infections caused by such organisms as Shigella and Salmonella, optimal protection may depend on a combination of mucosal and systemic immunity. On the basis of this knowledge, several new vaccines have been developed and proved to be efficacious in large field tests. These include an oral killed B-WC vaccine and a killed WC-alone vaccine against cholera, and both a live attenuated oral vaccine (Ty21a) and an injectable Vi antigen vaccine against typhoid fever. In addition, a killed oral ETEC vaccine and live attenuated oral Shigella vaccines have begun to be tested in phase 1 and phase 2 studies in humans. The properties of the new vaccines against bacterial enteric infections give promise that these vaccines should be useful both in control programs in developing countries and for immunoprophylaxis against travellers' diarrhea.     

New tuberculosis vaccines

The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is a live vaccine used worldwide, as it protects against severe forms of the disease, saving thousands of lives every year, but its efficacy against pulmonary forms of TB, responsible for transmission of the diseases, is variable.For more than 80 years now no new TB vaccines have been successfully developed. Over the last decade the effort of the scientific community has resulted in the design and construction of promising vaccine candidates. The goal is to develop a new generation of vaccines effective against respiratory forms of the disease. We will focus this review on new prophylactic vaccine candidates that aim to prevent TB diseases.Two are the main strategies used to improve the immunity conferred by the current BCG vaccine, by boosting it with new subunit vaccines, and a second strategy is focused on the construction of new more effective live vaccines, capable to replace the current BCG and to be used as prime vaccines.After rigorous preclinical studies in different animal models new TB vaccine candidates enter in clinical trials in humans. First, a small Phase I for safety followed by immunological evaluation in Phase II trials and finally evaluated in large population Phase III efficacy trials in endemic countries. At present BCG prime and boost with different subunit vaccine candidates are the more advanced assessed in Phase II. Two prime vaccines (based on recombinant BCG) have been successfully evaluated for safety in Phase I trials. A short number of live attenuated vaccines are in advance preclinical studies and the candidates ready to enter Phase I safety trials are produced under current good manufacturing practices.     

拉沙热疫苗研究进展

拉沙热是由拉沙病毒(Lassa virus, LASV)引起的一种急性传染病,主要由啮齿类动物传给人. 西非是拉沙热最主要的流行区,该地区每年有几十万人患病,数千例死亡.由于LASV的高致病性,被列为潜在生物战剂,当前无获批的拉沙热疫苗.研究表明传统的灭活疫苗免疫保护效果不理想,LASV基因重组的复制增殖型病毒载体疫苗、复制缺陷型病毒载体疫苗和DNA疫苗等新型疫苗显示较好的发展前景. 但是这几种新型疫苗仍处于临床预试验阶段或临床试验阶段.     

Research Progress and Challenges in Vaccine Development against Classical Swine Fever Virus

Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is one of the most devastating viral epizootic diseases of swine in many countries. To control the disease, highly efficacious and safe live attenuated vaccines have been used for decades. However, the main drawback of these conventional vaccines is the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA concept). Advances in biotechnology and our detailed knowledge of multiple basic science disciplines have facilitated the development of effective and safer DIVA vaccines to control CSF. To date, two types of DIVA vaccines have been developed commercially, including the subunit vaccines based on CSFV envelope glycoprotein E2 and chimeric pestivirus vaccines based on infectious cDNA clones of CSFV or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Although inoculation of these vaccines successfully induces solid immunity against CSFV, none of them could ideally meet all demands regarding to safety, efficacy, DIVA potential, and marketability. Due to the limitations of the available choices, researchers are still striving towards the development of more advanced DIVA vaccines against CSF. This review summarizes the present status of candidate CSFV vaccines that have been developed. The strategies and approaches revealed here may also be helpful for the development of new-generation vaccines against other diseases.     

Vaccines as consolidation therapy for myeloid leukemia

Immunotherapy for myeloid leukemias remains a cornerstone in the management of this highly aggressive group of malignancies. Allogeneic (allo) stem cell transplantation (SCT), which can be curative in acute and chronic myeloid leukemias, exemplifies the success of immunotherapy for cancer management. However, because of its nonspecific immune response against normal tissue, allo-SCT is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, secondary to graft-versus-host disease, which can occur in up to 50% of allo-SCT recipients. Targeted immunotherapy using leukemia vaccines has been heavily investigated, as these vaccines elicit specific immune responses against leukemia cells while sparing normal tissue. Peptide and cellular vaccines have been developed against tumor-specific and leukemia-associated self-antigens. Although not yet considered the standard of care, leukemia vaccines continue to show promising results in the management of the myeloid leukemias.     

斑点热疫苗研究进展

斑点热是斑点热群立克次体引起的一类重要传染病,接种疫苗仍是预防斑点热的一种重要措施. 灭活立氏立克次体接种能够刺激实验动物产生特异性体液和细胞免疫,有效对抗该立克次体的致死性攻击,但对人体免疫的保护效果并不理想. 目前已发现的斑点热群立克次体的保护性抗原主要有外膜蛋白A、外膜蛋白B、YbgF和Adr2等表面蛋白,是研发斑点热分子疫苗的潜在候选分子. 单个保护性抗原免疫虽然能够诱导动物产生良好的特异性体液和细胞免疫应答,但是不能提供完全保护. 多个保护性抗原组合或保护性抗原的T和B淋巴细胞表位组合是研发斑点热分子疫苗的有效途径.