哌拉西林-舒巴坦等七种药物对非发酵菌体外抗菌活性的研究

目的 评价哌拉西林-舒巴坦等7种药物对非发酵菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法测定哌拉西林-舒巴坦对细菌的体外抗菌作用.结果 广州地区6家医院共收集菌株770株,其中铜绿假单胞菌216株,鲍曼不动杆菌242株,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌100株,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌119株,黄杆菌属57株,产碱杆菌属36株.对所有铜绿假单胞菌,哌拉西林-舒巴坦的敏感性最高(71.9%),而亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦敏感性均低于50%.对亚胺培南不敏感的铜绿假单胞菌,哌拉西林-舒巴坦敏感性仍可达55.8%.对碳青霉烯敏感的鲍曼不动杆菌,哌拉西林-舒巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦敏感性最高,分别为71.0%和73.0%.对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,26%和20%的菌株对哌拉西林-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)≤16 mg/L.对洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,69%的菌株对哌拉西林-舒巴坦的MIC≤16 mg/L.对黄杆菌属和产碱杆菌属,哌拉西林-舒巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林他唑巴坦3种加酶复合制剂敏感性最高,分别为70.2%、63.2%、57.9%和94.4%、94.4%、91. 7%.结论 哌拉西林-舒巴坦对多种非发酵菌尤其是碳青霉烯不敏感的铜绿假单胞菌具有良好的体外抗菌活性.     

两种亚胺培南不敏感非发酵菌的耐药性分析

目的探讨亚胺培南不敏感铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性,为临床用药提供参考。方法对本院2010年1月~2014年12月间分离的亚胺培南不敏感铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌进行统计分析。结果 403株亚胺培南不敏感鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率很高,仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素和多粘菌素B保持较高的敏感性;113株亚胺培南不敏感铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物的敏感率高于亚胺培南不敏感鲍曼不动杆菌,对头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、多粘菌素B、抗假单胞菌青霉素及其复合制剂有较高敏感性。结论两种亚胺培南不敏感非发酵菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药严重,应根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物,同时应采取恰当控制感染措施,以减少耐药菌株的产生与传播。     

碳青霉烯类抗生素对重症监护病房老年患者耐药菌的体外抑菌效果

目的监测该院重症监护病区老年患者革兰阴性菌的耐药情况及比较不同碳青霉烯类抗生素针对耐药革兰阴性菌体外抑菌效果。方法临床搜集重症监护老年患者标本分离的革兰阴性细菌菌株,进行分离、培养,按照CLSI2010标准,采用K-B纸片扩散法测定比阿培南、美罗培南、亚胺培南-西司他丁及头孢吡肟的体外抑菌效果。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对4代头孢菌素耐药率分别为46.8%,18.8%,47.8%,79.0%;大肠埃希菌对比阿培南、美罗培南、亚胺培南-西司他丁的耐药率均为0,肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率分别为4.3%,2.9%,4.3%,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率分别为57.8%,54.4%,63.3%,鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率均为67.9%。三种碳青霉烯类抗生素针对四种病原菌的抗菌活性无统计学差异。结论肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对4代头孢具有不同程度的耐药性。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类仍保持较高敏感性,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类已经产生了较高耐药性;三种碳青霉烯类抗生素针对四种革兰阴性病原菌的抗菌活性无统计学差异。     

2009～2011年儿科住院患者感染病原菌的菌种及耐药性分析

目的 观察儿科住院患者主要感染病原菌的菌种及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 对2009 ～ 2011年湖北省妇幼保健院儿科住院患者各类标本中分离的全部菌株进行培养并鉴定,采用纸片扩散法对细菌进行药敏试验.结果 共分离11150株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌7862株(占70.51％),主要是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其对临床常用抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最敏感,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌耐药率＞9.60％.结论 革兰阴性杆菌是儿科感染的主要病原菌,其中以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主,并对临床常用抗菌药物有不同程度耐药.     

慢支病人铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌对抗菌药的耐药性研究

目的 探讨我院呼吸内科慢性支气管炎急性发作期住院病人痰的铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌对20种抗菌药的耐药性。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2005年12月期间,慢性支气管炎急性发作期病人的痰培养所分离的铜绿假单胞菌136株和不动杆菌127株,其对20种药物敏感试验抗菌药的耐药率差值。结果 铜绿假单胞菌的2004,2005年耐药菌株比2003年明显增加。鲁氏不动杆菌的2004,2005年耐药菌株比2003年没有明显增加,鲍曼／溶血不动杆菌的2004,2005年耐药菌株比2003年明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论 铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌属的耐药比率逐年上升。据此,调控抗菌药的使用。     

多重耐药革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的治疗体会

目的分析我院呼吸科多重耐药(MDR)革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染的特点和治疗经验。方法回顾2009年1月至2010年12月本院呼吸科病房收治的48例MDR革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染患者的细菌学特点、抗菌药物选用及疗效。48例MDR革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染,检出鲍曼不动杆菌16株、铜绿假单胞菌14株、肺炎克雷伯菌10株、大肠埃希菌7株和阴沟肠杆菌2株,共49株革兰氏阴性菌。结果接受头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗的患者分别为25例和21例,临床有效率分别为52.0%和61.9%,细菌清除率分别为36.0%和52.4%。结论呼吸科病房MDR革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染以鲍曼不动杆菌与铜绿假单胞菌为主,其中50.0%左右为泛耐药(PDR)菌株。头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对MDR特别是耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌肺部感染有一定的疗效,而碳青霉烯类抗生素对其敏感的革兰氏阴性菌肺部感染治疗效果比较好。     

血流感染老年住院患者血液标本非发酵革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性观察

目的 了解2016—2020年某三甲医院血流感染老年患者血液标本分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性情况，为老年患者血流感染早期经验用药提供参考。方法 收集2016—2020年某三甲医院老年患者血液标本分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌资料，保留同一患者每种细菌第一株，剔除重复菌株后纳入分析。用仪器和纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果 2016—2020年某三甲医院老年患者血液标本分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌检出率较高的包括铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素敏感率较高；鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感率普遍较低，敏感率较高的是庆大霉素、妥布霉素；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对米诺环素、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲恶唑敏感性均较高。耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌与耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率分别为45.45%、72.22%。铜绿假单胞菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率随患者年龄增长呈升高趋势；鲍曼不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率在不同年龄组间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 2016—2020年某三甲医院血流感染老年患者血液标本分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌主要为...     

重组人β-防御素3对多耐药细菌的抑菌活性分析

目的研究重组人β-防御素3(rhBD-3)对临床多耐药菌株(铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)的抗菌活性。方法采用比浊法测定不同浓度rhBD-3下4种细菌液OD值,确定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC),并与对照组比较。结果 rhBD-3对所测菌株菌均有抑菌活性,在一定的浓度范围内,rhBD-3的浓度增高抑菌活性增强。rhBD-3的MIC、MBC与对照组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 rhBD-3对临床多耐药细菌具有显著的抑菌活性,给解决临床细菌耐药带来新希望。     

AECOPD痰培养及药敏分析

目的通过我院AECOPD患者痰培养及药敏结果进行统计分析,了解我院目前主要耐药菌。方法对我院近期具有完整细菌学资料的COPD患者痰培养及药敏试验结果进行分析。结果792例患者痰样本中分离出病原菌280株,革兰阴性杆菌241株,占86.1%,主要为铜绿假单孢菌、不动杆菌、克雷伯杆菌、阴沟杆菌等,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为多。细菌药敏试验发现,不动杆菌耐药率高,以鲍曼/溶血不动杆菌明显,铜绿假单胞菌次之,革兰氏阳性球菌耐药性相对较低。结论COPD病原菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药率有上升趋势,应加强药敏测定,合理应用抗生素,减少细菌耐药菌株的产生。     

多重耐药菌的抗菌治疗

多重耐药菌是感染控制的严峻挑战.本文对临床重要的多重耐药菌包括鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌和产碳青霉烯酶肠杆菌的抗菌治疗进行综述.     

Identification and characterization of soil-isolated Streptomyces SJE177 producing actinomycin

One hundred seventy-seven actinomycetes strains were isolated from soils collected from fruit orchards in Thailand. All were tested for antibacterial activity against seven pathogenic bacteria using co-cultivation methods. Forty strains (22.6%) were active against at least one indicator bacteria. Twenty-seven strains (15.3%) inhibited only gram-positive bacteria, four strains (2.3%) inhibited only gram-negative bacteria, and nine strains (5.1%) showed activity against both. Strain SJE177 had potent activity against all tested bacteria, and was selected for further investigation. A crude ethyl acetate extract of this strain retained inhibitory activity as tested by disk-diffusion method. Analysis of morphological and biochemical characteristics and the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated this strain belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The strain formed a monophyletic line in a phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences with other Streptomyces reference strains. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed SJE177 produced actinomycin. Since many isolates showed inhibitory activity against indicator bacteria, these results suggest Thai soil could be an interesting source to explore for antibacterial substances.     

Activity of ciprofloxacin (BAYo 9867) against pseudomonas aeruginosa and ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

We studied the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against 570 strains of ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and 286 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. 95.26% of the Enterobacteriaceae and 53.45% of the P. aeruginosa were inhibited by 0.1 mg/l of ciprofloxacin. 2 mg/l of ciprofloxacin inhibited all of the Enterobacteriaceae strains and 4 mg/l all of the P. aeruginosa. We compared the activity of ciprofloxacin with that of temocillin in the Enterobacteriaceae strains. In the P. aeruginosa strains, classified according to their susceptibility to carbenicillin and gentamicin, we compared the activity of ciprofloxacin with that of ceftazidime. In the strains studied, the in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin is superior to that of temocillin against the Enterobacteriaceae and to that of ceftazidime against the P. aeruginosa strains.     

Comparative in vitro and in vivo study of nine alcohol-based handrubs

BACKGROUND: Hygienic hand disinfection using alcohol-based handrubs (AHRs) is an alternative method to conventional handwashing in hospital wards. Because a documented choice of such products would consider data from in-care evaluation, we designed a comparative study of 9 AHRs both in vitro and in vivo in actual care conditions. METHODS: The bactericidal activity of AHRs was first measured in vitro against 4 hospital strains exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance: Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes. In a second time, AHRs were tested in an intensive care unit for antibacterial activity against the cutaneous flora of personnel hands and for acceptance by the care personnel. RESULTS: The 9 AHRs could be classified in 3 groups on the basis of their in vitro activity: products of the first group showed a bactericidal activity higher than 4 log(10) against the 4 strains. Only 1 of these products presented simultaneously an effective antibacterial activity against the cutaneous flora of care personnel hands and a good acceptance by the care personnel. CONCLUSION: The in vitro study allowed the differentiation of the AHRs tested on the basis of bactericidal activity, but evaluation in an in-care situation allowed further discrimination through both antibacterial activity and acceptance. Thus, the combination of in vitro and in vivo evaluations should provide helpful arguments in the choice of AHRs.     

Melatonin as an antibiotic: new insights into the actions of this ubiquitous molecule

Abstract:  The incidence of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria has been increasing rapidly worldwide despite advances in antibacterial therapy in the last two decades. Among multidrug-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are of great importance, because they have emerged as primary nosocomial pathogens in hospital outbreaks. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin has antibacterial effects against these microorganisms in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration of melatonin was determined using a standard microdilution method at 24 and 48 hr. Melatonin inhibited microbial growth at both 24 and 48 hr; but results showed that melatonin had antibacterial effects against these microorganisms after 48 hr of incubation in lower doses [concentrations between 31.25 to 125 μg/mL (0.13–0.53 m m )]. Also, it was determined that melatonin has a more potent antimicrobial effect on gram-negative microorganism. Among possible mechanisms, it is concluded that melatonin showed antibacterial effects by reducing intracellular substrates.     

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Estonian intensive care units in comparison with European data

This prospective cohort study was performed from April to December 2003 for the purpose of collecting a maximum of 50 non-duplicate isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae from each of 4 ICUs to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations. The most prevalent species were Enterobacteriaceae (13%), K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii (both 12%). 60% of A. baumannii strains were susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam and cefepime, 95% to meropenem and imipenem, and 75% to amikacin. 79% of P. aeruginosa strains were piperacillin/tazobactam, 58% ceftazidime, 81% meropenem, 72% imipenem, 69% ciprofloxacin and 97% amikacin susceptible. The susceptibility of K. pneumoniae to meropenem and imipenem was 99%, to ciprofloxacin was 91% and to amikacin was 98%. Gram-negative bacteria (especially K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii) were prevalent in our ICUs compared to other European studies. Carbapenem susceptibility of Estonian strains was higher, but P. aeruginosa sensitivity to ceftazidime was lower, compared to other EU countries.     

Citywide clonal outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn,NY: the preantibiotic era has returned

BACKGROUND: Carbapenems are important agents for treating nosocomial gram-negative infections. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria have become increasingly problematic in certain regions. This study determined the citywide prevalence and molecular epidemiological features of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn, NY. METHODS: All unique patient isolates of A baumannii and P aeruginosa were collected from 15 Brooklyn hospitals from July 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999. Antibiotic susceptibilities, the genetic relatedness of resistant isolates, and the relationship between antibiotic use and resistance rates were determined. RESULTS: A total of 419 isolates of A baumannii and 823 isolates of P aeruginosa were collected. For A baumannii, 53% were resistant to meropenem and/or imipenem, and 12% were resistant to all standard antibiotics. Ribotyping revealed that a single clone accounted for 62% of the samples and was isolated from patients at all 15 hospitals. The rate of carbapenem resistance was associated with cephalosporin use at each hospital (P =.004). For P aeruginosa, 24% were resistant to imipenem, 5% to amikacin, and 15% to 29% to other antipseudomonal agents. Ribotyping revealed that 3 clones accounted for nearly half of the isolates and were shared by most hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 400 patients were infected or colonized with carbapenem-resistant A baumannii and P aeruginosa during a 3-month period in 1999. A few strains have spread widely throughout hospitals in this region. The prevalence of resistant A baumannii seems to be correlated with cephalosporin use. Multiresistant hospital-acquired bacteria should be viewed as a serious public health issue rather than an individual hospital's problem. An intensive coordinated effort will be needed to effectively address this problem.     

Evaluation of the anti-biofilm effect of a new anti-bacterial silver citrate/lecithin coating in an in-vitro experimental system using a modified Robbins device

The anti-biofilm effect of a newly developed antibacterial coating, a mixture of a silver citrate, soybean lecithin and liquid silicon at the ratio of 2:2:8, for silicon catheters was investigated in an in vitro experimental system using a modified Robbins device. The inhibitory effect against bacterial adherence, killing effect against adhered bacteria and durability of these anti-biofilm effects were examined using two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one of Escherichia coli. Almost complete inhibition of bacterial adherence was demonstrated in the case of one of two strains of P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The more resistant strain of P. aeruginosa OP 14-210 adhered at scattered sites of the silicon with antibacterial coating, while mature biofilm developed on the surface of the silicon without coating. Using already adhered P. aeruginosa OP 14-210, we confirmed the killing effect of silver ion released by this new coating. These anti-biofilm effects did not change after treatment with artificial urine for at least 48 hours.     

骨科患者术后创面感染鲍曼不动杆菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的了解医院骨科患者手术后创面感染的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药情况,以指导医生合理用药,有效控制鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性的进一步发展,预防和减少医院感染的发生。方法从骨科患者手术后创面感染标本分离鲍曼不动杆菌28株,作gyrA基因测序,并进行BLASTn比对;通过测定最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)进行药敏试验,测定鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性;选取经纯培养的鲍曼不动杆菌菌落置入含蛋白酶K溶液的离心管内,分别进行水浴,再离心,留取上清液,以此为模板PCR扩增与喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药性相关的gyrA、qepA、qnrS、qnrA、qnrB和aac(6)-Ib基因,使用Chromas分析软件进行测序。结果鲍曼不动杆菌对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、依诺沙星、环丙沙星、司帕沙星、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星、莫西沙星的耐药率分别为:96.43%、96.43%、96.43%、89.29%、85.71%、85.71%、82.14%、78.57%和78.57%。PCR检测28株鲍曼不动杆菌gyrA基因100%阳性,即都发生了gyrA基因突变,而其他相关基因检测均阴性。基因测序看出,其83位发生突变,即由TCA转变为TTA。结论本组分离骨科患者手术创面感染的鲍曼不动杆菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药情况严重,其中对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、培氟沙星等的耐药率均在90%以上。临床抗感染治疗应根据耐药结果进行用药,并控制喹诺酮类抗菌药物的使用。     

Treatment of chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients with ceftazidime and tobramycin

50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftazidime, cefsulodin, cefotaxime, moxalactam, azlocillin, carbenicillin, netilmicin and tobramycin against 90 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients were determined by means of the agar plate dilution method. Ceftazidime was most active of the antibiotics in vitro; the geometric mean of IC50 was 0.2 and of MIC 0.4 micrograms/ml. 11 CF patients suffering from P. aeruginosa infection were treated with 14 day courses of ceftazidime (100 mg/kg/24 h) and tobramycin (10 mg/kg/24 h). P. aeruginosa was only temporarily eradicated in one of the patients, but a significant improvement of respiratory function and a significant fall in white blood cell count was recorded in the patients during chemotherapy. There was no development of resistant strains against ceftazidime during treatment and no side-effects were observed. Ceftazidime is a promising new antimicrobial agent with high in vitro activity which deserves further in vivo evaluation in CF patients.