帕金森病患者抑郁的相关因素分析

目的:探讨帕金森病(PD)患者抑郁的发生率以及影响因素。方法:选取52例PD患者,进行汉密尔顿抑郁(HAMD)量表评分、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级,并对相关因素进行分析。结果:PD患者抑郁的发生率为46.2%(24/52例),H-Y分级、病程以及性别与HAMD评分呈正相关。结论:PD患者抑郁发生率高,且和病情严重程度、病程、性别等因素有关,与左旋多巴日平均剂量和年龄无关。     

帕金森病伴发认知功能障碍的相关因素分析

目的 探讨认知功能障碍在帕金森病中（Parkinson＇s disease,PD）的发生率及其影响因素.方法 对确诊的PD患者采用蒙特利尔认知评价量表（Montreal Cognitive Assessment MOCA中文版）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilt depression scale,HAMD）及Webster功能评分量表进行评定分析PD伴发认知功能障碍的发生情况和相关影响因素.结果 PD伴发认知功能障碍者50例,认知功能障碍的发生率为76.9%,病程、文化程度、Webster评分、HAMD评分与帕金森病伴发认知功能障碍的发生均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,年龄、性别、婚姻状况、经济情况与帕金森伴发认知功能障碍的发生均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.回归分析发现病程和PD病情严重程度是PD患者伴发认知功能障碍的危险因素.结论 PD患者有较高认知功能障碍的发生率,PD伴发认知功能障碍的发生可能与PD患者的病程、文化程度、PD患者病情的严重程度及抑郁有关.     

43例脑卒中后抑郁状态相关因素分析

目的 探讨脑卒中后抑郁状态发生的相关因素.方法 观察127例脑卒中住院患者抑郁发生情况,将并发抑郁组与未并发抑郁组就年龄、性别、居住情况、神经功能缺损程度评分、卒中类型以及卒中部位等因素进行比较,分析抑郁发生率与病程的关系、抑郁严重程度与神经功能缺损程度评分的关系.结果 2组性别、年龄、卒中类型差异无统计学意义;神经功能缺损程度评分、病变部位、独居丧偶者所占比例差异有统计学意义.结论 脑卒中后抑郁状态的发生与脑损害部位、病情严重程度、病程及家庭社会关系等多因素有关,提示对于具有抑郁高发因素的脑卒中患者应及早干预.     

脑外伤后综合征与抑郁共病的临床研究--122例分析

目的了解影响脑外伤后发生抑郁及焦虑的因素,尽可能及早消除可干预因素.方法评定脑外伤后抑郁,并观察其发生与性别、病情、病前性格、文化程度、心理社会因素、受伤部位、受伤方式的关系.结果122例脑外伤后患者中92例有抑郁(75%),其发生与性别、病程、病情、性格、文化程度、心理社会因素、受伤部位、受伤方式有关.结论女性患者、病情重有昏迷、左半球受伤、被他人打伤、性格内向、文化水平偏高、与社会及家人关系不好的脑外伤后综合征患者,抑郁发生率高.尽早有效治疗,减轻病情,动员社会及家人关心患者,可减少抑郁的发生率.另外,我们推测脑外伤后综合征的患者也可能存在一定程度的脑损害.     

帕金森病患者赌博冲动发生情况调查与分析

为探讨帕金森病患者赌博冲动的发生情况及其相关危险因素,采用赌博症状评价量表对167例帕金森病患者赌博症状进行评价,同时分析性别、年龄、病程、受教育程度、吸烟史、用药情况等可能的影响因素,并进行统计学分析.调查结果显示,我国帕金森病患者赌博冲动发生率较低,尚未发现相关危险因素.     

帕金森病痴呆相关影响因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病痴呆的相关影响因素.方法 根据英国帕金森病学会脑库帕金森病临床诊断标准和美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4 版痴呆诊断标准,对简易智能状态检查量表评分<24 分且帕金森样症状早于痴呆症状至少> 2 年的帕金森病患者进行社会人口学(性别、年龄、受教育程度、职业分类)、饮酒、吸烟、饮茶、发病年龄、病程、既往史和帕金森病相关评价量表调查.采用单因素非条件Logistic 回归分析和多因素Logistic 逐步回归模型进行分析.结果 单因素分析显示,帕金森病痴呆患者年龄、帕金森病统一评价量表第3部分(UPDRSⅢ)评分均高于非痴呆者(P < 0.05);震颤型帕金森病患者发生痴呆的概率较低(OR = 0.364,95%CI:0.139 ～ 0.953);抑郁是帕金森病痴呆较强的危险因素(OR = 2.647,95%CI:0.963 ～ 7.000).多因素分析显示,进入回归方程的因素分别为年龄、受教育程度、UPDRSⅢ评分、震颤型(OR = 1.203,0.790,4.264,0.068).结论 年龄、受教育程度、UPDRSⅢ评分、震颤型、抑郁等是帕金森病痴呆的相关影响因素.     

帕金森病伴发抑郁的相关因素分析

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者抑郁的发病率、影响因素和可能病因.方法对66例PD患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)检查,以改良Webster评分、Hoehn-Yahr分级评定患者的病情严重程度,日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定患者的生活能力.结果66例PD患者中有30例发生了抑郁,发生率为45.6%.女性、教育程度高者、强直-少动型易抑郁,抑郁程度与Web-ster开期评分呈正相关,与发病年龄、病程呈负相关.结论PD伴发抑郁较常见,应引起重视,以便提高患者的生活质量.     

帕金森病患者睡眠障碍的临床分析

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者睡眠障碍的临床特征、睡眠质量评价,并分析其相关影响因素。方法采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)、UPDRS-Ⅲ分量表、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级、综合医院焦虑/抑郁情绪测定表(HAD)及自制的睡眠情况及用药调查表分别对170例PD患者的睡眠状况、疾病严重程度、认知状况、抑郁程度、病程、多巴胺能药物应用等情况进行评定和计算。结果在170例PD患者中有141例睡眠质量差,发生率为82.9%。其中入睡困难102例(60.0%),睡眠破碎96例(56.5%),白天过度嗜睡59例(34.7%),睡眠运动障碍81例(47.7%)。多因素逐步线性回归分析显示PSQI总分与UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、H-Y分级、HAD评分、MMSE评分、左旋多巴日平均剂量及年龄相关,而与性别和病程长短无关;ESS仅与UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、左旋多巴日平均剂量相关。结论PD患者总体睡眠质量差,睡眠障碍的发生率高,主要表现为入睡困难、睡眠破碎、睡眠运动障碍、白天过度嗜睡等。PD患者睡眠障碍状况受病情严重程度、认知状态、抑郁、年龄、多巴胺能药物应用等因素影响,而与性别、PD病程长短无关。     

多发性硬化患者抑郁的研究

目的研究多发性硬化(MS)患者抑郁的发生率、特点及其相关因素。方法通过汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression，HAMD)了解作者医院32例MS患者的抑郁状况，进而以扩展残疾状况评分(expanded disability status scale，EDSS)评估其神经功能缺损程度，并与其他神经免疫性疾病患者、非免疫性中枢神经系统疾病患者和健康者各30名进行比较；同时分析MS患者年龄、性别、病程、EDSS评分与患者抑郁的相关性。结果MS患者抑郁的发生率为43．6％，明显高于各对照组；患者神经功能缺损程度与抑郁呈正相关；MS患者年龄、性别、病程与抑郁无明显相关。结论MS患者抑郁发生率很高，应引起临床关注；抑郁的发生可能与其中枢神经系统病灶及免疫学异常有关。     

帕金森病患者的情感淡漠及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病情感淡漠的患病率、症状学特点及相关因素.方法 收集77例帕金森病患者和40名健康人分为病例组和对照组,使用Lille情感淡漠评定量表(LARS)分别对其进行情感淡漠评分.以-21分为界将病例组分为淡漠组和非淡漠组,对两组的年龄、性别、受教育程度、病程、运动症状、认知损害、抑郁、多巴胺能及精神科药物使用情况进行t检验、x2检验及Logistic 回归分析.结果 77例帕金森病患者中,情感淡漠的发生率为49.4％( 38/77),抑郁的发生率为46.8％( 36/77),其中不伴抑郁的情感淡漠发生率为14.3％ (11/77),情感淡漠同时伴有抑郁的发生率为35.1％ (27/77).在38例情感淡漠患者中,以认知型受损者为主占86.8％ (33/38).帕金森病患者淡漠组(n=38)和非淡漠组(n=39)在受教育程度、统一帕金森病评定量表( UPDRS)Ⅱ和Ⅲ评分、H-Y分级、蒙特利尔认知评估量表和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分之间差异有统计学意义(t=2.309、-3.144、-4.000、-3.217、2.649、-3.909,均P＜0.05).在情感淡漠相关因素的Logistic回归分析中,依次进入方程的是HAMD评分、UPDRSⅡ和受教育程度.结论 帕金森病患者的情感淡漠发生率高,可独立于抑郁而单独存在,并且可能与患者的受教育程度、运动症状严重程度、认知损害程度及抑郁存在情况之间存在相关性.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -