维生素D3受体mRNA在肝细胞增殖和肝癌发展中的作用

目的：探讨维生素D3受体mRNA在肝细胞增生和肝癌发展中的作用。方法：体外培养肝癌细胞株SMMC－7721和HCC－T细胞，培养时添加1000nmol/L、100nmol/L、10nmol/L 1，25-(OH)2D3作用1、3、6天后，用四唑盐比色试验（MTT）检测细胞的存活和生长；用反转录PCR（RT－PCR）检测维生素D3受体mRNA的表达。结果：1.25-(OH)2D3可以抑制维生素D3受体mRNA表达阳性的SMMC－7721细胞增生并且有剂量效应关系；对维生素D3受体mRNA表达阴性的HCC－T细胞没有抑制作用。9例肝癌组织标本维生素D3受体mRNA表达均为阳性。结论：1，25－（OH）2D3对于人肝癌细胞株SMMC－7721的增殖具有显著的抑制作用，其机械可能是通过维生素D3受体来实现的。     

NNMT真核表达载体的构建并转染SMMC7721肝癌细胞株

目的构建peDNA3．1（-）／NNMT（尼克酰胺-N-甲基化酶）真核表达载体并将其稳定转染到肝癌细胞系SMMC7721中。方法采用PCR法从PGEX4T-1／NNMT重组质粒中克隆得到NNMT cDNA全长序列,并将扩增的eDNA片段与pMD19-T载体连接后亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-）中。重组子经酶切分析及测序鉴定后,用脂质体转染技术将其导入到人肝癌细胞系SMMC7721,经G418筛选并建立稳定的转染细胞株,应用RT—PCR检测转染前后该细胞株NNMT基因的mRNA表达水平。结果真核表达载体构建成功．经RT-PCR检测,重组质粒转染株的NNMT基因mRNA表达水平高于对照组,证实NNMT基因已经稳定转染到SMMC7721细胞中并得到表达。结论成功建立了人基因NNMT的稳定转染细胞株,为进一步研究NNMT的功能奠定了基础。     

M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞通过p53途径下调肝癌化疗敏感性的机制研究

目的 通过研究M2肿瘤相关巨噬细胞调控p53表达来下调肝癌化疗敏感性的机制,以此拓宽建立抗肿瘤耐药的措施.方法 构建小鼠肝癌模型及分离肝癌组织,研磨组织提取巨噬细胞,通过RT-PCR方法检测巨噬细胞表面CD206及CD163分子表达情况.培养人单核巨噬细胞(THP-1),PMA (100ng/mL)和IL-4 (100ng/mL)作用诱导分化成肿瘤相关巨噬细胞后,与肝癌细胞(HepG2、SMMC7721,Hep 3B)共培养,加入奥沙利铂(20μ g/mL)作用24小时,通过Western blot方法检测凋亡相关蛋白Caspase 3、抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2及p53的表达,通过MTT方法检测化疗对肝癌细胞增殖情况.结果 成功构建了肝癌模型,分离出了肝癌组织巨噬细胞,RT-PCR检测CD206和CD163的表达显著升高;人单核细胞(THP-1)经加入PMA(100ng/mL)和IL-4 (100ng/mL)分化诱导48h后其细胞的表面CD206和CD163的表达明显高于THP1分化诱导的细胞表面表达量;肝癌细胞SMMC7721和HepG2与M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞共培养24h,经奥沙利铂作用后,肿瘤细胞Bcl-2表达明显升高,Caspase 3和p53的表达显著降低;肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制率明显降低,而Hep 3B细胞的凋亡则明显降低.结论 M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞调控肝癌细胞中p53的表达,进而抑制了肝癌化疗的敏感性.     

AFP启动子驱动的yCD/TK双自杀基因靶向杀伤肝癌细胞的体内外研究

目的： 研究携带甲胎蛋白（AFP）启动子的酵母菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶/胸苷激酶（yCDglyTK）双自杀基因体内外靶向性杀伤肝癌细胞的效果和机制。方法: 构建携带AFP启动子的yCD/TK双自杀基因表达质粒。通过阳离子脂质体将携带AFP启动子的yCD/TK双自杀基因转染HepG2和SMMC7721细胞,用MTT法测定不同浓度氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）、更昔洛韦（GCV）及联合治疗的杀伤作用,用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。建立裸鼠肝癌皮下种植瘤模型,观察自杀基因体内杀瘤效果以及细胞凋亡的情况。结果: 成功构建的携带AFP启动子的yCD/TK双自杀基因靶向性地在AFP阳性的HepG2细胞上表达,而AFP阴性的SMMC7721细胞无表达,GCV、5-FC及两者联合可有效抑制HepG2细胞生长,随药物浓度的增高而杀伤作用增强,药物间抑瘤效果比较是GCV＋5-FC＞5-FC＞GCV,而SMMC7721细胞的生长未受影响。体内实验可见GCV、5-FC及两药联合对转染后的HepG2细胞种植瘤有明显的抑制效果,并检测到明显的细胞凋亡,而对SMMC7721细胞种植瘤的生长无影响,种植瘤内极少凋亡细胞。结论: 携带AFP启动子的yCD/TK双自杀基因能有效地靶向性地杀伤AFP阳性的肝癌细胞,细胞凋亡可能是其杀伤的重要机制之一。     

p16INK4A和 p15INK4B对人肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡影响的研究

目的　为探讨抑癌基因 p16 INK4 A和 p15 INK4 B对 Rb基因状态不同的人肝癌细胞系增殖和凋亡的影响。方法　在分析细胞系遗传背景鉴定基础上采用脂质体将构建的 p XJ- p16、p XJ- p15重组质粒转染人肝癌细胞系 BEL74 0 2 (p16 / p15 Rb )和 SMMC772 1(p16 / p15 / Rb- )。应用 PCR、RNA斑点印迹、MTT、集落形成、流式细胞仪等技术检测外源性 p16和 p15基因、m RNA表达及其对肝癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。结果　经转染的 BEL74 0 2 - p16 ,BEL74 0 2 - p15细胞 ,分别存在外源性 p16、p15基因 ,在含外源基因细胞中相应的 m RNA表达增强 ;BEL74 0 2 - p15细胞生长速度、集落形成率显著低于对照细胞 BEL 74 0 2 (P<0 .0 1) ;细胞周期分析观察到与亲本细胞比较 ,BEL 74 0 2 - p15的 G1期细胞由 37.7%增高到 4 3.6 % ,S期细胞由 2 2 %下降到 13% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并出现 G1亚峰 (凋亡峰 )。与此相反 ,BEL74 0 2 - p16细胞增殖未见抑制 ,细胞周期分布无明显差异 ,集落形成率也未见减少。此外 ,SMMC772 1- p16细胞增殖也无抑制。结论　外源性 p15 INK4 B具有抑制人肝癌细胞生长 ,诱导细胞凋亡的作用 ,其作用不受内源性p15影响。而 p16 INK4 A对肝癌细胞生长抑制的作用可能依赖于 RB途径的完整性。     

逆转录病毒介导的人TNF在人肝癌细胞系（SMMC）中的表达

利用逆转录病毒载体ＬＸＳＮ构建了含人ＴＮＦａ基因的重组逆转录病毒载体Ｌ－ｔｎｆＳＮ。磷酸钙沉淀法将重组载体引入病毒包装细胞ＰＡ３１７，挑选Ｇ４１８抗性克隆，用ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞测定病毒滴度，获得滴度为１×１０５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ的细胞克隆。应用这一重组病毒感染人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ７７２１，经Ｇ４１８筛选获得抗性克隆。ＰＣＲ可从转导的细胞ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＴＮＦａ基因片段，提示目的基因完整地整合在细胞基因组中。测定转导细胞培养上清中ＴＮＦａ活性，结果显示ＴＮＦａ有相对稳定的表达（１５０～３７０Ｕ／１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ／２４小时）。实验还表明转导细胞的体外生长能力无明显变化，但是其在裸鼠中的致瘤性却明显降低，提示逆转录病毒介导ＴＮＦａ基因对人原发性肝场可能有一定的治疗作用。     

CD133和CD34在肝细胞癌血管生成拟态形成中的表达及意义

背景：在恶性肿瘤中血管生成拟态的形成过程与肿瘤干细胞有密切联系。 目的：分析肝癌干细胞标志物CD133和CD34在肝细胞癌血管生成拟态形成中的表达及意义。 方法：建立肝癌细胞HCC97H、SMMC7721和正常肝细胞L02三维培养体系,结合激光捕获显微切割技术分离形成血管生成拟态的肝癌细胞,分别利用RT-PCR和Western blot技术检测CD133和CD34表达水平。 结果与结论：三维培养条件下,肝癌细胞HCC97H细胞形成血管生成拟态,肝癌细胞SMMC7721以及正常肝细胞L02未形成血管生成拟态。形成血管生成拟态的肝癌细胞HCC97H中CD133、CD34在mRNA及蛋白表达水平上均高于未形成血管生成拟态的肝癌细胞SMMC7721和正常肝细胞L02(P < 0.05)。表明高侵袭性肝癌细胞在三维培养下形成血管生成拟态,而低侵袭性肝癌细胞及正常肝细胞不能形成血管生成拟态;肝癌细胞形成血管生成拟态的过程中与表达肝癌干细胞有关。     

Co-delivery of platinum drug and siNotch1 with micelleplex for enhanced hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

As part of HCC tumor cellularity, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered a major obstacle to eradicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the accumulation of chemotherapeutic drug-resistant CSCs invariably accounts for poor prognosis and HCC relapse. In the present study, we explored the efficacy of co-delivery of platinum drug and siRNA targeting Notch1 to treat CSCs-harboring HCC. To overcome the challenging obstacles of platinum drug and siRNA in the systemic administration, we developed a micellar nanoparticle (MNP) to deliver platinum(IV) prodrug and siNotch1, hereafter referred to as ^Pt(IV)MNP/siNotch1. We demonstrated that ^Pt(IV)MNP/siNotch1 was able to efficiently deliver two drugs into both non-CSCs and CSCs of SMMC7721, a HCC cell line. We further found that siRNA-mediated inhibition of Notch1 suppression can increase the sensitivity of HCC cells to platinum drugs and decrease the percentage of HCC CSCs, and consequently resulting in enhanced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction in HCC cells in vitro. Moreover, our results indicated that the combined drug delivery system can remarkably augment drug enrichment in tumor tissues, substantially suppressing the tumor growth while avoiding the accumulation of CSCs in a synergistic manner in the SMMC7721 xenograft model.     

NK细胞对不同人肝癌细胞株的杀伤作用

目的: 观察自然杀伤(NK)细胞对不同肝癌细胞株的体内外抑瘤作用,并检测肝癌细胞MHC-I类链相关蛋白(MIC蛋白)的表达。方法: 抽取志愿者外周血50 mL,分离单个核细胞,置入NK细胞试剂盒行孵化及逐级扩增。计算NK细胞对人白血病细胞株K562及人肝癌细胞株BEL7402、HepG2、SMMC7721的杀伤率。接种建立人肝癌细胞株裸鼠移植瘤,进行NK细胞瘤内及瘤周注射;计算各组裸鼠移植瘤的体积,绘制各组肿瘤生长曲线;处死裸鼠,称瘤重,计算NK细胞对各组肿瘤抑制率。检测人肝癌细胞表面 MIC蛋白表达。结果: NK细胞对K562细胞杀伤最强,BEL-7402次之,SMMC-7721细胞株杀伤敏感性最低。裸鼠抑瘤实验结果显示NK细胞对于BEL-7402细胞株的抑瘤效果最好,而对于SMMC-7721细胞株的抑瘤效果较差。BEL-7402及HepG2细胞株表面表达MIC,而SMMC-7721则很少表达。结论: NK细胞对于不同人肝癌细胞株体内外抑瘤作用不同,其差异可能和不同肝癌细胞株MIC的表达有关。     

miR-634 在肝癌中的表达及对肝癌细胞生物学行为的影响

目的:检测microRNA-634(miR-634)在肝癌中的表达水平及其对肝癌细胞常见生物学行为的调控作用。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT鄄qPCR)法检测肝癌细胞系(HepG2、SMMC7721、Bel7402、Bel7404、SNU739)、69 例肝癌组织及匹配癌旁组织中miR-634 的相对定量,分析miR-634 表达与肝癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、分化程度、Child-Pugh 分级、BCLC 分期、门静脉癌栓及肝外转移的关系,同时构建miR-634 的真核表达载体并转染肝癌细胞系,采用活细胞计数试剂盒CCK-8、流式细胞仪Annexin V/ PI 双染法和Transwell 侵袭实验检测转染miR鄄634 对细胞增殖、凋亡和侵袭能力的影响。结果:与正常人肝细胞系L-02 相比,肝癌细胞的miR-634 水平均降低(P <0.05),表达量依次为HepG2 >SNU739 >Bel7402 > Bel7404 >SMMC7721;69 例肝癌组织的miR鄄634 水平为(0.253±0.019),低于匹配癌旁组织(P<0.05),且与肿瘤直径、分化程度、BCLC分期、门静脉癌栓及肝外转移均有关(P<0.05)。过表达组转染24 ~96 h 后的miR鄄634 水平持续升高,与对照组和空转染组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组和空转染组相比,转染组的增殖抑制率、凋亡率均升高,但穿膜细胞数降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:miR-634 在肝癌组织和细胞中均为低表达,且与临床病理参数有关,上调其水平可抑制肝癌细胞增殖及侵袭并诱导凋亡,对于肝癌防治有重要借鉴价值。     

miR-155在中介素促进肝癌细胞增殖中的作用

目的 MicroRNAs(miRNAs)在恶性肿瘤发生发展过程中起到重要作用,小分子多肽中介素(Intermedin,IMD)可促进肝癌细胞的增殖活性。本文探讨了miR-155在中介素促进肝癌细胞增殖中的作用。方法以CCK-8检测试剂盒检测SMMC7721肝癌细胞增殖,实时定量PCR方法检测增殖细胞核抗原PCNA和miR-155的表达。结果与中介素可以呈时间和剂量依赖关系诱导肝癌SMMC7721细胞的增殖,同时可显著上调miR-155mRNA表达水平;而阻断miR-155可在一定程度上抑制由中介素诱导的SMMC7721细胞增殖。结论中介素促肝癌细胞增殖作用可能与上调miR-155表达相关。     

TXNDC5 contributes to rheumatoid arthritis by down‐regulating IGFBP1 expression

The thioredoxin domain‐containing 5 (TXNDC5) gene is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and exhibits increased expression in the synovial tissues. TXNDC5 is also associated strongly with diabetes, a metabolic disease characterized by interrupted insulin signalling. This study investigated whether TXNDC5 contributes to RA via the insulin signalling pathway. In this study, RA synovial fibroblast‐like cells (RASFs) transfected with an anti‐TXNDC5 small interfering RNA (siRNA) were analysed with an insulin signaling pathway RT² profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and an insulin resistance RT² profiler PCR array. The PCR arrays detected significantly increased expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in RASFs with suppressed TXNDC5 expression. The result was verified using real‐time PCR and Western blot analyses. Significantly elevated IGFBP1 expression and decreased interleukin (IL)‐6 secretion were also detected in culture medium of transfected RASFs. Furthermore, decreased IGFBP1 mRNA and protein expression levels were detected in RA synovial tissues. Additionally, significantly increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation and cell migration were observed in RASFs transfected with the anti‐TXNDC5 siRNA, whereas transfection with the anti‐IGFBP1 siRNA or a mixture of the anti‐IGFBP1 and anti‐TXNDC5 siRNAs restored normal cell proliferation, migration and IL‐6 level in RASFs. Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) has potent prosurvival and anti‐apoptotic functions, and IGFBP1 can suppress IGF activity. Based on the results of the present study, we suggest that TXNDC5 contributes to abnormal RASF proliferation, migration and IL‐6 production by inhibiting IGFBP1 expression.     

Proline‐rich acidic protein 1 (PRAP1) is a novel interacting partner of MAD1 and has a suppressive role in mitotic checkpoint signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma

Loss of mitotic checkpoint of cells contributes to chromosomal instability and leads to carcinogenesis. Mitotic arrest deficient 1 (MAD1) is a key component in mitotic checkpoint signalling. In this study, we identified a novel MAD1 interacting partner, proline‐rich acidic protein 1 (PRAP1), using yeast‐two hybrid screening, and investigated its role in mitotic checkpoint signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We demonstrated the physical interaction of PRAP1 with MAD1 and of PRAP1 with MAD1 isoform MAD1β, using a co‐immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, stable expression of PRAP1 in mitotic checkpoint‐competent HCC cells, BEL‐7402 and SMMC‐7721, induced impairment of the mitotic checkpoint (p < 0.01), formation of chromosome bridges (p < 0.01) and aberrant chromosome numbers (p < 0.001). Interestingly, ectopic expression PRAP1 in HCC cells led to significant under‐expression of MAD1. In human HCC tumours, 40.4% (23/57) of HCCs showed under‐expression of PRAP1 protein as compared with their corresponding non‐tumorous livers; up‐regulation of MAD1 protein was significantly associated with down‐regulation of PRAP1 (p = 0.030). Our data revealed that PRAP1 is a protein interacting partner of MAD1 and that PRAP1 is able to down‐regulate MAD1 and suppress mitotic checkpoint signalling in HCC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.pathsoc.org.uk     

CC chemokine receptor‐like 1 functions as a tumour suppressor by impairing CCR7‐related chemotaxis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Atypical chemokine receptors (ACRs) have been discovered to participate in the regulation of tumour behaviour. Here we report a tumour‐suppressive role of a novel ACR member, CC chemokine receptor like 1 (CCRL1), in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both mRNA and protein expressions of CCRL1 correlated with the malignant phenotype of HCC cells and were significantly down‐regulated in tumour tissue compared with paired normal liver tissue. In both the initial and validation cohorts (n = 240 and n = 384, respectively), CCRL1 deficiency was associated with advanced tumour stage and was an independent index for worse survival and increased recurrence. Furthermore, knock‐down or forced expression of CCRL1 revealed that CCRL1 suppressed the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells in vitro and reduced tumour growth and lung metastasis in vivo, with depressed levels of CCL19 and CCL21. By sequestrating CCL19 and CCL21, CCRL1 reduced their binding to CCR7 and consequently mitigated the detrimental impact of CCR7, including Akt–GSK3β pathway activation and nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin in tumour cells. Clinically, the prognostic value of the CCR7 expression in HCC depended on the expression level of CCRL1, suggesting that CCRL1 may serve as an upstream switch for the CCR7 signalling cascade. Together, our findings suggest that CCRL1 impairs chemotactic events associated with CCR7 in the progression and metastasis of HCC. Our results also show a potential interplay between typical and atypical chemokine receptors in human cancer. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UHRF2 promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Upregulating ErbB3/Ras/Raf Signaling Pathway

Emerging evidence revealed that UHRF2 was implicated in a variety of human diseases, especially in cancer. However, the biological function, clinical significance and underly mechanisms of UHRF2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unknown. We analyzed the expression of UHRF2 in 371 HCC tissues and 50 para-cancerous tissues of TCGA database. We found that UHRF2 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues, which was further confirmed in HCC cells and tissues by western blot. More importantly, the level of UHRF2 was correlated with pathological grade and clinical stage, and the patients with high level of UHRF2 had lower overall survival, disease-free survival and higher recurrence rate than those with low UHRF2 level. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high level of UHRF2 might be an independent prognostic factor for HCC patients. Functional investigations suggested that ectopic expression of UHRF2 could promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cell lines, whereas knock down of UHRF2 exhibited an opposite effect. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that ERBB signaling pathway was upregulated in patients with high level of UHRF2. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the expression of UHRF2 was positively correlated with ErbB3 and its downstream targets SOS1, Ras and Raf-1. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of UHRF2 could upregulate the expression of ErbB3, SOS1, Ras and Raf-1. Our findings suggested that UHRF2 might accelerate HCC progression by upregulating ErbB3/Ras/Raf signaling pathway and it might serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC patients.     

Inhibitory effect of miR-184 on the potential of proliferation and invasion in human glioma and breast cancer cells in vitro

MiR-184 was an important suppressor to tumor cells proliferation and invasion and some studies show that it was down-regulated in aggressive human tumor cells and a potential tumor therapy target through expression of miR-184 results in reduced tumor cell aggressiveness. In this study, miR-184 showed an inhibitive activity of glioma U87MG cell line and breast cancer MCF-7 cell line in proliferation and invasion by MTS and transwell assay. We found that the miR-184 also could arrest cell cycle and adhesion by up-regulating the expression of p53 and p21 and activity of caspase-3/8, suppressing the expression of SND1, MMP-2/9, CD44 and activity of AKT/NF-κB pathway. The results showed that miR-184 could be a potential target for glioma and breast cancer treatment.     

肝癌细胞增殖受M-CSF胞内和胞外自分泌的双重调控

目的：研究胞内M-CSF及其受体在肝癌SMMC 7721细胞的表达与性质,探讨胞内M-CSF对SMMC 7721细胞增殖的影响及其机制。 方法： 以高表达M-CSF的人肝癌细胞系（SMMC 7721细胞）为模型，以免疫组化、流式细胞计数、反义技术与蛋白印迹等方法观测胞内M-CSF对SMMC 7721细胞增殖的影响及其机制。 结果： M-CSF 及其受体主要在SMMC 7721细胞的胞质、胞核中表达，胞内的M-CSF的相对分子量为20 000，M-CSFR的相对分子量为120 000；免疫共沉淀分析证明M-CSF在细胞内与M-CSFR以复合物的形式存在；M-CSF的单克隆抗体及其反义寡聚核苷酸能抑制SMMC 7721细胞的增殖、下调cyclinD1/E的表达和上调p16的表达，且M-CSF的单克隆抗体及其反义寡聚核苷酸的联合使用能进一步加强对SMMC 7721细胞抑制作用和增加下调cyclinD1/E和上调p16的表达幅度。 结论： SMMC 7721细胞受M-CSF胞外自分泌和胞内自分泌的双重调控。     

体外培养肿瘤细胞系MHC分型及定量检测

为了对肿瘤细胞进行HLA分型,首先我们应用经肿瘤细胞吸收后的抗血清进行间接淋巴细胞毒试验,对五种人肝癌细胞进行了HLA-A位点常见等位基因A2和A11的检测.结果表明,该方法具有一定的敏感性,对高表达的HLA-A2具有较好的可靠性,但对A11位点检测不明确.使用可获得的抗血清,采用流式细胞免疫荧光法(FACS)进行分析,结果不仅证实了上述结果,而且发现A2和A11分子的表达量普遍低于正常人外周血淋巴细胞.在此基础上,进一步应用该法分析了人肝癌细胞SMMC7721经IFN-γ基因修饰后的HLA-A2表达.