直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床病理研究

目的 研究直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(NET)的临床病理因素与淋巴结转移及预后的关系,探讨手术方式的选择.方法 收集48例直肠NET切除术后患者的临床病理资料.分别采用卡方检验和Logistic回归法进行肿瘤临床病理因素与淋巴结转移关系的单因素和多因素分析.采用Kaplan-Meier方法进行预后单因素生存分析,以Log-rank检验进行生存率比较,采用Cox模型进行预后多因素生存分析.结果 单因素分析显示,与淋巴结转移相关的临床病理因素为肿瘤距肛缘≤6 cm、肿瘤最大径＞2 cm、有肌层浸润、有远处转移、组织学3级.多因素分析显示,组织学3级是淋巴结转移的独立相关因素[比值比(OR)=9.333,95％可信区间(CD:1.054～82.635,P=0.045].单因素生存分析显示,预后差的相关因素为肿瘤距肛缘≤6 cm、肿瘤最大径＞2 cm、有肌层浸润、有淋巴结转移、有远处转移、组织学3级.多因素生存分析显示,肿瘤距肛缘≤6 cm[风险比(HR)=0.215,95％CI:0.047～0.980,P=0.047]、有远处转移(HR=8.788,95％CI:2.612～29.571,P＜0.01)、组织学3级(HR=5.510,95％CI:1.692～17.944,P=0.005)是预后差的独立相关因素.结论 在无远处转移的情况下,对于组织学1级和2级的直肠NET患者,若肿瘤最大径＞2 cm或有肌层浸润,推荐其接受根治性手术;在无远处转移的情况下,组织学3级的直肠NET患者均推荐其接受根治性手术.     

Clinical impact of atypical endoscopic features in rectal neuroendocrine tumors

AIM: To validate the association between atypical endoscopic features and lymph node metastasis(LNM).METHODS: A total of 247 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors(NETs) were analyzed. Endoscopic images were reviewed independently by two endoscopists, each of whom classified tumors by sized and endoscopic features, such as shape, color, and surface change(kappa coefficient 0.76 for inter-observer agreement). All of patients underwent computed tomography scans of abdomen and pelvis for evaluation of LNM. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with LNM. Additionally, the association between endoscopic atypical features and immunohistochemical staining of tumors was analyzed.RESULTS: Of 247 patients, 156(63.2%) were male and 15(6.1%) were showed positive for LNM. On univariate analysis, tumor size(P 0.001), shape(P 0.001), color(P 0.001) and surface changes(P 0.001) were significantly associated with LNM. On multivariate analysis, tumor size(OR = 11.53, 95%CI: 2.51-52.93, P = 0.002) and atypical surface(OR = 27.44, 95%CI: 5.96-126.34, P 0.001) changes were independent risk factors for LNM. The likelihood of atypical endoscopic features increased as tumor size increased. Atypical endoscopic features were associated with LNM in rectal NETs 10 mm(P = 0.005) and 10-19 mm(P = 0.041) in diameter. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the rate of atypical endoscopic features was higher in non L-cell tumors.CONCLUSION: Atypical endoscopic features as well as tumor size are predictive factors of LNM in patients with rectal NETs.     

小探头超声内镜在不同起源层次直肠神经内分泌肿瘤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的　探讨不同起源层次的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤（rectal neuroendocrine neoplasm,R?NENs）的超声内镜下特点及对诊断和治疗决策的影响。方法　采用回顾性横断面研究,收集2016年1月—2021年7月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院消化内镜中心行小探头超声内镜检查（miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography,MEUS）,经MEUS或病理诊断为R?NENs的病例共56例,比较黏膜深层起源与黏膜下层起源的R?NENs的超声内镜下表现、病理分级、治疗方式和随访结果。结果　56例中,49例确诊为R?NENs,MEUS诊断R?NENs的敏感度为93.88%（46/49）,阳性预测值为86.79%（46/53）,准确率为82.14%（46/56）。R?NENs主要表现为中低回声［95.92%（47/49）］。被漏诊的3例R?NENs均起源于黏膜下层,1例表现为低回声、2例表现为高回声。黏膜深层起源与黏膜下层起源R?NENs比较,两者在肿瘤长径、超声内镜下回声强度、回声均匀度和病理分级构成方面差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,但两者在肿瘤距肛门距离构成方面差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.011,P=0.025）,黏膜下层起源者肿瘤距肛门距离≤5 cm占比较黏膜深层起源者有大幅上升［43.75%（14/32）比17.65%（3/17）］。治疗方式上以内镜黏膜下剥离术［67.5%（27/40）］和外科经肛门内镜下直肠病变微创手术［25.0%（10/40）］为主,但不同术式间R?NENs的超声内镜下表现和病理分级构成并无明显差别。结论　对于黏膜深层起源与黏膜下层起源的R?NENs,超声内镜下表现和病理分级并无明显差别,可能提示两者的预后相当。至于不同起源层次R?NENs的超声内镜下表现,暂未发现其对治疗方式选择产生明显影响。     

Risk factors of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in advanced rectal cancer

Background  To clarify the risk factors of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis of rectal cancer, we examined associations between LPLN status and clinicopathological factors including LPLN status diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). Methods  We reviewed a total of 210 patients with advanced rectal cancer, of which the lower margin was located at or below the peritoneal reflection, who underwent preoperative CT with 5-mm-thick sections and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection at the National Cancer Center Hospital between February 1998 and March 2006. Results  Forty-seven patients (22.4%) had LPLN metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that LPLN status diagnosed by CT, pathological regional lymph node status, tumor location, and tumor differentiation were significant risk factors for LPLN metastasis. Among 45 patients with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma who were LPLN-negative and in whom CT had found no regional lymph node metastasis, none had LPLN metastasis. On the other hand, among 13 patients with moderate or less differentiated lower rectal adenocarcinoma who were LPLN-positive and in whom CT had revealed regional lymph node metastasis, 12 (92.3%) had LPLN metastasis. Conclusions  LPLN status diagnosed by CT, pathological regional LN status, tumor location, and tumor differentiation are significant risk factors for LPLN metastasis. Using these factors, patients can be classified as having a low or high risk of LPLN metastasis.     

Isolated tumor cell in lateral lymph node has no influences on the prognosis of rectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of isolated tumor cells (ITC) and micrometastasis in lateral lymph nodes of patients with rectal cancer and its possible correlation with prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-seven rectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection with lateral lymph node dissection were enrolled. Dissected lymph nodes were examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-keratin antibody (AE1/AE3). States of lymph node metastasis were divisible into three groups: detectable with HE (HE+), detectable with only IHC (HE-/IHC+), and undetectable even with IHC (IHC-). Almost all the HE-/IHC+ group was classified as ITC consisting of a few tumor cells according to the UICC criteria (ITC+). Survival rates were compared among HE+, ITC+, and IHC-. RESULTS: ITC+ were detected in 24.1% of patients with HE-negative lateral lymph nodes. No significant difference in overall 5-year survival was observed between ITC+ and IHC- patients (76.1 and 82.9%, respectively, p = 0.25). Multivariate analysis showed that perirectal HE+ lymph nodes, but not ITC+ lateral lymph nodes, was an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: ITC in lateral lymph nodes does not contribute to the prognosis of rectal cancer in patients who undergo extended lateral lymph node dissection, unlike HE+ lateral lymph node metastasis.     

Application of indocyanine green-enhanced near-infrared fluorescence-guided imaging in laparoscopic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for middle-low rectal cancer

BACKGROUND As one effective treatment for lateral pelvic lymph node(LPLN)metastasis(LPNM),laparoscopic LPLN dissection(LPND)is limited due to the complicated anatomy of the pelvic sidewall and various complications after surgery.With regard to improving the accuracy and completeness of LPND as well as safety,we tried an innovative method using indocyanine green(ICG)visualized with a near-infrared(NIR)camera system to guide the detection of LPLNs in patients with middle-low rectal cancer.AIM To investigate whether ICG-enhanced NIR fluorescence-guided imaging is a better technique for LPND in patients with rectal cancer.METHODS A total of 42 middle-low rectal cancer patients with clinical LPNM who underwent total mesorectal excision(TME)and LPND between October 2017 and March 2019 at our institution were assessed and divided into an ICG group and a non-ICG group.Clinical characteristics,operative outcomes,pathological outcomes,and postoperative complication information were compared and analysed between the two groups.RESULTS Compared to the non-ICG group,the ICG group had significantly lower intraoperative blood loss(55.8±37.5 mL vs 108.0±52.7 mL,P=0.003)and a significantly larger number of LPLNs harvested(11.5±5.9 vs 7.1±4.8,P=0.017).The LPLNs of two patients in the non-IVG group were residual during LPND.In addition,no significant difference was found in terms of LPND,LPNM,operative time,conversion to laparotomy,preoperative complication,or hospital stay(P>0.05).CONCLUSION ICG-enhanced NIR fluorescence-guided imaging could be a feasible and convenient technique to guide LPND because it could bring specific advantages regarding the accuracy and completeness of surgery as well as safety.     

Lymphovascular invasion in more than one-quarter of small rectal neuroendocrine tumors

AIM To identify the frequency, clinicopathological risk factors, and prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion(LVI) in endoscopically resected small rectal neuroendocrine tumors(NETs).METHODS Between June 2005 and December 2015, 104 cases of endoscopically resected small(≤ 1 cm) rectal NET specimens at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital in Korea were retrospectively evaluated. We compared the detected rate of LVI in small rectal NET specimens by two methods: hematoxylin and eosin(HE) and ancillary immunohistochemical staining(D2-40 and Elastica van Gieson); in addition, LVI detection ratedifference between endoscopic procedures were also evaluated. Patient characteristics, prognosis and endoscopic resection results were reviewed by medical charts.RESULTS We observed LVI rates of 25.0% and 27.9% through HE and ancillary immunohistochemical staining. The concordance rate between HE and ancillary studies was 81.7% for detection of LVI, which showed statistically strong agreement between two methods(κ = 0.531, P 0.001). Two endoscopic methods were studied, including endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device and endoscopic submucosal dissection, and no statistically significant difference in the LVI detection rate was detected between the two(26.3% and 26.8%, P = 0.955). LVI was associated with large tumor size( 5 mm, P = 0.007), tumor grade 2(P = 0.006). Among those factors, tumor grade 2 was the only independent predictive factor for the presence of LVI(HR = 4.195, 95%CI: 1.321-12.692, P = 0.015). No recurrence was observed over 28.8 mo regardless of the presence of LVI.CONCLUSION LVI may be present in a high percentage of small rectal NETs, which may not be associated with short-term prognosis.     

Appropriateness of systemic treatments in unresectable metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

AIM:To evaluate systemic treatment choices in unresectable metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(PNETs)and provide consensus treatment recommendations.METHODS:Systemic treatment options for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have expanded in recent years to include somatostatin analogs,angiogenesis inhibitors,inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycinand cytotoxic agents.At this time,there is little data to guide treatment selection and sequence.We therefore assembled a panel of expert physicians to evaluate systemic treatment choices and provide consensus treatment recommendations.Treatment appropriateness ratings were collected using the RAND/UCLA modified Delphi process.After studying the literature,a multidisciplinary panel of 10 physicians assessed the appropriateness of various medical treatment scenarios on a 1-9 scale.Ratings were done both before and after an extended discussion of the evidence.Quantitative measurements of agreement were made and consensus statements developed from the second round ratings.RESULTS:Specialties represented were medical and surgical oncology,interventional radiology,and gastroenterology.Panelists had practiced for a mean of15.5 years(range:6-33).Among 202 rated scenarios,disagreement decreased from 13.2%(26 scenarios)before the face-to-face discussion of evidence to 1%(2)after.In the final ratings,46.5%(94 scenarios)were rated inappropriate,21.8%(44)were uncertain,and30.7%(62)were appropriate.Consensus statements from the scenarios included:(1)it is appropriate to use somatostatin analogs as first line therapy in patients with hormonally functional tumors and may be appropriate in patients who are asymptomatic;(2)it is appropriate to use everolimus,sunitinib,or cytotoxic chemotherapy therapy as first line therapy in patients with symptomatic or progressive tumors;and(3)beyond first line,these same agents can be used.In patients with uncontrolled secretory symptoms,octreotide LAR doses can be titrated up to 60 mg every4 wk or up to 40 mg every 3 or 4 wk.CONCLUSION:Using the Delphi process allowed physician experts to systematically obtain a consensus on the appropriateness of a variety of medical therapies in patients with PNETs.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗直肠神经内分泌瘤的疗效及思考

探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗直肠神经内分泌瘤（rectal neuroendocrine tumor,RNET）的临床疗效及安全性。回顾2012年12月—2021年1月就诊于黑龙江省医院消化病院消化一科,肿瘤最大径≤15 mm,行ESD治疗,经病理证实为RNET且临床资料完整的71例患者（男43例、女28例）,年龄（46.66±10.15）岁,分析流行病学、内镜表现、手术时间、并发症、病理结果、内镜超声检查术（endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS）与病理的一致性以及预后等。患者中69例病变为单发,2例病变为多发（2个）;内镜下病变位于直肠中下段70个（70/73,95.89%）,上段3个（3/73,4.11%）;肿瘤最大径（8.54±3.12）mm。肿瘤均整块切除,无并发症,肿瘤完整切除率为87.67%（64/73）,8例肿瘤紧邻垂直切缘,1例见脉管内瘤栓。EUS评价全部病灶均未累及固有肌层,与病理诊断符合率100.0%。随访（4.52±3.85）年（1～9年）,患者均未发现局部复发或远处转移。可见ESD治疗最大径≤15 mm的RNET安全、有效;对于术前充分评估无转移迹象的G1级肿瘤,即使切除标本中肿瘤紧邻切缘或有一定程度的脉管浸润,也可考虑密切随访。     

Clinicopathological characteristics of non-functioning cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Background/objectives

The biological features of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of non-functioning PNETs (NF-PNETs) with a cystic component.

Characteristics and long-term prognosis of patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors

AIM:To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors of rectal neuroendocrine tumors.METHODS:The records of 48 patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors who were treated at the Cancer Institute and Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing,from March 2004 to September 2009were retrospectively reviewed.The clinicopathological data were extracted and analyzed,and patients were followed-up by telephone or follow-up letter to determine their survival status.Follow-up data were available for all 48 patients.Uni-and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the prognostic factors significantly associated with overall survival.RESULTS:The tumors occurred mostly in the middle and lower rectum,and the most prominent symptoms experienced by patients were hematochezia and diarrhea.The median distance between the tumors andthe anal edges was 5.0±2.257 cm,and the median diameter of the tumors was 0.8±1.413 cm.The major pathological type was a typical carcinoid tumor,which accounted for 93.8%(45/48)of patients.Tumor-nodemetastasis(TNM)stagesⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣtumors accounted for 78.8%,3.9%,9.6%and 7.7%of patients,respectively.The main treatment method,in 72.9%(35/48)of patients,was transanal extended excision.The 1-,3-and 5-year survival rates of the whole group of patients were 100%,93.7%,and 91.3%,respectively.Univariate analysis showed that age(P=0.032),tumor diameter(P<0.001),histological type(P<0.001),TNM stage(P<0.001),and surgical approach(P=0.002)were all prognostic factors.On multivariate analysis,only the pathological type was shown to be an independent prognostic factor(HR=2.797,95%CI:1.676-4.668,P=0.004).CONCLUSION:In patients with rectal neuroendocrine tumors,TNM stage Ⅰ is the most common stage found,and lymph node or distant metastases are rarely seen.The pathological type of the tumor is an independent prognostic factor.     

Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms

AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)for rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(NENs)and the differential diagnosis of rectal NENs from other subepithelial lesions(SELs).METHODS:The study group consisted of 36 consecutive patients with rectal NENs histopathologically diagnosed using biopsy and/or resected specimens.The control group consisted of 31 patients with homochronous rectal non-NEN SELs confirmed by pathology.Epithelial lesions such as cancer and adenoma were excluded from this study.One EUS expert blinded to the histological results reviewed the ultrasonic images.The size,original layer,echoic intensity and homogeneity of the lesions and the perifocal structures were investigated.The single EUS diagnosis recorded by the EUS expert was compared with the histological results.RESULTS:All NENs were located at the rectum 2-10 cm from the anus and appeared as nodular(n=12),round(n=19)or egg-shaped(n=5)lesions with a hypoechoic(n=7)or intermediate(n=29)echo pattern and a distinct border.Tumors ranged in size from 2.3 to 13.7 mm,with an average size of 6.8 mm.Homogeneous echogenicity was seen in all tumors except three.Apart from three patients(stage T2 in two and stage T3 in one),the tumors were located in the second and/or third wall layer without involvement of the fourth and fifth layers.In the patients with stage T1 disease,the tumors were located in the second wall layer only in seven cases,the third wall layer only in two cases,and both the second and third wall layers in27 cases.Approximately 94.4%(34/36)of rectal NENs were diagnosed correctly by EUS,and 74.2%(23/31)of other rectal SELs were classified correctly as nonNENs.Eight cases of other SELs were misdiagnosed as NENs,including two cases of inflammatory lesions and one case each of gastrointestinal tumor,endometriosis,metastatic tumor,lymphoma,neurilemmoma,and hemangioma.The positive predictive value of EUS for rectal NENs was 80.9%(34/42),the negative predictive value was 92.0%(23/25),and the diagnostic accuracy was85.1%.CONCLUSION:EUS has satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for rectal NENs with good sensitivity,but unfavorable specificity,making the differential diagnosis of NENs from other SELs challenging.     

Clinicopathological evaluation of duodenal well-differentiated endocrine tumors

AIM:To assess the clinicopathological characteristics of duodenal well-differentiated endocrine tumors.METHODS:We examined clinicopathological characteristics in 11 consecutive patients with duodenal well-differentiated endocrine tumors treated by endoscopic therapy or surgery in our hospital from 1992 through 2007.Patients with well-differentiated endocrine tu-mors of the papilla of Vater or with gastrinoma were excluded.RESULTS:Three patients received endoscopic treatment,and 8 underwent surgery.In patients who received endoscopic treatment,the tumor diameter was less than 1.0 cm,with no histopathological evidence of lymphovascular invasion or invasion of the muscularis.There were no complications such as late bleedingor perforation after treatment.Among 8 patients with tumors less than 1.0 cm in diameter,3 underwent partial resection,and 2 underwent radical surgery.Three patients had lymphovascular invasion,1 had invasion of the muscularis,and 1 had proximal lymph node metastasis.Among 3 patients with tumors 1.0 cm or more in diameter,1 underwent partial resection,and 2 under-went radical surgery.One patient had lymphovascular invasion,with no lymph node metastasis.After treatment,all patients are alive and have remained free of metastasis and recurrence.CONCLUSION:Duodenal well-differentiated endocrine tumors less than 1.0 cm in diameter have a risk of lym-phovascular invasion,invasion of the muscularis,and lymph node metastasis,irrespective of procedural prob-lems.     

早期胃癌的临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 探讨和总结早期胃癌(early gastric cancer,EGC)的临床病理特征,并分析其与患者预后之间的关系,研究EGC淋巴转移的规律.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月-2005年12月152例EGC的临床病理资料及其对预后的影响.结果 肿瘤大小、浸润深度及淋巴转移与EGC预后相关.结论 淋巴转移是影响EGC预后的关键因素,肿瘤大小、浸润深度、分化程度是EGC淋巴转移的独立危险因子,术前对这些因素的评估有助于选择合理的治疗方案.     

Comparison of morphological features in lymph node metastasis between pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas

BackgroundVarious studies have reported inconsistent results regarding the use of lymph node size for the prediction of metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Further, there is even less information in pNENs. Thus, the clinical accuracy and utility of using lymph node size to predict lymph node metastasis in pNENs has not been fully elucidatedObjectivesThis study aimed to examine differences in lymph node morphology between pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) to create more accurate diagnostic criteria for lymph node metastasis.MethodsWe assessed 2139 lymph nodes, 773 from pNEN specimens and 1366 from PDAC specimens, surgically resected at our institute between 1994 and 2016. We evaluated the number, shape, size, and presence of metastasis.ResultsSixty-eight lymph nodes from 16 pNEN patients and 109 lymph nodes from 33 PDAC patients were metastatic. There were more lymph nodes sampled per case in the PDAC group than in the pNEN group (31.8 vs. 18.0). Metastatic lymph nodes in pNEN patients were larger and rounder than those in PDAC patients (minor axis: 5.15 mm vs. 3.11 mm; minor axis/major axis ratio: 0.701 vs. 0.626). The correlation between lymph node size and metastasis was stronger in pNENs (r = 0.974) than in PDACs (r = 0.439).ConclusionsLymph node status and morphology are affected by differences in tumor histology. The lymph node minor axis is a reliable parameter for the prediction of lymph node metastasis and has more utility as a predictive marker in pNENs than in PDACs.     

Notch信号通路和神经内分泌肿瘤

Notch信号通路既简单又复杂,表达于多个物种且高度保守.在不同的细胞类型中,Notch信号通路可促进或抑制细胞增殖、分化和凋亡.Notch信号通路与肿瘤的关系比较复杂,既可以作为癌基因,也可以作为抑癌基因,它的作用与细胞类型有关.在神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs)如类癌、小细胞肺癌(SCLC)和甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)中Notch信号通路失活,若激活Notch信号通路可抑制肿瘤细胞生长、减少NETs标志物,证明Notch信号通路在NETs中发挥肿瘤抑制作用.因此,Notch信号通路激活剂可能会成为NETs患者的一个潜在治疗药物.     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的再思考

直肠淋巴流向的研究从1895年D. Gerota的研究开始,提出了直肠淋巴流向可以分为上、中、下三个方向,经过很多学者的进一步研究修正,现普遍认为侧方淋巴流向可以分为4个方向：1.前方,由膀胱下动脉,前列腺动脉,经闭孔动脉到髂总动脉;2.沿直肠中动脉到髂内动脉;3.沿着骶中动脉和骶外侧动脉到腹主动脉分叉部位;4.沿着直肠下动脉到髂内动脉。侧方淋巴结转移主要发生在低位直肠癌,浸润深度大于肌层者,而转移的侧方淋巴结并不包括在直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）范围之内。NCCN直肠癌诊疗指南中没有提及侧方淋巴结的概念,日本大肠癌规约则认为有适应证的低位直肠癌应行侧方淋巴结清扫术。西方学者认为直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移是全身疾病,侧方淋巴结清扫难以改善总体临床结局;日本学者则认为是局部疾病,对低位直肠癌规范手术为TME＋侧方淋巴结清扫。西方学者认为术前放化疗可替代侧方淋巴结清扫;东方学者则认为对于术前放化疗不敏感的直肠癌患者,侧方淋巴结清扫术仍不失为一个可供选择的治疗方案。低位直肠癌患者是否应行预防性盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫仍存在争议,但治疗性侧方淋巴结清扫术则是日本的直肠癌规范治疗。不少研究报道了腹腔镜侧方淋巴结清扫术的初步探索结果,认为其是安全有效的,但其与开放手术的远期肿瘤学结果对比仍需多中心随机对照研究验证。     

An evaluation of resectability among endoscopic treatment methods for rectal neuroendocrine tumors <10 mm

Background and Study AimsWith respect to rectal neuroendocrine tumor (NET) resection, it remains unclear which of the following methods is the most effective: conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (cEMR), EMR using a fitted cap (EMR-C), EMR with a ligation band device (EMR-L), or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Thus, in this study, we aim to retrospectively evaluate the most effective endoscopic resection for rectal NETs < 10 mm.Patients and methodsIn total, 61 consecutive patients with primary rectal NETs < 10 mm in diameter were included in this study; they were then divided into three groups: those with cEMR; those with modified EMR (mEMR) involving EMR-C and EMR-L; and those with ESD. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the difference in the complete en bloc resection rate. The secondary endpoint was to investigate differences in procedure time and complications.ResultsAmong the three groups, a significant difference was found in procedure time (cEMR vs ESD, P < .01; mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), en bloc resection rate (cEMR vs mEMR, P = .015), tumor size (mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), percentage of tumor diameter ≥ 5 mm (mEMR vs ESD, P < .01), and complete en bloc resection rate (cEMR vs mEMR, P = .014). Meanwhile, no significant difference was noted in terms of complication rate among the three groups.ConclusionThe mEMR was the most suitable resection method for rectal NETs < 10 mm with respect to the risks and benefits from procedure-related factors, such as complete en bloc resection rate, procedure time, and complication rate.     

Antiproliferative effect of somatostatin analogs in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Somatostatin analogs were initially developed for the control of hormonal syndromes associated with neuro-endocrine tumors (NETs). In recent years, accumul ating data has supported their role as antiproliferative agents, capable of stabilizing tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine malignancies, including carci-noid and pancreatic endocrine tumors. A phase Ⅲ, ran-domized, placebo-controlled trial has now demonstrated that octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) 30 mg can significantly prolo...