轻度碘缺乏城市食盐加碘后甲状腺疾病流行病学调查研究

 目的 评价轻度碘缺乏城市贵阳食盐加碘25年后的碘营养状态及各种甲状腺疾病的患病情况。
方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取贵阳市云岩区宅吉社区20岁及以上居民1509人,测定其血清促甲状腺素（TSH）、游离T₃、游离T₄、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）水平、尿碘水平及甲状腺B超检查;同时抽取8~10岁学龄儿童80名,测定其尿碘水平。
结果 8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数为228.7 μg/L。成人临床甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）、亚临床甲减、临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）及亚临床甲亢的患病率分别为1.79%、14.12%、1.52%及1.06%,亚临床甲减的患病率显著高于临床甲减（P < 0.05）;TPOAb及TgAb的阳性率分别为14.38%及 13.59%,自身免疫性甲状腺炎的患病率为4.44%。甲状腺肿大患病率为1.06%,其中,弥漫性甲状腺肿（0.86%）较结节性甲状腺肿（0.20%）多见（P < 0.05）。
结论 食盐加碘25年后,贵阳市处于碘超足量状态,成人临床甲减、亚临床甲减、甲状腺自身抗体阳性及自身免疫性甲状腺炎的患病率均较高。     

亚临床甲状腺功能异常临床细胞病理学分析

目的 探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚临床甲减)和亚临床甲状腺功能亢进症(亚临床甲亢)的病因及临床特点.方法 对1994年9月至2005年12月北京大学第一医院符合诊断标准的90例亚临床甲减和48例亚临床甲亢患者的细针穿刺细胞病理学检查(FNAC)结果进行分析,同时测定甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb).结果 (1)根据细胞病理学诊断,亚临床甲减最多见于桥本甲状腺炎(81.71%),其次为甲状腺肿(12.19%),甲状腺腺瘤(3.66%)较少见;亚临床甲亢多见于桥本甲状腺炎(41.86%)、甲状腺肿(34.88%)、甲状腺腺瘤(13.95%).(2)亚临床甲减TGAb和TPOAb阳性率明显高于亚临床甲亢(P<0.01);桥本甲状腺炎TGAb和TPOAb阳性率在亚临床甲减中分别为83.08%和84.62%,在亚临床甲亢中分别为77.78%和55.56%.(3)桥本甲状腺炎的病理类型、相同病因的细胞病理形态在亚临床甲减和亚临床甲亢中未见明显差异.结论 桥本甲状腺炎是亚临床甲减的最常见病因,在亚临床甲亢的病因中也占有重要地位;亚临床甲减自身抗体阳性率明显高于亚临床甲亢;从细胞病理学上不能区分亚临床甲状腺疾病的功能状态.     

2008年浙江省舟山市海岛地区甲状腺疾病流行病学调查

目的 调查浙江省舟山市海岛地区食用非加碘盐的居民患甲状腺疾病状况及致甲状腺疾病的相关影响因素.方法 2008年在浙江省舟山市岱山县对737名食用非加碘盐的居民进行流行病学问卷调查、甲状腺B超检查、甲状腺功能及尿碘测定;同时抽查了183名8～10岁儿童(均为食用非加碘盐居民的子女)的尿碘.结果 舟山市岱山县食用非加碘盐的居民尿碘中位数(MUI)为122.2 μg/L,8～10岁儿童MUI为123.7μg/L;甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌、甲状腺功能亢进(简称甲亢)、亚临床甲状腺功能亢进(简称亚临床甲亢)和亚临床甲状腺功能减退(简称亚临床甲减)的患病率分别为39.9%、0.4%、0.4%、0.7%和0.8%.logistic回归分析显示,甲状腺肿患病率无性别差异(P>0.05),而年龄是甲状腺肿发生的危险因素(P<0.05);甲状腺肿、甲亢患病情况与饮食史、吸烟史、饮酒史、饮茶史、尿碘水平均无明显相关关系(P均>0.05).结论 舟山市海岛地区食用非碘盐居民碘摄入适量,但甲状腺肿和甲亢患病率较高.     

狼疮性肾炎合并自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的临床分析

目的:分析狼疮性肾炎(LN)患者自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)和甲状腺功能异常的临床特征,探讨其与LN临床和病理联系。方法:2012年~2016年经临床和肾活检病理明确诊断的新发LN 228例[女性187例、男性41例,中位年龄29岁(11~73岁)]。血清甲状腺自身抗体(ATA)包括甲状腺球蛋白抗体(Tg Ab)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb),其中任何一种阳性定义为ATA阳性。甲状腺功能异常包括甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)、甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)、亚临床甲减和低T3综合征。分析LN患者ATA阳性率、甲状腺功能异常和AITD的发生率,探讨其与LN临床和病理的联系。结果:228例LN患者中97例(42.5%)ATA阳性,其中Tg Ab、TPOAb、TRAb和Tg Ab+TPOAb+TRAb阳性率分别为34.2%、22.4%、28.5%和14.9%,LN患者女性TPOAb阳性率显著高于男性(25.7%vs 7.3%,P0.05)。167例(73.2%)患者甲状腺功能异常,其中甲减18例(7.9%),亚甲减29例(12.7%),甲亢5例(2.2%)和低T3综合征115例(50.4%)。AITD 26例(11.4%),其中桥本甲状腺炎22例(9.6%),弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿4例(1.8%)。ATA阳性组面部红斑、口腔溃疡、血白细胞减少和贫血发生率及抗C1q抗体、抗磷脂抗体阳性率显著高于ATA阴性组。甲减、亚甲减和低T3综合征组狼疮活动评分高于甲状腺功能正常组,亚甲减组尿蛋白定量高于低T3综合征组和甲状腺功能正常组。LN各病理类型间ATA阳性率、甲状腺功能异常和AITD发病率差异无统计学意义。结论:LN患者ATA阳性率与甲状腺功能异常的发生率高,ATA与系统性红斑狼疮临床表现及活动性相关,但与肾脏病理无明显相关性。     

河北某水源性高碘地区成人甲状腺疾病的流行病学调查

目的：调查水源性高碘地区－河北省黄骅市歧口村、高头村≥14岁人群甲状腺疾病的流行状况,方法：入户问卷调查4230人的基础上,采样调查1074人,所有采样调查对象均详细填与甲状腺疾病调查表,接受体检查和B超检查,测定血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状腺自身抗体（TAA）和甲状腺球蛋白（TG）,留取空腹尿样测量尿碘、TSH异常者测定甲状腺激素和TSH受体抗体（TRAb）。结果：采样人群的尿碘中位数为614．61μg/L。临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）和亚临床甲亢的患病率分别为1．21％和1．12％;临床甲亢中92．3％为Graves病所致,亚临床甲亢中75％TRAb阳性;回顾性分析普遍食盐碘化前后临床甲亢平均年发病率差异无显著性,临床甲状腺功能减低症（甲减）和亚临床甲减的患病率分别为1．96％和6．05％,患者TAA阳性率分别为85．71％和29．23％。采样人群甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）和甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）阳性率分别为11．6％和9．3％。弥漫性甲状腺肿,结节性甲状腺肿、单发结节和多发结节的患病率分别为3．26％、2．61％、1．77％和6．4％。甲状腺癌病率为91．58／10万,结论：在尿磺中位数为614．61μg/L的碘营养状态下,甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺癌患病率显著增高,提示这一碘摄入量并不安全。     

水源性高碘摄入对学龄儿童甲状腺功能和甲状腺疾病的影响

目的探讨高碘摄入对儿童甲状腺功能和甲状腺抗体及甲状腺疾病的影响。方法在3个高水碘浓度的村庄对学龄儿童进行流行病学调查和样本采集。触诊甲状腺,检测饮用水碘含量和尿碘水平,测定垂体-甲状腺激素(TSH、FT3、FT4)水平和甲状腺自身抗体(TPOAb、TGAb)水平。结果 3个调查点的水碘中位数分别156.95μg/L、241.26μg/L和433.63μg/L;MUI为319.30μg/L、473.17μg/L和764.17μg/L;TSH为3.22 mU/L、4.27 mU/L和3.27 mU/L;FT3为6.00 pmol/L、5.83 pmol/L和5.96 pmol/L;FT4为17.29 pmol/L、17.62 pmol/L和16.36 pmol/L。TSH水平在水碘241.26μg/L、UI为200～299μg/L即超过适宜量情况下较高。3个调查点TSH高于正常值上限的异常率分别为18.2%、36.1%和14.7%;FT3分别为21.2%、5.6%和14.7%;TSH和FT3均无检测出低于正常值下限的。103名被检者的TGR为18.4%,发现亚甲减患者24例,亚甲减检出率为23.3%。100～199μg/L尿碘组无亚甲减患者,200～299μg/L尿碘组亚甲减检出率43.7%,≥300μg/L组的检出率20.7%。TPOAb、TGAb阳性率各为2.1%。结论水源性高碘摄入可导致高碘性甲状腺肿流行,引起部分机体甲状腺功能异常,造成亚甲减发病率升高。建议对此开展深入研究。     

新诊断非酮症糖尿病患者胰岛相关自身抗体与甲状腺抗体的相关性研究

目的对新诊断非酮症起病的糖尿病患者进行胰岛相关自身抗体和甲状腺抗体的研究,探讨新诊断糖尿病中胰岛相关自身抗体、甲状腺抗体及功能异常的规律。方法选取2014年3月至2016年4月在我院内分泌科住院的新诊断酮体阴性的糖尿病患者413例为病例组,同期我院健康体检人群347名为对照(NC)组,比较两组胰岛相关自身抗体及甲状腺抗体的阳性率及甲状腺功能,分析胰岛相关自身抗体阳性的临床特点。结果病例组胰岛相关自身抗体阳性率及甲状腺抗体阳性率均高于NC组(9.2%vs 4.6%,32.7%vs 19.6%,P0.05),且以GADAb和TPOAb为主。两组甲状腺抗体阳性,但甲状腺功能正常的发病率较甲状腺抗体阳性合并甲状腺功能亢进(下称"甲亢")(病例组14.5%vs6.2%,NC组8.9%vs 3.7%)、甲状腺功能减退(下称"甲减")(病例组14.5%vs 11.9%,NC组8.9%vs7.2%)的发病率升高(P0.05)。两组甲状腺功能异常中亚临床甲减最多,发病率较其他甲状腺功能异常升高(P0.05)。将病例组中甲状腺功能正常的患者进一步按胰岛相关自身抗体分为阳性亚组和阴性亚组,两亚组女性比例、年龄、BMI、HbA_1c、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、FC-P、2hC-P、激离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组间抗过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)阳性率、TSH、2hC-P差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论新诊断非酮症糖尿病患者中存在较高甲状腺抗体阳性率,且以单纯甲状腺抗体阳性但甲状腺功能正常为主,甲功异常中以亚临床甲减为主,所以在甲状腺功能正常的新诊断糖尿病中常规检测抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(ATG)、TPOAb具有一定意义,可发现更多合并自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的患者。新诊断非酮症糖尿病中胰岛相关自身抗体的阳性率较健康人群高,且胰岛相关自身抗体阳性患者的TPOAb抗体滴度及TSH较高,2hC-P较低,不排除一部分为LADA患者,需进一步继续追踪随访胰岛细胞功能、甲状腺功能。     

足量碘营养下成人甲状腺肿大病因分析

目的　调查研究目前碘营养状况下成人甲状腺肿大的病因。方法　随机选取 2 0 0 2年第一季度内分泌与代谢病专科门诊甲状腺肿大的初诊患者 10 0例 ,进行甲状腺功能、甲状腺自身抗体以及尿碘物质量浓度测定。结果　其中 4 1例诊断为格雷夫斯病 ,2 5例为慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎 (又称桥本病 ) ,2 3例为单纯性甲状腺肿 ,10例为结节性甲状腺肿 ,1例为亚急性甲状腺炎。各组患者均表现女性占优势 ,结节性甲状腺肿组患者平均年龄明显高于其他各组 (P <0 0 1) ,各组患者尿碘水平分布差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。所有患者中TPOAb与TGAb阳性率分别为 5 2 %与 4 6 % ,甲状腺自身抗体阳性组与抗体阴性组间尿碘的物质量浓度分布亦差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在目前超足量的碘营养状况条件下 ,碘缺乏已不再是引起甲状腺肿大的主要原因。但长期暴露于高碘下 ,某些易感人群易发生自身免疫性甲状腺疾病。     

吉林省不同孕期妇女尿碘水平与甲状腺功能关系的调查

目的为掌握全民食盐加碘后吉林省孕妇在不同孕期碘营养和甲状腺功能状况,为今后实施孕妇甲状腺功能监测的必要性和可能性提供依据。方法以省为单位,按"人口比例概率抽样方法"(PPS)抽取30个抽样单位(县)。用单纯随机抽样法从上述抽到的每个抽样单位中抽取3个乡(镇、街道办事处),每个乡(镇、街道办事处)抽取孕妇8人,每县(市、区、旗)孕妇24人。收集被调查对象尿样、血样及家中的食用盐、饮用水。采用化学发光法检测甲状腺功能(包括甲状腺抗体)指标,砷铈催化分光光度法检测尿、水碘含量,直接滴定法检测食盐碘含量。结果孕早、中、晚期妇女的尿碘中位数分别为188.6μg/L、201.9μg/L、175.7μg/L且不同孕期尿碘中位数及频数分布无显著性差异。孕早、中期妇女甲状腺功能异常主要为低FT4血症和亚临床甲状腺功能减退。孕晚期除低FT4血症和亚临床甲状腺功能减退外还有一定比例4.2%(10/240)甲状腺功能亢进(亚临床甲状腺功能亢进)存在。孕晚期妇女与孕早、中期相比甲状腺功能异常比率明显增加,孕妇抗体阳性率为10.2%(77/755)。抗体阳性者发生亚甲减3例占3.8%(3/77),低FT4血症1例占1.3%(1/77),甲亢(亚甲亢)3例占3.8%(3/77)。结论吉林省孕妇的碘营养处于适宜水平;建议在孕早期开展尿碘监测和甲功筛查。     

93例亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的随访研究

目的 研究不同碘摄入量地区亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)的流行病学特点和影响转归的因素。方法 选择盘山、彰武和黄骅3个农村社区(分别为低碘、适碘和高碘地区)，在入户调查的基础上行采样调查。测定血清TSH、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、尿碘浓度及进行甲状腺B超检查，TSH异常者测定FT3、FT4，筛选出118例亚临床甲减患者。盘山和彰武社区于2年后、黄骅社区于1年后进行随访，再次进行以上检查。结果 盘山、彰武和黄骅社区亚临床甲减的患病率分别为0．73％、2．90％和5．96％。亚临床甲减的病因33．1％是自身免疫性甲状腺疾病。在随访到的93例亚临床甲减患者中有4例女性进展为临床甲减。结论 随着碘摄入量的增加亚临床甲减的患病率增加，但无明显性别差异。随访研究证实女性、甲状腺自身抗体阳性是亚临床甲减患者进展至临床甲减的危险因素，碘摄入量与亚临床甲减的转归无关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.