Anterior quadratus lumborum block at the lateral supra-arcuate ligament versus transmuscular quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy: A randomized controlled trial

Study objectiveThe analgesic efficacy of transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (TQLB) to decrease the need for opioid consumption after laparoscopic nephrectomy has been demonstrated in several studies. However, the effect of an anterior QLB approach at the lateral supra-arcuate ligament (QLB-LSAL) in this surgical context is unclear. Here, we aimed to compare postoperative analgesic effects of the two block approaches in laparoscopic nephrectomy.DesignA single-center, randomized controlled trial.SettingUniversity-affiliated tertiary care hospital.PatientsA total of 106 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I–III scheduled to undergo elective laparoscopic nephrectomy under general anesthesia.InterventionsPatients were randomly allocated to receive preoperative TQLB or QLB-LSAL with 0.5% ropivacaine (25 mL). Postoperatively, patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous sufentanil was administered.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was postoperative intravenous morphine equivalent consumption within the first 24 h postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included pain scores, satisfaction scores, levels of sedation, and incidence of nausea or vomiting.Main resultsPatients who underwent preoperative QLB-LSAL used a significantly lower intravenous morphine equivalent dose than those who underwent preoperative TQLB within the initial 24 h after surgery (34.3 ± 6.3 mg vs 23.5 ± 3.2 mg, P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in pain scores, satisfaction scores, sedation scores, or incidence of nausea or vomiting between the groups.ConclusionsThe results indicate that, compared to TQLB, QLB-LSAL is a beneficial nerve block that can reduce postoperative opioid consumption, making it a potentially superior approach to achieve multimodal analgesia after laparoscopic nephrectomy.     

Is posteromedial quadratus lumborum block better than lateral transversus abdominis plane block for laparoscopic colorectal surgery?

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腰方肌阻滞与腹横肌平面阻滞用于成人腹部手术术后镇痛效果的Meta分析

目的评价超声引导下腰方肌阻滞(QLB)与腹横肌平面阻滞(TAPB)在成人腹部手术术后镇痛的效果。方法检索Cochrane、Pubmed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,纳入腰方肌阻滞(QLB组)与腹横肌平面阻滞(TAP组)在成人腹部手术后镇痛比较的随机对照试验(RCT)。主要结局指标为术后VAS疼痛评分,次要结局指标包括术后24 h内补救性镇痛率及术后不良反应发生率。采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入19项RCTs,共1412例患者。与TAP组比较,QLB组术后8 h静息(MD=-0.29, 95%CI-0.52～-0.06,P0.05)及运动状态(MD=-0.47, 95%CI-0.80～-0.14,P0.05)和12h静息(MD=-0.30,95%CI-0.48～-0.13,P0.05)及运动状态(MD=-0.68, 95%CI-1.03～-0.33,P0.05)时VAS评分均明显降低。QLB组术后24 h内补救性镇痛率明显低于TAP组(RR=0.27, 95%CI 0.17～0.42,P0.05),同时恶心呕吐、眩晕的发生率明显低于TAP组(RR=0.37, 95%CI 0.24～0.56,P0.05; RR=0.29, 95%CI 0.14～0.57,P0.05)。结论腰方肌阻滞用于成人腹部手术术后镇痛效果优于腹横肌平面阻滞,且不良反应更少。     

Continuous postoperative analgesia via quadratus lumborum block – an alternative to transversus abdominis plane block

Different transversus abdominis plane blocks techniques cause variations in postoperative analgesia characteristics. We report the use of unilateral quadratus lumborum catheter for analgesia following colostomy closure. The catheter was placed under direct ultrasound visualization and had good outcomes: low pain scores and minimal use of rescue analgesic medication. No complications were reported in this pediatric patient. More studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this regional anesthesia technique.     

腰方肌阻滞与肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞在腹腔镜胃癌根治术后镇痛效果的比较

目的:比较超声引导下腰方肌阻滞（quadratus lumborum block, QLB）与肋缘下腹横肌平面阻滞（transverse abdominal plane block, TAPB）用于腹腔镜胃癌根治术的术后镇痛效果。方法:选择2021年1月至2021年7月择期在全身麻醉下行腹腔镜胃癌根治术的患者60例,采...     

Evaluation of ultrasound-guided posterior quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery

Study objectiveThis study aimed to determine the efficacy of ultrasound-guided posterior quadratus lumborum block (QLB) in treating postoperative pain following laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.DesignProspective randomized controlled study.PatientsSeventy adult patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic gynaecological surgery under general anesthesia.InterventionThis randomized controlled study involved two groups of adult females who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic gynecologic surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to either the QLB group or Control group. In the QLB group, patients underwent posterior QLB with 20 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine on each side. Patients were blinded to treatment.MeasurementsAt 0, 1, 3, and 24 hours after anesthesia recovery, evaluator recorded the severity of postoperative pain in movement and at rest using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). We also evaluated the severity of nausea using NRS and number of additional analgesics.Main resultsImmediately after recovery from anesthesia, the NRS score for pain in movement did not differ significantly between groups. NRS scores for pain both in movement and at rest were significantly higher in the Control group than in the QLB group at 1, 3, and 24 h after recovery from anesthesia.ConclusionOur results suggest that posterior QLB significantly reduces postoperative pain in movement and at rest following laparoscopic gynecologic surgery.     

Posterior quadratus lumborum block versus epidural analgesia for postoperative pain management after open radical cystectomy: A randomized clinical trial

Background

In open abdominal surgery, continuous epidural analgesia is commonly used method for postoperative analgesia. However, ultrasound (US)-guided fascial plane blocks may be a reasonable alternative.

Methods

In this randomized controlled trial, we compared posterior quadratus lumborum block (QLB) with epidural analgesia for postoperative pain after open radical cystectomy (ORC). Adult patients aged 18–85 with bladder cancer (BC) scheduled for open RC were randomized in two groups. Exclusion criteria were complicated diabetes mellitus type I, lack of cooperation, and persistent pain for reasons other than BC. In one group, a bilateral US-guided single injection posterior QLB was performed with 3.75 mg/ml ropivacaine 20 ml/side. In the other group, continuous epidural analgesia with ropivacaine was used. Basic analgesia was oral paracetamol 1000 mg three times daily, and long-acting opioid twice daily in both groups. All patients had patient-controlled rescue analgesia with oxycodone. Postoperative cumulative rescue opioid consumption was recorded for the day of surgery, and the following 2 postoperative days (POD 0–2). Secondary outcomes were postoperative pain and nausea and vomiting.

Results

In total, 20 patients (QLB), and 19 patients (epidural analgesia) groups, were included in the analyses. Cumulative rescue opioid consumption on POD 0, being of duration 9–12 h, was 14 mg (7.6–33.3) in the QLB group versus 6.1 mg (2.0–16.1) in the epidural analgesia group, p = 0.089, and as doses, 8 doses (3.6–15.7) versus 4 doses (1.3–8.5), p = .057. On POD 1 consumption was 25.3 mg (11.0–52.9) versus 18.0 mg (14.4–43.7), p = .749, and as doses 12 (5.5–23.0) versus 10 (8–20), p > .9, respectively. On POD 2 consumption was 19.1 mg (7.9–31.0) versus 18.0 mg (5.4–27.6) p = .749, and as doses 8.5 (5.2–14.7) versus 11 (3.0–18.0) p > .9, respectively.

Conclusion

Opioid consumption did not differ significantly between posterior QLB and an epidural infusion with ropivacaine for the first 2 postoperative days following RC. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03328988.     

Inter-semispinal plane (ISP) block for postoperative analgesia following cervical spine surgery: A prospective randomized controlled trial

Study objectiveWe evaluated the perioperative analgesic effects of the inter-semispinal plane (ISP) block in patients undergoing posterior cervical spine surgery.DesignProspective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial.SettingOperating room and surgical ward.Patients60 patients aged 18–60 years of either gender, ASA I-II, undergoing elective posterior cervical spine surgery.InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned into a control group (general anesthesia only), ISP group received bilateral ultrasound guided ISP block at the level of C5 using 20 ml bupivacaine 0.25% on each side.MeasurementsVisual analog scale (VAS), intraoperative fentanyl and 24 h postoperative pethidine consumptions and time to first rescue analgesic request were documented.Main resultsThe median (quartiles) of 24 h postoperative rescue pethidine consumption was significantly lower in the ISP group [0 (0–46.25) mg] compared to that of the control group [143 (116.75–169.00) mg]; P < 0.001). VAS was significantly lower in the ISP group at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h,4 h, 6 h, 8 h and 12 h postoperative compared to control group (P < 0.05). At 18 and 24 h, VAS was not significantly different between groups. The median (quartiles) of intraoperative fentanyl consumption in the ISP group [0 (0–40.75) μg] was significantly lower compared to that of the control group [63.5 (39.5–90.25) μg]; P < 0.001]. The time to first rescue analgesic administration was significantly longer in the ISP group compared to the control group (P < 0.001).ConclusionBilateral ultrasound-guided ISP block can provide decreased 24 h postoperative analgesic consumption as well as lower pain scores in the first 12 postoperative hours in patients undergoing posterior cervical spine surgery.     

腹横肌平面阻滞在腹部手术术后镇痛中的应用

背景 腹横肌平面（transversus abdominis plane block,TAP）阻滞技术是一项近几十年发展起来的新型的局部神经阻滞技术,它可以减少术后镇痛阿片类药物的用量,继而减少其相关副作用,提高患者总的满意度. 目的 介绍TAP阻滞技术,探讨其在腹部手术术后镇痛中的应用. 内容 就TAP阻滞的解剖基础、操作方法、临床效果、并发症及尚待解决的问题等方面进行综述,为临床研究及应用提供参考. 趋向 TAP阻滞技术,被证实在很多手术的术后镇痛应用中是安全、有效的,有着广阔的应用前景.     

Comparison of ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block catheter technique with surgical pre-peritoneal catheter for postoperative analgesia in abdominal surgery: a randomised controlled trial

Following abdominal surgery, the provision of postoperative analgesia with local anaesthetic infusion through both transmuscular quadratus lumborum block and pre-peritoneal catheter have been described. This study compared these two methods of postoperative analgesia following laparotomy. Eighty-two patients 18–85 years of age scheduled to undergo elective surgery were randomly allocated to receive either transmuscular quadratus lumborum block or pre-peritoneal catheter block. In the transmuscular quadratus lumborum group, an 18-gauge Tuohy needle was passed through the quadratus lumborum muscle under ultrasound guidance to reach its anterior aspect. A 20-ml bolus of ropivacaine 0.375% was administered and catheters placed bilaterally. In the pre-peritoneal catheter group, 20 ml of ropivacaine 0.375% was infiltrated at each of three subcutaneous sub-fascial levels, and pre-peritoneal plane catheters were placed bilaterally. Both groups received an infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% at 5 ml.h⁻¹, continued up to 48 h along with a multimodal analgesic regime that included regular paracetamol and patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl. The primary end-point was postoperative pain score on coughing, assessed using a numerical rating score (0–10). Secondary outcomes were pain score at rest, fentanyl usage until 48 h post-operation, satisfaction scores and costs. There was no treatment difference between the two groups for pain score on coughing (p = 0.24). In the transmuscular quadratus lumborum group, there was a reduction in numerical rating score at rest (p = 0.036) and satisfaction scores on days 1 and 30 (p = 0.004, p = 0.006, respectively), but fentanyl usage was similar. In the transmuscular quadratus lumborum group, the highest and lowest blocks observed in the recovery area were T4 and L1, respectively. The transmuscular quadratus lumborum technique cost 574.64 Australian dollars more per patient than the pre-peritoneal catheter technique.     

Effects of preoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block on pain after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Background

Although laparoscopic colorectal surgery decreases postoperative pain and facilitates a speedier recovery compared with laparotomy, postoperative pain at trocar insertion sites remains a clinical concern. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a preoperative ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on pain after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer.

Methods

In total, 58 patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery following a diagnosis of colorectal cancer were included in this study. The patients were randomized into TAP and control groups; the TAP group patients received a preoperative ultrasound-guided bilateral TAP block with 0.5 mL/kg of 0.25 % bupivacaine, while the control patients received the block with an equal amount of saline. Pain on coughing and at rest was assessed during postanesthetic recovery (PAR; 1 h after surgery) and on postoperative days (PODs) 1 (24 h), 2 (48 h), and 3 (72 h) by an investigator blinded to group allocations using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The primary outcome was pain on coughing on postoperative day (POD) 1.

Results

Fifty-five patients were included in the final analysis, including 28 in the TAP and 27 in the control groups. The pain intensity on coughing and at rest during PAR and on PODs 1, 2, and 3 showed no significant differences between groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in postoperative opioid consumption, sedation scores, nausea scores at the four time points, complication rates, and length of hospital stay between groups.

Conclusions

In colorectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery, a TAP block did not offer enough benefit for clinical efficacy in terms of postoperative pain or analgesic consumption.

     

超声引导下腰方肌阻滞或腹横肌平面阻滞联合舒芬太尼PCIA在阑尾切除术后镇痛中的比较

目的比较腰方肌阻滞(quadratus lumborum block,QLB)与腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞联合舒芬太尼经静脉患者自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)在阑尾切除术后镇痛中的效果。方法选择拟于腰-硬联合麻醉下行阑尾切除的患者77例,男44例,女33例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为QLB组(n=39)和TAP组(n=38)。术后于超声引导下分别在腰方肌后表面以及腹内斜肌和腹横肌之间给予0.25%罗哌卡因20 ml。记录术后4、8、12、24、48h舒芬太尼的消耗量及静息VAS评分;记录术后恶心呕吐、眩晕、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果术后12~48hQLB组舒芬太尼消耗量明显少于TAP组(P0.05)。两组不同时点静息VAS评分差异无统计学意义。QLB组术后恶心呕吐[2(5.1%)vs 8(21.0%)]、眩晕[4(10.2%)vs 11(28.9%)]的发生率明显低于TAP组(P0.05)。结论 QLB较TAP阻滞能够更加有效地减少术后舒芬太尼用量及不良反应的发生。     

腰方肌阻滞在髋关节术后镇痛中的应用

髋关节手术创伤大,患者术后往往伴随中重度疼痛。安全且有效的术后镇痛可以有效促进患者的康复活动,有利于髋关节手术后患者早期功能恢复。常规使用的静脉自控镇痛虽然镇痛效果确切,但可能引起恶心呕吐、过度镇静、肠麻痹,甚至呼吸抑制等不良反应。腰方肌阻滞（QLB）作为一种替代腹横肌平面阻滞（TAPB）的技术。近年来逐渐应用于髋关节手术。本文通过对QLB的解剖基础、作用特点及其在髋关节手术中的应用作一综述,为QLB在髋关节术后镇痛中的应用提供参考。     

A randomized controlled trial comparing intrathecal morphine with transversus abdominis plane block for post-cesarean delivery analgesia

BackgroundIntrathecal morphine is an effective analgesic post-cesarean delivery; however, it may be contraindicated or unsuitable in some patients. We compared the efficacy and side effects of intrathecal morphine with an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial. The primary outcome was the morphine equivalents dose used in the first 24 h post-surgery. Secondary outcomes were pain scores and side effects, including pruritus, sedation, nausea and vomiting.MethodsPlanned recruitment was for 90 women; however, the study was terminated early. Sixty-nine women undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. They were randomized to receive either intrathecal morphine 100 μg plus a sham TAP block or a TAP block with 0.5% ropivacaine 1.5 mg/kg, to each side to a maximum of 20 mL. Women were assessed at 2, 6, 10, 24 h and 3 months post-spinal.ResultsSixty-six women completed the trial. The morphine equivalents dose used in the TAP block group was greater at 24 h compared with the intrathecal morphine group (7.5 mg (95% CI 4.8–10.2) vs. 2.7 mg (95% CI 1.0–4.3), F [1, 64] = 9.62, P = 0.003). There was no difference at 2, 6, or 10 h. Pain scores on rest and movement were higher in the TAP block group at all times although this only reached statistical significance at 10 h (P = 0.001). Nausea and vomiting (P = 0.02) and pruritus (P = 0.007) were lower in the TAP block group.ConclusionsIn this trial, the TAP block was associated with greater supplemental morphine requirements and higher pain scores than intrathecal morphine but fewer opioid-related side effects. The TAP block may be a reasonable alternative when intrathecal morphine is contraindicated or not appropriate.     

Efficacy of quadratus lumborum block for analgesia in adult participants undergoing hip surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Study objectiveThis study aimed to identify the benefits of quadratus lumborum block (QLB) in terms of postoperative analgesic effects in adult participants undergoing hip surgery.DesignMeta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.SettingPrevious randomized controlled trials that evaluated the analgesic effect of QLB compared to that of no block.PatientsNine studies including 616 participants.InterventionsParticipants in the treatment group received QLB, whereas those in the control group received no block.MeasurementsOutcomes were postoperative 24-h opioid consumption (primary), 12-h/24-h visual analog scale (VAS) or numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and satisfaction. The effect size was estimated using the standardized mean difference (SMD), mean difference (MD), or risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We used the risk of bias tool (RoB 2) to assess the risk of bias of the included studies and the GRADE approach to determine the level of certainty of the evidence.Main resultsCompared to no block, the QLB group has less opioid consumption (SMD -1.69, 95% CI -2.54 to ‐0.84; low level of certainty of the evidence). Estimated MD for morphine consumption was 24 mg. The QLB group had a lower 12-h VAS/NRS pain score (MD -1.16, 95% CI -1.82 to ‐0.51; moderate level of certainty of the evidence) and 24-h VAS/NRS pain score (MD -0.92, 95% CI -1.42 to ‐0.43; moderate level of certainty of the evidence). QLB decreased the incidence of PONV (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.79; moderate level of certainty of the evidence) and increased participants' satisfaction (SMD 1.15, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.67; moderate level of certainty of the evidence). Estimated MD for satisfaction was 1.74 points of Likert scale. There were no significant adverse events associated with the QLB in any of the included trials.ConclusionOur meta-analysis showed that QLB when compared to no block clinically decreased opioid requirements, reduced PONV, and improved participants' satisfaction. QLB also seems to be significantly superior to no block in terms of pain score, but its clinical importance remains unclear.     

超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞和腰方肌阻滞用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的比较

目的比较超声引导下低位前锯肌平面阻滞(SAPB)和腰方肌阻滞(QLB)用于腹腔镜肾癌根治术的应用效果。方法选择行腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者90例,男55例,女35例,年龄18～80岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。将患者随机分为三组:SAPB联合全麻组(S组)、QLB联合全麻组(Q组)和单纯全麻组(G组),每组30例。记录神经阻滞操作时间、神经阻滞起效时间、神经阻滞范围、神经阻滞相关并发症发生情况。记录术后0.5、2、12、24、48 h静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分。记录术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量、补救镇痛例数、术后48 h内镇痛泵按压次数及患者镇痛满意度评分。结果 S组阻滞操作时间和阻滞起效时间明显短于Q组(P0.05)。术后0.5、2、12、24 h S组和Q组静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分以及术后48 h活动时VAS疼痛评分明显低于G组(P0.05)。S组和Q组术中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量明显少于G组(P0.05),补救镇痛率明显低于G组(P0.05),镇痛泵按压次数明显少于G组(P0.05),镇痛满意度评分明显高于G组(P0.05)。S组阻滞平面集中在T_6—T_(11),Q组阻滞平面集中在T_7—L_1。结论低位SAPB和QLB均可有效缓解腹腔镜肾癌根治术患者术后早期切口痛,减少术中全麻药物用量以及术后镇痛药物用量。与QLB比较,低位SAPB操作更简单、起效时间短,适宜在临床推广应用。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因腰方肌阻滞用于腹腔镜手术患儿术后镇痛的效果

目的探讨超声引导下不同浓度罗哌卡因腰方肌阻滞用于患儿腹腔镜手术后镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法选择择期行腹腔镜疝囊和鞘状突高位结扎术患儿69例,男65例,女4例,年龄3～6岁,体重13～24 kg, ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患儿分为三组:0.15%罗哌卡因组(C15组,n=23)、0.20%罗哌卡因组(C20组,n=22)和0.25%罗哌卡因组(C25组,n=24)。于手术切皮前行双侧腰方肌阻滞,三组分别注射0.15%、0.20%、0.25%罗哌卡因0.4 ml/kg。记录术后12 h内首次补救镇痛时间、需要补救镇痛例数,术后1、2、4、6、8、10、12 h的FACES评分及苏醒期躁动情况。记录术后穿刺部位血肿、感染、周围脏器损伤、局麻药毒性反应、下肢肌力减退、低血压等腰方肌阻滞相关并发症发生情况。结果 C25组术后12 h内首次补救镇痛时间明显晚于C15组(P0.05),需要补救镇痛例数明显少于C15组(P0.05)。术后1、2、4 h C25组FACES评分明显低于C15组和C20组(P0.05)。三组患儿苏醒期躁动发生率差异无统计学意义。所有患儿术后均未出现相关并发症。结论超声引导下0.25%罗哌卡因0.4 ml/kg双侧腰方肌阻滞可推迟腹腔镜疝囊和鞘状突高位结扎术患儿术后12 h内首次补救镇痛时间,且镇痛效果更好。