乳腺导管原位癌的超声特征

目的探讨乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)的超声表现特征。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的54例乳腺DCIS的超声表现,包括病灶形态、大小、边缘、边界、内部回声、后方回声、微钙化、导管改变及血供,并与病理结果进行对比。结果54例均经术后病理证实为乳腺DCIS,其中高级别34例,中级别13例,低级别7例;5例伴微浸润灶,均未见腋窝淋巴结转移。声像图表现为片状低回声型20例(20/51,39.22%)、结节状肿块型17例(17/51,33.33%)、导管扩张型8例(8/51,15.69%)、单纯微钙化型6例(6/51,11.76%),3例假阴性,检出率94.44%(51/54)。超声正确诊断44例,准确率81.48%(44/54)。结论乳腺DCIS超声表现具有一定特征性;正确认识其超声征象能有效提高诊断符合率。     

Treatment trends for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Background: As a result of clinical trial publications, breast conservation treatment has been increasingly used for invasive breast cancer. The patterns of care for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were analyzed for the years 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1991 to determine whether the same treatment principles had been applied to patients with noninvasive disease. Methods: Data submitted on 20,556 patients with DCIS during the 5 study years were analyzed with regard to basic demographics and treatment trends. Results: Breast-conserving surgery for DCIS increased from 20.9% in 1985 to 35.4% in 1991. Modified radical mastectomy remained constant at 42%. Axillary node surgery increased from 52% in 1985 to 58.5% in 1991. The use of radiation therapy for patients with partial mastectomy and no lymph node dissection ranges from 24.2% in 1990 to 37.7% in 1985, with 31.1% receiving radiation therapy in 1991. Patients undergoing lymph node dissection with partial mastectomy were more than twice as likely to receive postoperative radiation therapy than were patients without lymph node dissection. Conclusions: Modified radical mastectomy remains the most common surgical procedure, despite the eligibility of many women for breast conservation treatment. As of 1991 the majority of women were still undergoing axillary lymph node surgery despite a node positivity rate of ≈1%. Radiation therapy is significantly underused in patients with partial mastectomy, especially when no nodes were removed. Clinical trial results and professional education for DCIS treatment should change these trends. Presented at the 47th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Houston, Texas, March 17–19, 1994.     

The risk of a contralateral breast cancer among women diagnosed with ductal and lobular breast carcinoma in situ: data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry

BACKGROUND: Women diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ are at increased risk for developing a contralateral breast cancer. The magnitude of this risk and the relationship between this risk and age, time since diagnosis, histologic subtype, and treatment for the first breast cancer is continuing to be defined. METHODS: The risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer is examined among 4198 women diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ and reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry (CTR) between January 1, 1975 and March 14, 1998 using Kaplan-Meier estimation. A Cox proportional hazards model is used to assess the effect of surgical treatment, radiation therapy, age at diagnosis, race, histology, marital status, anatomic location within the breast, and time since diagnosis upon this risk. RESULTS: The cumulative 5- and 10-year probabilities of being diagnosed with a contralateral breast cancer among women initially diagnosed with a ductal breast carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were 4.3% (95% confidence interval, 3.6-5.0%) and 6.8% (95% confidence interval, 5.5-8.2%), respectively. These risks are 3.35 times greater than those for women without a history of breast cancer but are similar to those for women diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast. The cumulative 5- and 10-year probabilities of being diagnosed with a contralateral breast cancer among women initially diagnosed with a lobular breast carcinoma in situ (LCIS) were 11.9% (95% confidence interval, 9.5-14.3%) and 13.9% (95% confidence interval, 11.0-16.8%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Women diagnosed with LCIS were 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.0-3.4%) times more likely than women with DCIS to be diagnosed with a contralateral breast cancer within the first six months of the first breast primary. The risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer more than 6 months after the initial breast cancer was independent of surgical or radiation therapy, time since diagnosis, age at diagnosis, histology, race, marital status, or anatomic location of the cancer within the breast.     

Assessment of treatment for patients with primary ductal carcinoma in situ in the breast

Background: Current mammographic technology has resulted in increased detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). It is necessary to assess which patients presenting with DCIS are good candidates for breast conservation and which of these patients should receive adjuvant radiation. Methods: We accrued clinical data for 124 patients with a primary diagnosis of DCIS from 1979 through 1994. Primary therapy was a mastectomy for 18 patients, and a lumpectomy for 106 patients. Only 18 of the latter group of patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. For the 88 lumpectomy-alone patients (median follow-up, 5.2 years), we evaluated the effects of clinical (age and initial presentation) and pathologic (nuclear grade, architecture, parenchymal involvement, calcifications, and measured margins) factors on recurrence of DCIS or the development of invasive breast cancer. Results: Patients who underwent lumpectomy with or without adjuvant radiotherapy (median follow-up, 5.0 years) were significantly more likely to have recurrence of DCIS (P=.05) than those who underwent mastectomy (median follow-up, 6.7 years): 18% (19/106) versus 0% (0/18), respectively; lumpectomy-alone patients experienced a 19% (17/88) rate of DCIS recurrence. All recurrent DCIS was ipsilateral. For lumpectomy-alone patients, the factors associated with ipsilateral recurrence of DCIS were extent of involvement of the parenchyma (P=.01, for univariate;P=.07, for multivariate) and initial presentation (P=.05, for univariate;P=.07, for multivariate). Eleven lumpectomy-alone patients developed invasive breast cancer (6 ipsilateral, 5 contralateral); none of the 18 lumpectomy patients who received adjuvant radiation developed invasive disease. None of the factors investigated, including primary surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy, were associated with a significant effect on the development of invasive disease. Conclusions: Longer follow-up is required to determine if the benefits of either mastectomy or radiotherapy following lumpectomy persist. There is a suggestion that patients under 40 years of age or women who present with nipple discharge might be considered for either adjuvant radiotherapy following lumpectomy or a simple mastectomy.     

Factors associated with decision to pursue mastectomy and breast reconstruction for treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Background

Factors influencing the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ with mastectomy and reconstruction are poorly understood.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 196 patients presenting to one institution was performed.

Results

Forty-seven patients (24.0%) were treated with mastectomy, while 149 (76.0%) underwent breast-conserving surgery. Of the mastectomy patients, 28 (59.6%) elected for reconstruction. On bivariate analysis, patients who opted for mastectomy were younger than those treated with breast-conserving surgery (median age, 51.8 vs 56.5 years; P = .017) and had higher grade tumors (50.0% vs 34.6% grade 3, P = .009). Among patients treated with mastectomy, those who opted for reconstruction were younger than those forgoing reconstruction (49.4 vs 56.9 years, P = .024). Race, ductal carcinoma in situ tumor size, and histologic subtype were not associated with the decision to pursue mastectomy or reconstruction (P > .05 for all).

Conclusions

In patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, the decision to pursue mastectomy and reconstruction appears to be driven by younger patient age and higher tumor grade.     

X线检查阴性乳腺导管原位癌的临床病理特点

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨乳腺X线检查(MG)阴性的乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)及DCIS伴微浸润(DCIS-MI)的临床及诊断特点。方法〓对我院2012年1月~2013年8月32例MG检查阴性的DCIS及DCIS-MI的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果〓MG阴性导管原位癌临床表现为单纯乳头溢液占71.9%(23/32),乳腺肿块占15.6%(5/32)例,良性钙化12.5%(4/32)例。MG检查阴性导管原位癌中腺体高密度、低核分级、PR阳性、HER2(-)或(+)病例的比例明显高于同期MG检查阳性组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。补充其他诊断检查的结果显示,乳腺超声敏感性为18.7%(6/32),磁共振(MRI)敏感性可达为87.5%(28/32),对表现为乳头溢液的病例,乳管镜诊断的敏感性为52.2%(12/23)。结论〓MG阴性的导管原位癌临床病理生物学指标相对较好,MRI检查可进一步提高其检出率,乳管镜对于乳头溢液的病例是有益的补充检查手段。     

乳腺导管原位癌的MRI特点分析

目的:分析乳腺导管原位癌的影像学表现及MRI的诊断价值,以进一步提高对乳腺导管原位癌的影像学认识。材料和方法:回顾性分析18例经病理证实为乳腺导管原位癌病人的临床资料,研究其乳腺磁共振图像的形态学特点、动态增强方式及扩散加权成像特点。结果:18例导管原位癌的形态学表现及增强方式大体可分为两类。一类是非肿块型13例(72.2%),包括不规则片状6例和段状改变7例,其时间-信号强度曲线呈Ⅱ型者12例,Ⅲ型者1例;另一类表现为肿块型,5例(27.8%),时间-信号强度曲线呈Ⅰ型者1例,Ⅱ型者2例,Ⅲ型者2例。弥散加权成像发现病灶15例,检出率达83.3%,表面扩散系数(ADC)1.30×10-3mm2/s有10例。结论:乳腺导管原位癌MR图像上多表现为非肿块的段状分布及片状分布的异常强化,少数也可表现为肿块型改变,弥散加权成像在定性诊断上能起重要的辅助作用。     

Patterns of care for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Queensland's experience over a decade

ObjectivesTo review management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in Queensland, with reference to breast conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). In addition, we examined the incidence of invasive breast cancer recurrence and factors predictive of invasive recurrence.Materials and methodsA retrospective review of the Queensland Oncology Repository identified women with resected DCIS (TisN0) ± adjuvant RT between 2003 and 2012. Time to invasive breast cancer recurrence was analysed using the Kaplan Meier method. Median follow-up was 4.9 years.Results3038 women had surgery. 940 (31%) had mastectomy and 2098 (69%) underwent BCS. Of 2098 women having BCS, 1100 (52%) received BCS alone and 998(48%) received adjuvant RT. The use of RT significantly increased over the decade from 25% to 62% (p=<0.001). Clinicopathological factors associated with RT use on multivariate analysis included age ≤70, higher socioeconomic status, larger tumour size, higher nuclear grade and surgical margins ≤5 mm. Invasive breast cancer recurrence at 5 years was 1.7% [95% CI 1.0–3.0] in RT group versus 2.8% [95% CI 2.1–3.8] in BCS alone group. Factors associated with increased risk of invasive recurrence on multivariate analysis were age <40 and surgical margins ≤2 mm.ConclusionThe use of adjuvant RT in Queensland significantly increased between 2003 and 2012. Selection of patients for RT was based on clinicopathological factors associated with higher recurrence risk. Although longer follow-up is required, the selective use of radiation therapy after BCS is associated with a low rate of invasive breast cancer recurrence at 5 years.     

A review of the management of ductal carcinoma in situ following breast conserving surgery

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a heterogeneous, pre-malignant disease accounting for 10–20% of all new breast tumours. Evidence shows a statistically significant local control benefit for adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) following breast conserving surgery (BCS) for all patients. The baseline recurrence risk of individual patients varies according to clinical-pathological criteria and in selected patients, omission of RT may be considered, following a discussion with the patient. The role of adjuvant endocrine therapy remains uncertain. Ongoing studies are attempting to define subgroups of patients who are at sufficiently low risk of recurrence that RT may be safely omitted; investigating RT techniques and dose fractionation schedules; and defining the role of endocrine therapy. Future directions in the management of patients with DCIS will include investigation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers to inform individualised therapy tailored to the risk of recurrence.     

Breast conservative surgery for well-differentiated ductal intraepithelial neoplasia: Risk factors for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence

RationalWe retrospectively analyzed 232 patients affected by well differentiated ductal intraepithelial neoplasia (DIN1c or DCIS G1) treated with conservative surgery without adjuvant radiotherapy.Results25 invasive and 18 non-invasive local recurrences were observed (median follow-up 80 months; 5-year cumulative incidence: 12.2%). Seven of the 15 young patients (<40 y) developed local recurrence (2 in situ, 5 invasive). Age <50 (HR 1.89, 95% C.I. 1.01–3.45), multifocality (HR 3.21, 95% C.I. 1.46–7.06), Ki-67 > 7% (HR 2.33, 95% C.I. 1.20–4.55) and surgical margins <10 mm (HR 2.00, 95% C.I. 1.06–3.76) were significantly associated with an increased risk of local recurrence.ConclusionsYoung age, multifocality and small margins appeared as clear risk factors of local recurrence in DIN1c (DCIS G1) population. The presence of multiple poor prognostic features warrant a thorough discussion regarding local treatment.     

Margin width as the sole determinant of local recurrence after breast conservation in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND: A previous study showed a 3% local recurrence risk at 8 years in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients treated with excision alone with surgical margins of 10 mm or greater. This study updates those data. METHODS: A total of 272 DCIS patients treated conservatively with 10 mm or greater margins were reviewed in a prospective database. RESULTS: Among 212 excision-alone patients, there were 9 DCIS and 3 invasive recurrences. The 12-year probability of any local recurrence was 13.9%; of invasive recurrence it was 3.4%. Among 60 excision plus radiation patients, there was 1 local (invasive) recurrence (P = .06). The 12-year probability of local recurrence was 2.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Local recurrence in DCIS patients treated with excision alone with margins of 10 mm or greater compares favorably with local recurrence in DCIS patients with nontransected margins and treated with postoperative radiation. The risk of invasive recurrence among widely excised DCIS patients is extremely low.     

Outcome after invasive recurrence in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND: Local recurrence is used as a marker of treatment failure for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). As follow-up lengthens, distant recurrence, breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival must be monitored. METHODS: A prospective database was used to analyze 1031 patients with DCIS. Patients having invasive recurrence after DCIS treatment were compared with patients having infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). End points included distant recurrence, BCSS, and overall survival. RESULTS: Overall, patients with DCIS had a BCSS of 99%. BCSS was 85% for patients with invasive recurrences. DDFS in this group was 80%. Stage I IDC patients had a BCSS of 91%, whereas it was 38% in those with stage I IDC and invasive recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with DCIS that recur can be salvaged. For the small subgroup of patients who recur with invasive breast cancer, survival is similar to that of patients with stage IIA IDC.     

乳腺导管内癌诊疗进展

近年来,随着乳腺癌钼靶筛查技术的应用和普及,乳腺导管内癌的检出率不断上升.熟悉乳腺导管内癌的临床表现、提高对乳腺导管内癌辅助检查结果的辨别能力,对诊断乳腺导管内癌至关重要.乳腺导管内癌的手术方式包括全乳腺切除、肿瘤局部广泛切除加放疗,以及单纯的肿瘤局部广泛切除;乳腺导管内癌常规不行腋窝淋巴结清扫已成为共识,前哨淋巴结活...     

Severe fatigue after treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ: A comparison with age-matched breast cancer survivors and healthy controls

PurposeSevere fatigue after treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has not been studied before. The current study examined (i) the prevalence of severe fatigue in DCIS patients versus breast cancer survivors (BCS) and healthy controls (HC), (ii) quality of life and functioning of severely versus non-severely fatigued DCIS patients and BCS, and (iii) the association of fatigue with psychosocial and behavioral factors in DCIS patients.Methods89 patients treated for DCIS were matched on age and gender to 67 BCS and 178 HC (ratio 1:1:2). Fatigue was measured with the Fatigue Severity subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength.Results23% of DCIS patients, 25% of BCS, and 6% of HC were severely fatigued (DCIS versus HC: p < 0.001). Severely fatigued DCIS patients had a lower quality of life and were more impaired in all domains of functioning than non-severely fatigued DCIS patients. Sleep problems, dysfunctional cognitions regarding fatigue, avoidance of activities, all-or-nothing behavior, perceived lack of social support, DCIS-related coping problems, and fear of future cancer occurrence were related to fatigue.ConclusionsThe prevalence of severe fatigue in DCIS patients was similar to BCS, but higher than in HC. Severely fatigued DCIS patients had a lower quality of life and more functional impairments. The psychosocial and behavioral fatigue-related factors in DCIS patients are known to perpetuate fatigue in BCS. These factors can be targeted in interventions for cancer-related fatigue. Our findings suggest that the same treatment elements might be applicable to severely fatigued DCIS patients.     

Extensive pure ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Identification of predictors of associated infiltrating carcinoma and lymph node metastasis before immediate reconstructive surgery

AimTo identify predictors for infiltrating carcinoma and lymph node involvement, before immediate breast reconstructive surgery, in patients with an initial diagnosis of extensive pure ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS).Patients and methodsBetween January 2000 and December 2009, 241 patients with pure extensive DCIS in preoperative biopsy had underwent mastectomy. Axillary staging (sentinel node and/or axillary dissection) was performed in 92% (n = 221) of patients. Patients with micro-invasive lesions at initial diagnosis, recurrence or contralateral breast cancer were excluded.ResultsRespectively 14% and 21% of patients had a final diagnosis of micro-invasive carcinoma (MIC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Univariate analysis showed that the following variables at diagnosis were significantly correlated with the presence of either MIC or IDC in the mastectomy specimen: palpable tumor (p = 0.002), high grade DCIS (p = 0.002) and detection of an opacity by mammography (p = 0.019). Axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement was reported in 9% of patients. Univariate analysis suggested that a body mass index higher than 25 (p = 0.007), a palpable tumor (p = 0.012) and the detection of an opacity by mammography (p = 0.044) were associated with an increased rate of ALN involvement.ConclusionSkin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction (IBRS) has become increasingly popular, especially for patients with extended DCIS of the breast. This study confirmed that extended DCIS is associated with a substantial risk of finding MIC or IDC on the surgical specimen but also ALN involvement. Adjuvant systemic treatment and/or radiotherapy could be indicated for some of these patients after the surgery. Patients should be informed of the rate of 1) complications associated to IBRS that will potentially delay the introduction of systemic or local therapy 2) complications associated to radiotherapy after IBRS.     

Sentinel lymph node positivity of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or microinvasive breast cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the rates of sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity in patients with a final diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or microinvasive breast cancer (MIC). METHODS: One hundred thirty patients underwent SLN mapping from 1998 to 2003 for DCIS or MIC. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients with DCIS and 21 with MIC underwent SLN mapping. One patient with bilateral DCIS underwent 2 SLN procedures; therefore, the results of 131 SLN procedures are included. On hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, 4 of 110 patients (3.6%) with DCIS had positive SLNs. Four additional patients had positive SLNs by IHC staining only (3.6%). Two of 8 patients underwent completion axillary dissection, and neither had additional involved nodes on completion axillary dissection. One of the 21 patients with MIC had positive SLNs by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (4.8%), and another had an involved SLN by IHC staining (4.8%). The patient with the positive SLN by H&E had 1 additional node on completion axillary dissection. CONCLUSION: Rates of SLN positivity for patients with DCIS are modest, even in a high-risk population, and there is continuing uncertainty about its clinical importance.     

Post-operative radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast – A systematic review of the randomised trials

AimTo summarise the results of randomised trials testing the addition of radiotherapy (RT) to breast conserving surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); to determine whether there are subsets of women with DCIS who do not benefit from RT; and to determine what the balance may be between reduction in risk of recurrence and long-term toxicity.MethodsWe performed a systematic review to resolve these questions, using standard Cochrane methodology to identify, select and appraise relevant randomised trials.ResultsFour randomised controlled trials involving 3925 women were identified. All were high quality with minimal risk of bias. Analysis confirmed a statistically significant benefit from the addition of radiotherapy on all ipsilateral breast events (HR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.41–0.58, p < 0.00001). All subgroups analysed (margin status, age and grade) benefited from the addition of radiotherapy. Nine women require treatment with radiotherapy to prevent one ipsilateral breast recurrence (NNT = 9). Deaths due to vascular disease, pulmonary toxicity and second cancers were low and not significantly higher for women who received radiotherapy.Concluding statementRadiotherapy was beneficial in all clinically relevant subgroups. Longer follow-up is required to detect any long-term toxicity from use of radiotherapy. To date, no increase in toxicity has been identified.     

Role of primary tumor characteristics in predicting positive sentinel lymph nodes in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or microinvasive breast cancer

BACKGROUND: We determined the incidence of positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or microinvasive breast cancer (MIC) and the predictive factors of SLN metastasis in these patients. METHODS: Of 4,503 patients who underwent SLN dissection between March 1994 and March 2006 at our institution, we identified those with a preoperative diagnosis or final diagnosis of DCIS or MIC. Clinicopathologic factors were examined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 624 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS or MIC, 40 had positive SLNs (6.4%). Of the 475 patients with a final diagnosis of DCIS or MIC, 9 had positive SLNs (1.9%). Clinical DCIS size >5 cm was the only independent predictor of positive SLN for patients with a preoperative diagnosis and patients with a final diagnosis of DCIS or MIC. Core biopsy as the method of preoperative diagnosis and DCIS size >5 cm were independent predictors for a final diagnosis of invasive carcinoma in the 149 patients who had a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS or MIC. CONCLUSIONS: SLN dissection for patients with a diagnosis of DCIS should be limited to patients who are planned for mastectomy or who have DCIS size >5 cm. Patients who have a core-needle biopsy diagnosis of DCIS have a higher risk of invasive breast cancer on final pathologic assessment of the primary tumor. This information can be used in preoperative counseling of patients with DCIS regarding the timing of SLN biopsy.     

Indication for sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer when core biopsy shows ductal carcinoma in situ

Background

The use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is controversial.

Methods

A total of 103 primary breast cancer patients who were diagnosed with DCIS by needle biopsy preoperatively and underwent initial SLNB were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

No sentinel nodal metastasis was detected in 66 patients with the final diagnosis of DCIS. However, 2 (5.4%) of 37 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma at final diagnosis had positive sentinel nodes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified 2 independent significant predictors of existence of invasive components: presence of a palpable tumor (odds ratio, 4.091; 95% confidential interval, 1.399–11.959; P = .010) and tumor size of 2.0 cm or larger on magnetic resonance imaging (odds ratio, 4.506; 95% confidence interval, 1.322–15.358; P = .016).

Conclusions

Initial SLNB should be considered for patients diagnosed with DCIS by needle biopsy when they have a high risk for harboring invasive ductal cancer preoperatively.