提高肺结核病人发现率的措施研究

目的 探索提高肺结核病人发现率的新途径，加速病人发现工作进程。方法 在2002年度肺结核病人发现工作较差的40个县（市），每个县（市）选择1家门诊量最大的综合医院和结核病防治中心（疾病预防控制中心）作为研究项目实施单位。由结核病防治中心对综合医院门诊、放射科、检验科、保健科等相关专业人员进行业务技术培训。并就病人就诊、痰涂片检查、诊断、登记、报告、转诊和落实免费治疗等工作规范进行管理。结果 2003年10月-2004年9月期间。40个县（市）综合医院门诊各相关科室均建立了病人登记、报告和转诊工作制度，设立了相对独立的痰结核菌检验室，对肺结核可疑症状者查痰率达到51．0％，涂阳检出率为15．5％，病人转诊率为30．1％。40个县（市）累计发现新涂阳肺结核病人12193例，是2002年的2．1倍（12193／5836），是项目实施前一年同期（2002年10月。2003年9月）的1．5倍（12193／8228）。病人发现率由2000年的41．4％提高到86．2％，其中综合医院对项目县（市）涂阳病人发现占11．4％。结论加强结核病防治中心与综合医院合作，特别是加强肺结核病人和肺结核可疑症状者的转诊和追踪调查，能够快速地提高病人发现的数量和质量。但必须建立健全结核病防治法律法规，完善对综舍医院的补偿机制，加强对相关专业人员的培训，才能使综舍医院在结核病防治工作中发挥更大的作用。     

乡镇初筛病人对提高肺结核发现水平的探讨

目的 探讨肺结核病人发现工作关口前移在乡镇筛查病人以提高发现水平。方法对县、乡综合医院实行归口管理。加强疫报及转诊工作；乡镇卫生院负责门诊可疑症状者的初筛工作，即对咳嗽、咳痰或咯血症状者给予X线摄片、痰涂片检查，送县结防机构核查；任务责任制与激励机制相结合。结果2002—2005年可疑症状者的查痰率从84．1％提高到99．1％，痰涂片阳性病人检出率平均达21．3％；肺结核病人的因症就诊比例从48．2％提高到57．3％；活动性病人登记率从33．06／10万提高到50．68／10万，涂阳病人登记率从19．46／10万提高到37．55／10万。2005年新涂阳病人发现率达70．1％。结论在乡镇开展肺结核病人初筛工作可以提高病人发现率。     

网络直报肺结核病人转诊追踪情况分析

目的探索加强结防机构与综合医院的合作,运用传染病网络报告系统,达到提高肺结核患者发现率和转诊到位率的目标。结果新发涂阳肺结核病登记率从18.5/10万上升到实施项目后的40/10万,新发涂阳肺结核患者发现率提高了116％;转诊到位率从54％上升到66％。结论通过加强结防机构与综合医院合作,能有效提高肺结核患者发现率和转诊到位率。结论结防机构与综合医院合作,开展结核病网络直报、转诊和追踪管理,强化工作制度和实行奖励措施,建立医疗单位结核病网络报告、转诊和追踪的有效机制可提高结核病的发现率和高治愈率。     

咸宁市实施结核病防治医防合作效果分析

目的 评价咸宁市实施医防合作防治结核病的效果.方法 收集分析全市6个县(市、区)疾控中心2001-2010年各项结核病防治工作报表及相关资料.结果 全市新涂阳患者发现年平均数由1 011例增加到1 356例;新涂阳患者登记率由原来的36.44/10万上升到47.30/10万;患者转诊率从56.90％上升到96.47％;患者转诊到位率从29.54％上升到71.47％;新涂阳患者治愈率从84.67％提高到94.03％.结论 加强医防合作规范了综合医院结核病人疫情登记、报告、痰检和转诊工作,是提高肺结核患者发现率和治愈率的重要保证.     

淄博市1996～2005年结核病控制情况评析

目的了解淄博市肺结核病的发病趋势，为结核病防治工作提供依据。方法通过本单位1996—2005年间肺结核病登记发病情况进行统计整理分析，从中找出规律。结果1996—2005年间，可疑者就诊率和查痰率呈逐年上升趋势，10年累计接诊可疑肺结核症状者80433人，发现、确诊登记活动性肺结核病人8795例，其中涂阳5554例。活动性、涂阳和新发涂阳登记率分别为32／10万、20．9／10万和15．1／10万，涂阳病例所占比例平均为63．1％。病人完成治疗时转归队列分析，新发涂阳平均治愈率达96．4％，复治涂阳平均治愈率达91．2％。结论淄博市结核病发病是逐年增高趋势，涂阳病人发现水平和治愈率明显提高，主要是加强了病人的归口管理和痰检质控，综合医院转诊是发现肺结核病人的主要来源。     

广西桂林市3个县结核病防治效果分析

目的分析桂林市3个县结核病防治效果。方法对桂林市3个县2002～2005年结核病防治工作资料进行汇总分析。结果桂林市3个县加强结核病控制工作,传染源发现和治疗效果逐年提高,4年来共接诊可疑肺结核症状者11670例,登记新涂阳肺结核病人1653例,登记率为26．24／10万,登记率从2002年的19．31／10万上升到2005年的34．72／10万;新涂阳肺结核病人治愈率从2002年的84．06％增加至2005年的95．59％。结论桂林市3个县结核病控制工作取得明显效果,只有实施高质量的DOTS策略,才能保证高发现率、高治愈率。     

广东省2002～2006年结核病防治效果分析

目的 分析广东省2002～2006年结核病防治工作的效果.方法 利用结核病统计监测报表,对5年期间结核病防治工作指标进行分析.结果 5年期间,全省有676 927例肺结核可疑症状者就诊,就诊率为1.7‰,其中47.1%来自综合医院转诊;痰涂片检查率和阳性检出率分别为56.6%和39.0%;登记活动性肺结核219 533例,其中新涂阳肺结核130 566例,新涂阳登记率为33.6/10万,2003年以后新涂阳患者发现率达到70%以上;初、复治涂阳肺结核治愈率分别为94.7%和87.4%.结论广东省结核病控制工作得到可持续性发展,结核病控制项目的 有效实施使广东省如期实现全国结核病防治规划(2001～2010年)的三大目标.     

结核病控制项目工作中实施可疑肺结核症状者转诊发现肺结核病人效果分析

高发现率是结核病控制项目（以下称项目）工作的主要目标之一。为了实现这一目标，从1992年实施结核病控制项目，加强可疑肺结核症状者转诊，实施结核病归口管理问），提高了病人的发现率。现将项目实施五年（1992～1996年）转诊的可疑肺结核症状者发现肺结核病人进行分析。1资料和方法1．1资料来源：本文资料来源于我站结防科门诊登记的肺结核病人或可疑肺结核患者。1992～1996年共登记可疑肺结核患者2855人，发现活动性肺结核555例，其中徐阳病人335例，初冶徐明病人220例。在涂阳病人中初治徐阳229例，复治徐阳106例。1．2发现方法1，2．…     

海南省2006年新涂阳肺结核病人发现资料分析

目的了解2006年海南省结棱病病人发现工作进展情况。方法利用2006年海南省结核病控制工作季报表资料对新涂阳肺结桉病人登记进行分析。蛄果2006年海南省县级结核病防治机构共登记新涂阳肺结核病人．4904例。新涂阳肺结核病人的登记率为58．8／10万，发现率为78％。男性患者登记数和登记率均高于女性，登记率呈随年龄增长而增加的趋势。黎族人群发病登记率高于汉族人群。农民登记数占82．O％。18个市、县登记率波动在34．1／10万一92．4，10万之间。新涂阳肺结核病人登记率与初诊病人占全人口比例成正相关（r=-0．705）。结论2006年海南省新涂阳肺结核病人发现率达到了既定目标，但海南省的结核病防治工作仍需要进一步加强。     

广东省2002～2007年肺结核病控制现状分析

目的 分析广东省2002～2007年肺结核病患者发现、治疗效果等情况,总结经验为进一步实施结核病控制提供依据。方法 收集2002～2007年广东省各市上报的结核病统计监测报表,分析结核病防治经费的投入、患者发现及治疗效果。结果 6年间,全省共到位结核病防治专项经费37742.64万元,有815169例肺结核可疑症状者就诊,痰涂片检查率和阳性检出率分别为58.4%和38.3%;登记涂阳肺结核182396例,其中新涂阳肺结核159884例,新涂阳登记率呈逐年上升趋势,2003年以后新涂阳患者发现率达到70%以上;初、复治涂阳肺结核治愈率分别为94.7%和87.2%;2007年患者转诊和追踪总体到位率为63.7%。结论 广东省肺结核病控制实现高发现率高治愈率,获得可行性经验,广东省结核病控制工作得到可持续发展。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.