利培酮口服液治疗老年期精神分裂症临床观察

目的:研究利培酮口服液治疗老年期精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应.方法:将51例老年期精神分裂症住院患者随机分为两组,分别给予利培酮口服液和氟哌啶醇治疗6周.以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果:利培酮口服液与氟哌啶醇的疗效无显著差异.利培酮口服液的不良反应主要为失眠、恶心等,程度轻微,氟哌啶醇的锥体外系反应较严重.结论:利培酮口服液对老年期精神分裂症有效,不良反应轻微.     

利培酮治疗老年期精神分裂症双盲对照研究

目的：探讨利培酮治疗老年期精神分裂症的有效性及安全性。方法：分别用利培酮和氟哌啶醇对62例老年期精神分裂症患者进行8周治疗。疗效评定采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)，不良反应评定用副反应量表(TESS)和Sampson锥体外系反应量表。结果：两组治疗前后比较PANSS总分和各因子分均具有显著差异、两组在治疗第1、2、4、6、8周PANSS总分及各因子分比较差异均无显著性，但利培酮组较氟哌啶醇组在治疗阴性症状方面起效早2周。不良反应震颤、肌强直、活动减退发生率利培酮组显著低于氟哌啶醇组。结论：利培酮和氟哌啶醇均为治疗老年期精神分裂症有效、安全的药物。利培酮治疗阴性症状起效较早，氟哌啶醇锥体外系反应较显著。     

奎硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗脑血管病所致精神障碍患者对照研究

目的:探讨奎硫平与氟哌啶治疗脑血管病所致精神障碍的临床疗效与不良反应. 方法:脑血管病所致精神障碍患者各30例,分别以奎硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗4周.采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效,简明智能状况检查表(MMSE)评定认知状况,治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应. 结果:治疗结束时两组BPRS评分较入组时显著减低(P＜0.01);奎硫平组有效率86.7％,氟哌啶醇有效率80.0％,两组疗效差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),奎硫平组MMSE减分率显著低于氟哌啶醇组,奎硫平组无明显锥外系反应. 结论:奎硫平治疗脑血管病所致精神障碍患者疗效与氟哌啶醇相似,但奎硫平不良反应较氟哌啶醇轻而少.     

利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症对照研究

目的：比较利培酮和氟哌啶醇治疗儿童精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：42例儿童精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮组和氟哌啶醇组，治疗6周。用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果：利培酮组和氟哌啶醇组BPRS总分在治疗末均显著下降，两组间BPRS总分差异无显著性；两组间疗效差异亦无显著性；利培团组不良反应发生率比氟哌啶醇组明显为低。结论：利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症安全有效，可作为治疗儿童精神分裂症的首选药物。     

利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片治疗精神分裂症急性激越的对照研究

目的:比较利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片与氟哌啶醇肌内注射治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状的疗效及不良反应。方法:60例精神分裂症急性激越症状患者,按1:1比例随机分入利培酮口服液(2～6mg/d)合并氯硝西泮片(2～8mg/d)组(利培酮组)或氟哌啶醇肌注(5～20mg/d)组(氟哌啶醇组)治疗,疗程7d。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、阳性和阴性症状量表兴奋因子(PANSS-EC)、病人合作程度评定表、修改版外显攻击行为量表(MOAS)、临床疗效总体评定量表(CGI)评定疗效,采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)、静坐不能评定量表(BAS)、锥体外系副反应量表(SAS),不良事件和实验室检查评定安全性。结果:在治疗7d后,利培酮组和氟哌啶醇组PANSS-EC评分分别为(11.1,3.6)分和(12.9,5.2)分,较治疗前均明显进步(P<0.01),两组间PANSS-EC和PANSS总分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);利培酮组在阳性因子分、MOAS、合作程度改善方面均优于氟哌啶醇组(P<0.05);肌强直、静坐不能的发生率显著低于氟哌啶醇肌注组(P<0.01)。结论:利培酮口服液合并氯硝西泮片治疗精神分裂症急性激越症状与氟哌啶醇肌内注射疗效相当,在某些方面优于氟哌啶醇肌内注射。     

帕罗西汀对精神分裂症阴性症状治疗的辅助作用

目的：探讨利培酮合并帕罗西汀治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效及不良反应。方法：对以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者60例，随机分为利培酮合并帕罗西汀组(合用组)和单用利培酮组(单用组)。疗程8周。临床疗效评定采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)和阴性症状评定量表(SANS)，用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果：治疗第8周末两组SANS评分比治疗前有显著降低，尤以合用组显著较好。结论：利培酮合并帕罗西汀治疗精神分裂症能显著改善阴性症状，不良反应少。     

利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症患者对照研究

目的 :评价利培酮和氟哌啶醇治疗老年精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性。　方法 :对 10 5例老年精神分裂症患者分别给予利培酮、氟哌啶醇治疗 ,其中利培酮组 5 4例 ,氟哌啶醇组 5 1例。疗程12周。以简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)评定临床疗效 ,以副反应量表 (TESS)和实验室检测评价安全性。　结果 :治疗结束时 ,两组BPRS总分较治疗前显著降低 (P <0 0 1) ,两组间差异无显著性 ,两组临床疗效 ,利培酮组有效率 87 0 % ,显效率 5 7 4 %。氟哌啶醇组有效率 84 3% ,显效率 5 4 9% ,两组差异无显著性。利培酮组不良反应总发生率较氟哌啶醇组少 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论 :利培酮治疗老年精神分裂症患者的疗效与氟哌啶醇相似 ,不良反应较氟哌啶醇轻而少。     

利培酮与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症阴性症状临床对照研究

目的 探索利培酮对精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效与副反应。方法 对40例精神分裂症（阴性症状为主）的病人通过随机数字表进行随机,奇数入实验组,偶数入对照组并随访半年,使用利培酮与氟哌啶醇进行对照研究;采用BPRS、SANS和TESS及临床疗效总评进行评定。结果 利培酮的疗效优于氟哌啶醇,而且副反应也低。结论 利培酮是治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症较理想的药物。     

利培酮联合氟哌啶醇与单独氯氮平治疗以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症的效果比较

目的 探讨利培酮短期内联合小剂量氟哌啶醇治疗以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的效果。方法 对80例精神分裂症患者随机分为利培酮联合小剂量氟哌啶醇组(n=40)及单独氯氮平(n=40)治疗组，并进行比较分析，疗程8周。采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阳性症状评定量表(SAPS)及副反应量表(TESS)分别于疗后第1周、2周、4周、6周、8周末进行评定。结果 利培酮联合小剂量氟哌啶醇组与单独氯氮平治疗组总体疗效相当，能较早、较好的出现治疗效果，而无严重副反应。结论 利培酮短期内联合小剂量氟哌啶醇治疗能有效治疗精神分裂症的阳性症状，值得推荐。     

利培酮和氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的双盲对照研究

目的 比较利培酮和氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的疗效及副作用。方法 采用双盲双模拟的研究方法,实验及统计结束后揭盲。疗效评定采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及临床总体疗效四级评定标准。不良反应采用不良反应量表(TESS)和Simpson-Angus量表(SAS)。观察8周。结果 1)两组在PANSS和BPRS总分较治疗前显著降低(P<0.001)组间无显著性差异。2)两组治疗后PANSS减分率:氟哌啶醇组58.08±21.12％,利培酮组65.37±16.50％。两组间无显著性差异。3)总有效率;氟哌啶醇组64％,利培酮组74.07％。4)TESS表明:两组在失眠、头晕、口干、视物模糊、心动过速、体重增加等项严重程度无显著性差异,在肌强直、震颤、静坐不能等项,两组有显著性差异,利培酮组优于氟哌啶醇组。5)安坦合并用药率,利培酮组显著低于氟哌啶醇组(P<0.05)。结论利培酮和氟哌啶醇一样能有效治疗精神分裂症,但利培酮锥外系副作用更小。利培酮和氟哌啶醇都是有效、安全的抗精神病药物。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.