脑梗死患者血浆纤维蛋白原及其血管性假性血友病因子含量与血小板聚集功能的检测及临床意义

目的 通过对脑梗死患者血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血管性假性血友病因子(vWF)及血小板聚集功能的检测,探讨其相互关系及在脑梗死发病中的意义.方法 对62例急性脑梗死患者和50名健康对照者血浆Fib、vWF及血小板聚集功能进行检测,同时对脑梗死患者临床神经功能缺损和梗死面积进行分析比较.结果 脑梗死急性期患者血浆Fib、vWF水平及血小板聚集率分别为(4.29±0.60)g/L、(244.56±62.45)%、(71.22±5.60)%,明显高于对照组[(2.35±0.45)g/L、(98.32±20.14)%、(58.19±7.31)%,t值分别为4.123、3.584、4.725,P均＜0.01],并与患者临床神经功能评分和梗死面积相关(r=0.538、r=0.349,P均＜0.05).结论 脑梗死患者急性期血浆Fib、vWF水平升高,血小板聚集功能增强,是脑梗死发病的重要机制.     

同型半胱氨酸、纤维蛋白原与脑梗死及其预后的相关性研究

目的研究脑梗死患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)水平改变及其与病情和预后的相关性。方法检测250例脑梗死患者和100名健康者的血浆Hcy、Fib水平。在患者入院当天进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NHISS)评定,并在随访6月后进行改良Rankin量表评价。结果脑梗死组患者血浆Hcy、Fib水平明显高于健康对照组(P0.05);NHISS重度患者血浆Hcy、Fib水平明显高于中度、轻度患者(P0.05);中度患者血浆Hcy、Fib水平显著高于轻度患者(P0.05)。低Hcy、Fib组脑梗死患者预后良好率显著高于高Hcy、Fib组(P0.05)。结论脑梗死患者血浆Hcy、Fib水平明显升高,病情重的患者升高更明显。血浆Hcy、Fib水平升高的患者预后相对较差。     

血浆胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸水平与大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死的相关性

目的研究血浆胱抑素C(Cys-C)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死(LAA)的相关性。方法选取新疆医科大学第五附属医院86例LAA患者为LAA组,80例非脑血管病患者为对照组,分析2组中血浆Hcy和Cys-C水平。根据美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,将LAA组分为轻度、中度、重度,采用Spearmen分析Hcy、Cys-C水平与不同病情严重程度的相关性。结果 LAA组血浆Cys-C水平(0.94±0.55)mg/L明显高于对照组(0.82±0.21)mg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=9.088,P0.05);LAA组Hcy为(17.06±2.20)μmol/L,对照组为(16.56±3.08)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义(t=2.032,P0.05);LAA组患者血浆Hcy水平与NIHSS评分无相关性(r=-0.101,P0.05),Cys-C水平与NIHSS评分呈正相关(r=0.437,P0.05),且与中度病情严重程度的相关系数略高(r=0.309)。结论 LAA中血浆Cys-C水平与脑梗死的病情严重程度呈正相关,对脑梗死的病情判断有临床意义。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者血浆环氧二十碳三烯酸水平与血脂关系及对预后的影响

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者血浆环氧二十碳三烯酸(epoxyeicosatrienoic acids,EET)水平与血脂的关系,分析血浆EET对ACS患者主要心血管事件的影响。方法 ACS患者120例为ACS组,体检健康者120例为对照组,采用ELISA法测定2组血浆EET及血脂水平;以ACS组EET中位数(68.5μg/L)为切点,将ACS患者分为高EET水平组(EET≥68.5μg/L)和低EET水平组(EET68.5μg/L),随访6个月,观察各组主要心血管事件发生情况。结果ACS组患者血浆EET水平[(63.25±2.08)μg/L)]低于对照组[(88.16±3.44)μg/L)](P0.05),总胆固醇[(5.68±0.39)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[(2.93±0.27)mmol/L]高于对照组[(4.16±0.15)、(1.56±0.13)mmol/L](P0.05);ACS组患者EET水平与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关(r=-0.953,P=0.014),与三酰甘油、总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇无明显相关性(r=0.251,P=0.467;r=-0.463,P=0.212;r=0.316,P=0.411);随访6个月,对照组无主要心血管事件发生,低EET水平组主要心血管事件发生率(27.8%)高于高EET水平组(6.5%)(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,校正其他危险因素后,EET68.5μg/L是ACS患者发生主要心血管事件的独立预测因素(OR=2.868,95%CI:1.152~8.474,P=0.012)。结论ACS患者血浆EET水平降低,且与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平呈负相关,血浆EET水平可作为ACS发生主要心血管事件的独立预测因素。     

2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1水平与神经功能缺损及临床预后相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)水平与神经功能缺损及临床预后的相关性。方法 2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者32例(脑梗死+糖尿病组)、急性脑梗死非糖尿病患者33例(脑梗死组)、单纯2型糖尿病患者33例(糖尿病组)和体检健康者30例(对照组),脑梗死+糖尿病组和脑梗死组分别于起病后3、14d检测血清IGF-1水平,采用美国国立卫生院卒中量表(the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NHSS)评分评估神经功能缺损程度,90d行改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,MRS)评分判断预后情况;糖尿病组和对照组分别于入院后3、14d检测血清IGF-1水平,并与脑梗死+糖尿病组、脑梗死组进行比较。结果脑梗死+糖尿病组3、14d时血清IGF-1水平[(88.08±24.22)、(114.43±24.54)μg/L]低于脑梗死组[(99.73±20.25)、(125.89±20.35)μg/L]、糖尿病组[(106.45±19.29)、(127.14±19.11)μg/L]和对照组[(152.50±28.56)、(152.56±26.40)μg/L](P0.01),脑梗死组与糖尿病组IGF-1水平低于对照组(P0.05),脑梗死组与糖尿病组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);脑梗死+糖尿病组3、14d时NIHSS评分(7.44±2.34、4.34±1.86)及90d时MRS评分(2.22±1.21)均高于脑梗死组(5.48±1.87、2.61±1.87,1.64±0.99)(P0.05);3、14d时NIHSS评分与3、14d时脑梗死+糖尿病组(r=-0.934,P=0.004;r=-0.821,P=0.000)和脑梗死组(r=-0.807,P=0.008;r=-0.653,P=0.005)IGF-1水平呈明显负相关,90d时MRS评分与3、14d时脑梗死+糖尿病组(r=-0.309,P=0.031;r=-0.306;P=0.029)和脑梗死组(r=-0.308,P=0.045;r=-0.369,P=0.037)IGF-1水平呈明显负相关。结论 2型糖尿病并急性脑梗死患者血清IGF-1水平可用于判断病情轻重及临床预后。     

炎症反应和凝溶异常在急性脑血管病中的作用

目的:研究炎症反应与凝溶异常在急性脑血管病(cerebral vascular disease,CVD)中的作用,为CVD的诊治提供理论依据和临床思路。方法:140例受试者分为4组。63例急性CVD病人,其中脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH)组21例,脑梗死(cerebral infarction,CI)组42例;同期入院非脑血管病(non cerebral vascular dis-ease,Non-CVD)组36例,门诊健康体检者41例作为正常对照组(sham组)。免疫比浊增强法测定超敏C反应蛋白(high sensitive-C reactive protein,hs-CRP)水平,凝固法测定纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fib)水平,对各组hs-CRP与Fib均数进行比较,并行相关性分析。结果:(1)各组血清hs-CRP含量比较,CI组hs-CRP含量明显增高[(7.72±3.32)mg/L],与sham组[(2.17±1.33)mg/L]、ICH组[(2.45±1.31)mg/L]及Non-CVD组[(2.73±2.43)mg/L]相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);ICH组与CI组及sham组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但与Non-CVD组相比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)各组血清Fib含量比较,ICH组Fib含量增高明显[(3.68±0.84)g/L],与sham组[(2.55±0.56)g/L]、CI组[(3.27±0.85)g/L]及Non-CVD组[(2.98±0.57)g/L]相比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),CI组与ICH组、sham组相比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),与Non-CVD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)各组hs-CRP与Fib相关性比较,CI组hs-CRP与Fib含量呈正相关(r=0.376,P=0.014),ICH组hs-CRP与Fib含量不相关(r=0.155,P=0.502),Non-CVD组hs-CRP与Fib含量呈正相关(r=0.446,P=0.006),sham组hs-CRP与Fib含量呈正相关(r=0.574,P=0.000)。结论:血浆hs-CRP及Fib均参与了动脉粥样硬化、急性CVD的病理生理过程,是评价机体损伤的总体量化指标,炎症反应与凝溶异常在急性脑血管发病机制中发挥重要作用,两者之间动态平衡破坏可间接提示机体损伤严重,因此检测两者之间的动态变化可为临床早期判断预后及指导治疗提供依据。     

脑卒中与血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系

背景很多研究表明高同型半胱氨酸血症可能是导致脑卒中发病的独立危险因素.目的探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑梗死和脑出血发生之间的关系,并分析可能影响同型半胱氨酸水平的相关因素.设计病例-对照实验.单位浙江大学医学院附属第二医院神经内科.对象选择2003-01/11在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院的住院患者57例,其中脑卒中57例(脑出血组21例,脑梗死组36例),并以同期到本院作体检的健康人28例作为对照组.方法所有被试者均晨起空腹抽取静脉血2 mL,测定血浆同型半胱氨酸、维生素B12、叶酸、肌酐等含量,并对所有患者进行临床神经功能缺损程度评分,脑出血组患者根据CT摄片计算出每例患者的血肿体积.主要观察指标①各组被试者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平.②血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与叶酸,维生素B12,临床神经功能缺损程度评分及血肿体积的相关性.结果57例脑卒中患者和28例健康者全部进入结果分析.①脑梗死组、脑出血组男性和女性同型半胱氨酸的水平均高于同性别对照组[(25.2±21.4),(18.3±10.9),(11.5±2.9)μ mol/L;(22.8±18.9),(14.7±7.4),(10.8±2.6)μ mol/L,P＜0.05-0.01].脑梗死组和脑出血组基本接近(P＞0.05).②脑梗死组、脑出血组患者同型半胱氨酸水平与叶酸水平呈极显著负相关(r=-0.442,-0.531,P＜0.05),与维生素B12水平无显著相关性(r=-0.086,-0.111,P＞0.05).脑梗死组同型半胱氨酸水平与临床神经功能缺损程度评分无显著相关性(r=-0.139,P＞0.05),脑出血组同型半胱氨酸水平与临床神经功能缺损程度评分和血肿体积无显著相关性(r=0.225,0.425,P＞0.05).结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死和脑出血的危险因素.血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与叶酸水平呈负相关,与维生素B12、临床神经功能缺损程度评分、血肿体积无显著相关.     

颈动脉硬化斑块与血浆高敏C-反应蛋白、基质金属蛋白酶-2/9、CD40配体水平的关系

目的通过超声检查颈动脉硬化斑块,结合检测患者血浆高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP,包括MMP-2、MMP-9)、CD40配体(CD40L)水平综合评价斑块的易损性。方法对68例首次发病的脑梗死患者(A组)、62例无症状颈动脉硬化患者(B组)和56例健康对照者(C组)进行研究,超声检查颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)、斑块类型,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆hs-CRP、MMP-2、MMP-9、CD40L。A组患者进行神经功能缺损程度评分。结果 A组IMT高于B组(P=0.024),A组以易损斑块(60.3%)为主,B组以稳定斑块(77.4%)为主;A组患者血浆hs-CRP、MMP-2、MMP-9、CD40L水平均高于B组和C组(均P<0.05);A组易损斑块者血浆MMP-2、MMP-9、CD40L水平均高于稳定斑块和无斑块者(均P<0.05);易损斑块者hs-CRP与MMP-2、MMP-9均呈正相关(r=0.516,P=0.001;r=0.653,P=0.001);MMP-2与MMP-9、CD40L均呈正相关(r=0.637,P=0.001;r=0.614,P=0.010);MMP-9与CD40L呈正相关(r=0.749,P=0.012);易损斑块者神经功能缺损程度评分(26.19±11.25)高于稳定斑块(23.58±10.46)及无斑块者(23.14±10.18);血浆hs-CRP、MMP-2、MMP-9、CD40L与神经功能缺损程度评分均呈正相关(r=0.652,P=0.001;r=0.761,P=0.001;r=0.729,P=0.001;r=0.648,P=0.010)。结论超声检查颈动脉硬化斑块类型结合检测血浆相关炎症介质水平有助于评价斑块的易损性。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术后再发症状性脑梗死的相关性研究

目的探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)与颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术后再发症状性脑梗死的关系。方法选择120脑梗死患者,均行颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术,根据血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平分为HHcy组62例(血Hcy≥15μmol/L)和非HHcy组58例(血Hcy15μmol/L),并在术后给予抗血小板治疗。随访1.5年,比较2组脑梗死复发率和死亡率,分析影响脑梗死复发的危险因素。结果 HHcy组脑梗死复发率和死亡率均显著高于非HHcy组(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,脑梗死复发与HHcy有显著相关性(P0.05,OR=1.112,95%CI为1.084~1.211)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症可显著增加颅内动脉狭窄支架植入术后患者脑梗死再发的风险。     

冠心病患者血浆中凝血酶活化的纤溶抑制物测定的意义

目的 了解冠心病患者急性期血浆中凝血酶活化的纤溶抑制物(TAFI)活性与抗原水平的变化.方法 用ELISA与发色底物法分别检测72例急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者、54例心绞痛患者和45名对照血浆中TAFI抗原及活性;同时用Clauss法检测血浆中的纤维蛋白原(Fib).结果 AMI组与心绞痛组之间以及二者与对照组之间的血浆TAFI抗原及活性水平的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),男性与女性之间差异也无统计学意义(P＞0.05);血浆TAFI抗原与活性之间有一定的相关性(r=0.692,P＜0.05);AMI组、心绞痛组与对照组之间血浆Fib水平的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 冠心病患者发生AMI时,血浆中TAFI的活性与抗原水平没有显著的变化.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.