内质网应激分子伴侣GRP78在大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肝脏中的表达

目的:观察内质网应激相关分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)在大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肝脏组织中的表达水平.方法:将24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组,单纯肝缺血组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注0h),再灌注6h组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注6h)和再灌注12h组(肝缺血30 min+再灌注12h).分别检测各组血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平;肝组织病理学、凋亡情况及GRP78 mRNA表达水平.结果:与对照组比较,各实验组大鼠肝缺血后出现明显的肝组织损伤,且随着再灌注时间的延长损伤加重,表现为血清ALT和AST水平升高,明显的肝组织病理学改变,肝细胞凋亡率增加,各组间计量指标的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).大鼠肝组织GRP78 mRNA变化趋势与上述指标一致,缺血后表达明显上调,且随着再灌注时间延长而逐渐升高,各组间差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论:缺血再灌注损伤肝脏组织中GRP78表达上调,但其具体作用还有待于探明.     

党参皂甙减轻大鼠移植肾缺血再灌注损伤中细胞凋亡的作用及其机制

目的 探讨党参提取物皂甙减轻移植肾缺血再灌注损伤中细胞凋亡的作用及其机制.方法 将雌、雄各半SD大鼠随机分成三组,每组20只,即假手术组、缺血再灌注组和皂甙干预组.假手术组不进行肾移植,仅切除右肾,游离左肾动静脉,暴露左肾1 h后关闭腹腔.缺血再灌注组和皂甙干预组建立大鼠移植肾缺血再灌注损伤模型.皂甙干预组分别于肾移植前48、24和0.5 h经腹腔注入皂甙溶液(每千克体重80 mg).移植肾再灌注后24 h,取大鼠外周血和移植肾组织待测.检测各组血尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)水平;采用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测各组肾组织原位细胞凋亡指数(AI);采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测与细胞凋亡有关的基因Bcl-2和Bax mRNA在各组肾组织中的相对表达量.结果 与假手术组相比,缺血再灌注组和皂甙干预组血BUN和Cr水平都显著升高(P＜0.05);移植肾细胞凋亡指数也显著增高(P＜0.05);移植肾组织中Bcl-2 mRNA表达显著降低,Bax mRNA表达显著增高(P＜0.05).与缺血再灌注组比较,皂甙干预组血BUN和Cr值明显下降(P＜0.05);移植肾细胞凋亡指数明显下降(P＜0.05);移植肾组织中Bcl-2 mRNA表达显著增加,Bax mRNA表达明显下降(P＜0.05).结论 党参皂甙在移植肾缺血再灌注损伤中能显著减轻细胞凋亡.其机制可能是通过对Bcl-2基因表达的上调和对Bax基因表达的下调,从而抑制细胞的凋亡.     

雷公藤内酯醇对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤时Toll样受体4表达的影响

目的 观察雷公藤内酯醇(TRI)对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤时肾组织中Toll样受体4(TLR4)表达的影响.方法 随机将51只Wistar大鼠分为3组.(1)阴性对照组(n=15):游离双侧肾脏,切除右肾,缝合腹壁.(2)缺血再灌注组(n=18):实验过程与阴性对照组相同,但在切除右肾和游离左肾之后,将左肾动、静脉夹闭45 min,然后开通.(3)TRI处理组(n=18):肾缺血再灌注前3 d经大鼠腹腔注射TRI 0.4 mg/kg,每天1次,连续3 d,其他实验过程与缺血再灌注组相同.肾缺血再灌注1、3、5 d后,分别采用全自动生化分析仪检测血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)的含量;逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测肾组织中TLR4 mRNA的表达水平;免疫印记法(Western blot)检测肾组织中TLR4表达水平.结果 肾缺血再灌注1、3、5 d后,缺血再灌注组和TRI处理组血清BUN及Cr均明显高于阴性对照组(P＜0.01),肾组织中TLR4 mRNA和TLR4的表达也明显高于阴性对照组(P＜0.05);但与缺血再灌注组比较,TRI处理组血清BUN和Cr明显降低(P＜0.01),肾组织中TLR4 mRNA和TLR4的表达也显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 雷公藤内酯醇可以减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能是通过抑制TLR4的表达而发挥作用的.     

肢体缺血后处理和肾脏缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨肢体缺血后处理和肾脏缺血后处理对大鼠肾脏缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤的影响.方法 24只大鼠随机均分为假手术组(S组)、缺血-再灌注组(I-R组)、左下肢缺血后处理组(LIP组)及肾脏缺血后处理组(RIP组).S组仅对左肾动脉进行游离;I-R组:夹闭左肾动脉45 min后松开,左肾再灌注6 h;LIP组在左肾复灌前6 min时左股动脉夹闭5 min;RIP组在左肾缺血45min后灌注10 s,停灌10 s,反复6次;检测复灌6 h时血清肌酐(Cr)、血尿素氮(BUN);光镜下观察肾组织病理改变,TUNEL法检测肾组织中凋亡细胞并计算凋亡指数(AI);免疫组化法检测肾组织Fas、Caspase-3表达;电镜下观察肾单位超微结构改变.结果 与S组比较,其他三组大鼠BUN、Cr浓度升高(P<0.01)、肾组织病理改变明显、肾组织Fas、Caspase-3阳性指数和AI增加(P<0.01).与I-R组比较,LIP、RIP组大鼠BUN、Cr浓度降低(P<0.01),肾组织Fas、Caspase-3阳性指数和AI降低(P<0.01).RIP组AI明显低于LIP组(P<0.05).结论 在肾脏I-R损伤的病理过程中,肾小管上皮细胞凋亡可以由胞膜上的Fas被激活而最终导致靶细胞凋亡;两种后处理都可以抑制肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,减轻I-R损伤.     

左卡尼汀减轻大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤及其机制的研究

目的 研究左卡尼汀对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)的影响及其机制.方法 将Wistar大鼠分为3组:L组大鼠制成IRI模型,于夹闭肾动静脉前5 min及松开动脉夹后30 min,分2次经尾静脉注射左卡尼汀,各500mg/kg;I组大鼠制成IRI模型,仅注射生理盐水;C组仅分离双侧肾动、静脉,注射生理盐水.分别于再灌注后3、6和24 h处死各组大鼠.处死前经下腔静脉取血,检测血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮( BUN)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量.获取肾组织样本,进行病理学观察;应用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测肾组织核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-GCS)的mRNA水平;蛋白质印迹法检测细胞核中Nrf2含量;免疫组织化学法检测肾组织中Nrf2的表达及定位.结果 再灌注后3h时,L组与I组血清Cr和BUN均高于C组(P＜0.01);再灌注后6h时,L组血清Cr和BUN高于C组(P＜0.01),而低于I组(P＜0.01);再灌注后24 h时,L组血清Cr和BUN仍低于I组(P＜0.05).再灌注后6和24 h时,L组与I组SOD水平低于C组(P＜0.05),MDA水平高于C组(P＜0.05).再灌注后各时间点,L组SOD水平均高于I组(P＜0.05),MDA水平均低于I组(P＜0.05).再灌注后24 h时,L组肾组织病理改变较I组轻.再灌注后6h时,I组Nrf2、HO-1、γ-GCS的mRNA相对含量均高于C组(P＜0.05),而L组各基因mRNA的相对含量高于I组(P＜0.05).L组细胞核内Nrf2的相对含量高于I组(P＜0.05).结论 左卡尼汀可减轻大鼠肾脏IRI,其机制可能与激活Nrf2-ARE通路,进而增强下游抗氧化基因的表达有关.     

臭氧氧化预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤致细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察臭氧氧化预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤导致的细胞凋亡的影响.方法 分为3组进行实验:(1)假手术组:切除大鼠右肾,缝合腹壁;(2)缺血再灌注组:切除大鼠右肾后,夹闭左肾动、静脉45 min,然后开放;(3)臭氧氧化预处理组:手术步骤与缺血再灌注组相同,在术前15d开始经直肠吹入氧气和臭氧的混合气体5～5.5 ml(臭氧浓度为50 mg/L,1 mg·kg-1 ·d-1),应用至术前1d.全自动生化分析仪检测3组大鼠血清尿素氮和肌酐,比色法测定血清脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD).免疫组织化学法检测大鼠肾细胞胞浆细胞色素C(CytC)的表达,蛋白质印迹法检测CytC的含量.逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6 (IL-6) mRNA的表达.结果 缺血再灌注和臭氧氧化预处理组血清尿素氮、肌酐和MDA均高于假手术组,而缺血再灌注组的尿素氮、肌酐和MDA又高于臭氧氧化预处理组.缺血再灌注组血清SOD低于假手术组和臭氧氧化预处理组(P＜0.05).臭氧氧化预处理组的肾组织病理学改变较缺血再灌注组轻.假手术组、缺血再灌注组和臭氧氧化预处理组的CytC表达灰度值分别为101.50±18.02、181.00±20.85和156.71±16.82,两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).臭氧氧化预处理组肾细胞胞浆和线粒体中CytC含量较缺血再灌注组有所下降(P＜0.05).结论 臭氧氧化预处理可以减轻肾脏脂质过氧化反应,减少炎症因子的合成,抑制CytC的释放,减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤.     

远隔肢体缺血预处理对兔单肺缺血-再灌注损伤细胞凋亡的影响

目的 从细胞凋亡的角度探讨远隔肢体缺血预处理影响兔肺缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤的可能机制.方法 18只日本大耳白兔随机均分为三组:缺血-再灌注组(I-R组)、肢体缺血预处理组(R组)、假手术组(S组).建立兔在体左肺缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤模型.通过采用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的DNA原位末端缺口标记技术(TUNEL)检测再灌注3 h时凋亡指数(AI)的变化,予Westernblotting检测肺组织中Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达情况.结果 与S组比较,I-R组肺组织细胞凋亡指数和Bax蛋白显著增高(P＜0.01),而Bcl-2蛋白含量显著降低(P＜0.01),Bcl-2/Bax比值降低(P＜0.05).R组细胞凋亡指数和Bcl-2蛋白表达明显高于I-R组(P＜0.01),而Bax蛋白的含量明显低于I-R组(P＜0.05),Bcl-2/Bax比值增高(P＜0.05).结论 远隔肢体缺血预处理可上调肺组织Bcl-2蛋白,下调Bax蛋白表达,增加Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制肺组织细胞凋亡,从而对肺缺血-再灌注损伤起到保护作用.     

乳化异氟醚对大鼠肺缺血-再灌注内质网应激的影响

目的探索乳化异氟醚预处理对大鼠肺缺血-再灌注损伤诱导内质网应激的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠32只随机分成四组:假手术组(S组)、缺血-再灌注组(IR组)、乳化异氟醚预处理(EI组)、脂肪乳组(IL组)。S组腹腔注射生理盐水10.5ml/kg,24h后仅开胸游离左肺门,不进行阻断左肺门;IR组、EI组和IL组分别腹腔注射生理盐水、8%乳化异氟醚10.5 ml/kg、30%脂肪乳10.5ml/kg,24h后通过阻断左肺门1h后再灌注2h建立大鼠原位肺缺血-再灌注损伤模型。于再灌注2h即刻经左心室采集血样检测PaO2、PaCO2值;取左肺组织测湿重/干重比(W/D),通过HE染色评估肺组织病理损伤程度;通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测肺组织中GRP78和CHOP的表达水平。结果与S组比较,IR组、EI组和IL组PaCO2、肺组织GRP78、CHOP mRNA和CHOP蛋白表达明显升高,PaO2明显降低(P0.05),GRP78蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义;与IR组比较,EI组、IL组PaCO2、肺组织GRP78mRNA、CHOP mRNA和CHOP蛋白表达明显降低、PaO2明显升高(P0.05),GRP78蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义。与IL组比较,EI组PaCO2、肺组织W/D、GRP78、CHOP mRNA和CHOP蛋白表达明显降低、PaO2明显升高(P0.05),GRP78蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义。病理显示EI组和IL组肺损伤轻于IR组,EI组肺损伤轻于IL组。结论乳化异氟醚和脂肪乳预处理均可减轻大鼠术后肺缺血-再灌注损伤引起的过度内质网应激,并且乳化异氟醚的保护效果更显著。     

中介素减轻大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤

目的 探讨中介素(IMD)对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)的影响,及其过程中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的作用和机制.方法 将健康雄性Wistar大鼠分为4组:假手术组,行右肾切除术,1周后单纯分离左侧肾蒂及肾动脉,而不夹闭肾动脉；肾脏缺血再灌注(IR)组,行右肾切除术,1周后行左肾缺血再灌注手术；IMD基因转染组,右肾切除后左肾行超声微泡介导的IMD-pCDNA3.1(+)质粒转染术,饲养1周,再行左肾缺血再灌注手术；空质粒转染组,右肾切除后左肾行超声微泡介导的pCDNA3.1(+)质粒转染术,饲养1周,再行左肾缺血再灌注手术.大鼠于缺血再灌注术后24 h处死,用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织IMD表达,取肾组织进行病理学观察,取血清测定尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)浓度,检测肾组织中内皮型NOS(eNOS)、诱导型NOS(iNOS)以及神经型NOS(nNOS) mRNA及其蛋白的表达.结果 假手术组大鼠肾组织中IMD位于肾小管及间质细胞胞浆内,其表达灰度值为66±35;肾脏IR组大鼠肾小管上皮细胞和间质中IMD表达灰度值为176±48,高于假手术组(P＜0.01)；IMD基因转染组肾组织中IMD表达灰度值为262±68,高于肾脏IR组(P＜0.01)；空质粒转染组IMD表达灰度值为180±51,和肾脏IR组间表达的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与肾脏IR组相比较,IMD基因转染组大鼠肾脏组织病理损伤程度较轻,血清BUN和Cr较低(P＜0.05),eNOS mRNA及eNOS表达升高(P＜0.05),iNOS mRNA及iNOS表达降低(P＜0.05),而两组间nNOSmRNA及nNOS表达的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 中介素可能通过促进eNOS表达、抑制iNOS表达从而减轻大鼠肾脏IRI.     

高压氧对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾FasL和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3表达的影响

目的 研究高压氧(HBO)对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)肾细胞凋亡相关基因(FasL)和细胞凋亡执行蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)表达的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法 健康SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=8)、IRI组(n=8)和IRI+HBO组(n=8).采用夹闭双侧肾动脉方法建立IRI模型.IRI+HBO组分别在再灌注后lh、24 h、48 h给予HBO处理,末次HBO后取双肾组织测定各组大鼠肾组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量 ;采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组织化学染色方法分别测定肾组织FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白表达.结果 与假手术组比较,IRI组SOD活性下降(P＜0.05),MDA含量升高(P＜0.05),经HBO治疗后SOD活性升高(P＜0.05),MDA含量降低(P＜0.05).FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白在假手术组呈低水平表达,而在IRI组表达显著上调(P＜0.01),IRI+HBO组表达较IRI组显著下调(P＜0.01).结论 大鼠肾缺血损伤后随着再灌注时间延长FasL mRNA 、caspase-3蛋白表达显著上调.早期HBO治疗后可以使FasL mRNA、caspase-3蛋白表达明显下调,抑制细胞凋亡,保护肾脏.     

The protective effect of hydroxytyrosol on contrast - induced nephropathy and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Objective To investigate the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78) and cysteine aspartic acid protease 12(Caspase - 12) and evaluate the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in rats with contrast - induced nephropathy (CIN), and observe the protective effects of hydroxytyrosol on CIN rats. Methods Eighty-four Wistar rats, (220±20) g, were randomly divided into control group, CIN group, hydroxytyrosol treated group (group C+H). At 12th, 24th, 48th, 72th day after the rats model were established, BUN and Scr were detected. ELISA were used to detect the expression of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). HE staining were used to evaluate the pathological change of kidney. TUNEL were used to detect the apoptosis of tubular cells. Real-time PCR were used to detect the expression of GRP78 mRNA and Caspase-12 mRNA in tubular cells. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of GRP78 and Caspase - 12 protein in tubular cells. Results BUN, Scr, the mRNA and protein expression of GRP78, Caspase-12 in hydroxytyrosol treated group were higher than that in control group(P＜0.05), but were significantly lower than that in CIN group (P＜0.05). Pathological changes and the apoptosis of tubular cells in CIN group were more serious than that in hydroxytyrosol treated group (P＜0.05). Conclusions Endoplasmic reticulum stress may be associated with contrast-induced nephropathy. Hydroxytyrosol can protect kidney from contrast medium via reducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress.     

AMPK attenuates inflammation to reduce fibrosis induced by acute ischemia reperfusion injury in mice

Objective To observe the effect of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) on attenuating inflammation in fibrosis induced by acute ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. Methods Forty eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group (sham group), IRI group, AMPK inhibitor+IRI group (AMPK/IRI group) and normal saline+IRI group (NS/IRI group), 12 mice each group. The mice with renal IRI were occluded for 30 min through clipping bilateral renal pedicle, then released renal perfusion. Mice in sham group were performed the separation of renal pedicle without clipping. Mice in AMPK/IRI group and NS/IRI group were respectively intraperitoneal injected AMPK inhibitor and normal saline before IRI. At the 2 d after operation, 6 randomly-selected mice from each group were blooded by extraction eyeball to detect BUN and Scr. The renal histopathological changes were observed through HE staining. The mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected by real time PCR, and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting. At the 14 d after operation, Collagen 1 (COL1), α-SMA and fibronectin (FN) were detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting in 6 remained mice from each group. The degree of kidney fibrosis was observed through sirus red staining. Results Compared with those in sham group, tubular interstitial damage was aggravated (P＜0.05), BUN and Scr were increased (P＜0.05), the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was increased at the 2 d after operation (all P＜0.05), and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was activated in IRI group and NS/IRI group (all P＜0.05); the degree of kidney fibrosis and the expression of COL1, α-SMA and FN were increased obviously at the 14 d (all P＜0.05). Compared with those in IRI group, in AMPK/IRI group tubular interstitial damage was aggravated (P＜0.05), BUN and Scr were increased (all P＜0.05), the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was increased at the 2 d (all P＜0.05), and the level of AMPK phosphorylation was decreased (P＜0.05). Moreover, the degree of kidney fibrosis and the expression of COL1, α-SMA and FN were increased obviously at the 14 d in AMPK/IRI group (all P＜0.05). Conclusions AMPK can ameliorate the acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury induce fibrosis in mice, and the mechanism may be related to the decrease of inflammatory reaction.     

外源性硫化氢在大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用

目的 观察不同剂量外源性硫化氢(H2S)供体硫氢化钠对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤( IRI)的保护作用.方法 健康雄性Wistar大鼠28只随机分为4组,即假手术组( Sham)、肾缺血再灌注(IR)组、硫氢化钠(NaHS)高剂量组、硫氢化钠低剂量组.大鼠右肾切除后,以NaHS作为硫化氢的供体,NaHS高、低剂量组分别经左肾动脉插管,按照1.5 μmol/min、300 nmol/min的剂量连续15 min给药,假手术组及IR组给予同体积生理盐水.停药5 min 后,NaHS组和IR组用无损伤微动脉夹夹闭左侧肾蒂45 min后解除阻断,建立大鼠急性IRI模型,假手术组不夹闭左肾动脉,其他操作同模型组.于肾脏恢复血流24h时留取血和肾组织标本,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr);半定量分析肾脏病理损伤;检测肾组织H2S生成率;采用实时定量PCR法检测胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS)、胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶(CSE )mRNA表达.结果 与假手术组相比,IR组H2S生成率显著降低(P＜0.01);CBS、CSE mRNA表达显著下降(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN显著升高(P＜0.01);肾脏病理表现为急性肾小管坏死,且最严重.与IR组相比,NaHS预处理组H2S生成率升高(P＜0.05);CBS、CSE mRNA表达升高(P＜0.01 );Scr、BUN降低(P＜0.01);病理损伤明显减轻.NaHS两个剂量组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 外源性H2S对大鼠IRI具有保护作用.     

intermedin预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤修复和再生过程的作用

目的 探讨intermedin （IMD）预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注（IR）损伤修复和再生过程的作用。 方法 将Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组：假手术组（sham）、IR组、转空质粒组和转IMD组。在切除右肾后,转IMD组用超声微泡造影剂介导的基因转染方法将IMD真核质粒转染到大鼠肾组织,用RT-PCR和Western印迹法检测转染效率。转染成功后,制作肾脏IR损伤模型,分别于再灌注后1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、7 d和14 d 6个时间点各取6只大鼠,留取血清及肾组织标本,常规检测血清BUN和Scr;HE和PAS染色观察肾组织的病理变化;免疫组化法观察肾小管上皮细胞的增殖程度。 结果 （1）转IMD组比转空质粒组的IMD蛋白和mRNA表达均增多（均P < 0.05）,且转IMD组7 d时表达最多,与转IMD组4 d时差异无统计学意义;（2）与sham组相比,IR组1 d和2 d时Scr和BUN均显著增高（P < 0.05）;与IR组相比,转IMD组显著下降（P < 0.05）;转空质粒组与IR组相比差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。（3）IR组、转空质粒组和转IMD组大鼠的肾小管均受损,但转IMD组的损伤较轻,均以2 d时病理损伤最重。（4）sham组肾小管和肾小球内几乎没有增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）阳性细胞的表达;IR组和转空质粒组的PCNA阳性数在IR损伤1 d时开始增加,7 d时最多;转IMD组的PCNA阳性细胞数在IR损伤1 d时开始增加,3 d时最多。与IR组1~4 d相比,转IMD组的PCNA阳性细胞数显著增加（P < 0.05）;与IR组7 d相比,转IMD组7 d的PCNA阳性细胞数显著减少（P < 0.05）。 结论 IMD预处理可以促进肾小管上皮细胞增殖,加速肾脏IR损伤修复和再生。     

调节内质网应激对糖尿病小鼠肾脏SET7/9表达的影响

目的 探讨调节内质网应激对小鼠肾组织组蛋白甲基转移酶(HMT) SET7/9表达的影响及意义.方法 db/db小鼠按随机数字表法分为糖尿病肾病(DN)组和甜菜碱治疗(DN+B)组;db/m小鼠作为正常对照(NC)组,每组各18只.实验第4、8、12周末分别采用实时定量PCR和(或)Western印迹法测定小鼠肾组织SET7/9、葡萄糖调节蛋白(GRP)78、H3K4me2和单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)表达水平;ELISA法测定24 h尿蛋白排泄率(UPER)和尿MCP-1浓度;全自动生化分析仪检测血糖(BG)、血肌酐、血尿素氮的动态改变;PAS染色观察肾脏病理改变.结果 与NC组比较,DN组BG、BUN、UPER、MCP-1均显著升高(均P＜0.05),且呈时间依赖性.DN组小鼠第4周末开始出现肾小球基底膜增厚、系膜细胞增生改变,第12周末出现明显系膜基质积聚.与NC组比较,DN组肾组织GRP78、SET7/9的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平均显著升高,H3K4me2蛋白水平也显著升高,且呈时间依赖效应.与DN组比较,甜菜碱治疗组小鼠肾小球病变明显减轻,GRP78、SET7/9的mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著降低,BG、BUN、UPER、MCP-1、H3K4me2水平显著降低(均P＜0.05).结论 内质网应激可能是介导糖尿病小鼠肾脏SET7/9表达的上游机制.     

替普瑞酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨替普瑞酮对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用和可能机制。 方法 应用替普瑞酮(400 mg/kg)诱导雄性SD大鼠肾脏高表达热休克蛋白72（HSP72）。以钳夹大鼠左肾蒂45 min后，松开血管夹并切除右肾，建立大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏损伤模型。假手术组为打开腹腔，分离肾血管周围组织，但不钳夹血管。模型建立后24 h处死大鼠，留取血清测血肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（BUN）。肾组织石蜡切片行PAS染色，以损伤肾小管所占百分比评分法评估肾组织肾小管损伤程度。TUNEL法检测缺血再灌注损伤时肾脏细胞凋亡的发生情况。Western印迹检测X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）的水平。 结果 缺血再灌注损伤可导致急性肾衰竭，表现为血Scr、BUN明显升高（P < 0.01）；PAS染色显示外髓部有大片肾小管坏死，甚至出现基底膜裸露；TUNEL染色中肾小管上皮细胞TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增多（P < 0.01）；Western印迹结果显示，肾组织XIAP蛋白水平明显降低（P < 0.01）。替普瑞酮处理后，肾组织HSP72表达水平明显增高（P < 0.01）；缺血再灌注所致的肾脏损伤明显改善，包括肾小管的损伤、细胞凋亡以及肾功能。此外，替普瑞酮可稳定肾组织XIAP的蛋白水平（P < 0.05）。 结论 替普瑞酮可诱导肾脏高表达HSP72。替普瑞酮可能通过减少肾脏XIAP蛋白的降解，抑制细胞凋亡，减轻缺血再灌注的肾脏损伤。     

Reduction of renal ischemia reperfusion injury by hydrogen sulfide preconditioning through inhibiting oxidative stress

Objective To investigate the possible role of oxidative stress in the protection of hydrogen sulfide during renal ischemia reperfusion. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham operation (Sham) group, renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) group subject to occlusion of left renal pedicle for 45 min then reperfusion for 24 h, and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) preconditioning group with continuous infusion of NaHS (450 nmol/min) by left renal artery for 10 min before ischemia reperfusion. Renal injuries were evaluated by PAS staining. The protein levels of NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4, NOX2 were analyzed by Western blotting. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of renal tissue was determined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining assay. Renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and Scr, BUN were evaluated by chromatometry assay. Cell apoptosis were evaluated by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Results Compared with Sham group, in IR group the renal NOX4 and NOX2 protein expressions, the existence of acute tubular necrosis and ROS expression were up-regulated (all P＜0.01); MDA, Scr, and BUN were increased and SOD was decreased significantly in IR-treated kidney (all P＜0.01); Moreover, more apoptotic cells presented in the risk zone of IR-treated kindey (P＜0.01). The effects induced by IR were inhibited by NaHS. Compared to that in IR group, NaHS precondition reversed IR-induced damages of renal function and renal tissue, increased SOD activity and decreased MDA expression (all P＜0.05), as well as reduced the expression of NOX4, NOX2 and ROS (all P＜0.05). Moreover, NaHS precondition reduced apoptosis after IR (P＜0.05). Conclusions NaHS alleviates renal ischemia reperfusion injury through inhibiting oxidative stress. Hydrogen sulfide can decrease ROS by inhibiting the activation of NOX, further inhibit the activation of NOD-like receptor, and alleviate kidney damage.     

纤维蛋白肽Bβ15～42对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾脏局部炎性反应的影响

目的 观察纤维蛋白肽Bβ15～42(the fibrin-derived peptide Bβ15-42,FgBβ15～42肽)对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)后肾脏局部炎性反应的影响并探讨其机制.方法 将SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(Sham组)、IRI组、阴性治疗组和FgBβ15 ～ 42肽治疗组.Sham组:分离肾动脉后关闭腹腔;IRI组:采用双侧肾动脉夹闭的方法制作肾脏IRI模型;阴性治疗组:于肾脏再灌注后立即尾静脉注射随机肽段3.6 mg/kg; FgBβ15～42肽治疗组:于肾脏再灌注后立即尾静脉注射FgBβ15～ 42肽3.6 mg/kg.后3组按照再灌注24h、48 h分为两个亚组,Sham组与各亚组均为8只大鼠.常规生化法检测肾功能;HE、PAS染色观察肾脏组织学改变;免疫组化、实时荧光定量PCR法及Western印迹检测肾组织白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)的mRNA及蛋白表达.结果 与Sham组相比,IRI组的Scr和BUN水平均显著增加(均P ＜0.05),肾小管及间质病理损伤显著,以再灌注48 h更为明显;与IRI组相比,FgBβ15～ 42肽治疗组Scr和BUN显著下降(均P＜0.05),小管间质损伤程度明显减轻(P＜0.05).与Sham组相比,IRI组IL-1β和ICA M-1的mRNA和蛋白水平于再灌注24h显著上升,48 h稍微下降,但仍维持在较高水平;FgBβ15～ 42肽治疗组大鼠肾组织IL-1β和ICAM-1的表达于再灌注24h、48 h显著低于同时间点的IRI组(均P＜0.05),但仍明显高于Sham组.上述各指标在阴性治疗组和IRI组之间的表达差异无统计学意义.结论 FgBβ15～42肽对肾脏IRI具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与其减少炎性因子IL-1β、黏附分子ICAM-1的表达有关.     

Expression of 4-hydroxynonenal in the kidney of diabetic rats and the effect of probucol

Objective To investigate the expression of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the kidney of diabetic rats and the effect of probucol. Methods The rats were being intraperitoneal injected with STZ (60 mg/kg) to establish diabetic models. Then diabetic rats were randomly divided into diabetic group (group D, n＝24), probucol treated group (group P, n＝24). Normal rats were taken as control group (group C, n＝24). Rats in group P were treated by probucol (110 mg·kg-1·d-1); rats in group D and group C were given equal volume water instead. Scr, BUN, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and 24-hour urinary proteinin were measured at the 4th, 8th and 12th week. PAS staining and HE staining were used to evaluate the pathological changes of the kidney. The immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of 4-HNE in renal tissue. Results Levels of Scr, BUN, TG, TC and 24-hour urinary protein in group D were higher than those in group C at the 4th, 8th and 12th week(all P＜0.05); Levels of Scr, BUN, TG, TC and 24-huor urinary protein in group P were lower than those in group D at 4th, 8th and 12th week (all P＜0.05). The pathological changes of the kidney in group D were more serious than that in group P. The expression of 4-HNE in group Dwerehigher than group C at the 4th, 8th and 12th week (all P＜0.05); The expression of 4-HNE in the kidneys of group P decreased significantly compared to that of group D at the same time (P＜0.05). Conclusions As an indicator of lipid peroxidation, the expression of 4-HNE significantly increases in the kidney of diabetic rat. Probucol may protect the diabetic kidney through decreasing the expression of 4-HNE and the level of lipidperoxidation.     

丙泊酚对大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨丙泊酚预处理对急性肾缺血再灌注损伤(acute renal ischemia reperfusion injury ,ARIRI)的保护作用及其机制.方法 采用完全随机研究设计(randomized controlled trial,RCT),健康近交系清洁级的雄性SD大鼠63只,随机分为3组:假手术组(A组)、缺血再灌注组(B组)、丙泊酚预处理组(C组),每组21只SD大鼠.采用切除右侧肾,用无损伤微动脉夹夹闭左侧肾蒂60分钟后解除阻断,建立大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注损伤模型.用24号套管针股静脉穿刺置管,实验过程中各组使用微量注射泵注入不同注射液.分别于手术前15分钟、再灌注后2小时、24小时留取血和肾组织标本同时处死大鼠,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及观察这三个时点肾组织的病理学改变.结果 丙泊酚预处理组各个时点的肾组织病理学变化均轻于缺血再灌注组.缺血再灌注组中血清BUN、Cr、MDA和TNF-α水平增加均高于丙泊酚预处理组(p＜0.05),丙泊酚预处理组血清SOD、IL-6水平均高于缺血再灌注组(p＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚预处理组血清BUN、Cr、MDA、TNF-α、SOD、IL-6水平与缺血再灌注组均有统计学差异.结果 表明丙泊酚能减少氧自由基释放,抑制和减少炎症反应,在急性肾缺血再灌注损伤能起到保护肾脏的作用.