利用三次样条差值法抑制脉搏波基线漂移

目的脉搏波检测过程中,必须克服由于呼吸运动和身体移位会导致脉搏信号的基线漂移。本文提出一种基于三次样条差值的脉搏波基线漂移抑制方法。方法选择脉搏波的各个起始点为给定点,根据各个给定点的数值利用三次样条插值拟合出基线。然后用脉搏波在各个采样时间点上的采样值减去对应时间点上的基线函数数值,得到去基线的脉搏波波形。结果通过实际测量实验表明,脉搏波去基线后,基线比较平稳,波形比较稳定。结论三次样条差值法能有效抑制脉搏波的基线漂移,并且能够很好地应用在脉搏波实时检测中。     

一种脉搏波和心电信号时域基线漂移消除方法

目的:脉搏波和心电信号都是临床诊断的重要依据,但是基线漂移的存在影响了诊断的准确性,因此信号处理中首先要对信号去除基线漂移。方法:检测脉搏波和心电信号的时域特征点,将检测得到的特征点作为插值节点做插值得到时域的基线信号,原信号减去基线信号即得去除基线漂移的信号。为比较不同算法的差异,实验分别采用高斯滤波、中值滤波、形态学滤波和本文算法(插值拟合法)对同一信号进行基线漂移消除实验。结果:实验表明高斯滤波的结果最差,中值滤波和形态学滤波都能有效地去除基线漂移,但是失真却比较严重,而插值拟合法不仅能有效的去除基线漂移,同时也最大程度地保留了原信号的成分。结论:插值拟合法与其他3种方法相比,具有更好的鲁棒性和适应性,对于消除基线漂移有着良好的效果。     

一种同时消除脉搏波信号中呼吸基线漂移和高频噪声的方法

目的：基于光电容积脉搏波可以实现血氧饱和度等人体生理参数的无创检测。基于光电容积脉搏波测量时,由于信号采集过程中存在人体呼吸和仪器本身热噪声等干扰,脉搏波信号中存在着呼吸基线漂移和高频噪声,影响最终的人体生理参数测量精度。方法：因此提出一种在经验模式分解的过程中结合小波变换的方法,来同时消除呼吸基线漂移和高频噪声的影响。首先通过经验模态分解将脉搏波信号分解为若干内在模式分量,并分别判断出含有呼吸基线漂移和代表高频噪声的分量,对于代表高频噪声的分量采用类似小波变换的方法进行滤波,利用小波变换将含有呼吸基线漂移的分量分解,将代表呼吸基线漂移的小波细节置零,信号重构后就达到了同时消除呼吸基线和高频噪声的目的。利用自行研制的测量装置采集的脉搏波信号进行实验验证,并采用信号交直流比R和信号的频谱进行效果评价。结果：有效地同时消除了呼吸基线漂移和高频噪声。结论：该方法将有利于血氧饱和度等人体生理参数无创检测精度的提高。     

基于三次样条插值技术的去除胸阻抗基线漂移的方法研究

目的:胸阻抗信号常伴随呼吸等干扰造成基线漂移,这给临床分析计算、测量带来不良影响,为了消除胸阻抗基线漂移,作者在分析现有去除方法优劣的基础上提出一种新的方法。方法:采用labVIEW编程语言,以阻抗波波谷为插值基准点,利用三次样条差值技术去除胸阻抗基线漂移。结果:利用该方法消除基线后的胸阻抗波形底部非常整齐,而且没有使原有信号变异或者失真。结论:三次样条插值技术去除胸阻抗波基线漂移方法在仿真和实测实验中都取得很好的效果,这种方法是行之有效的。     

基于扩散模型的心电信号基线漂移去除法

ECG信号的基线漂移直接影响波形的幅值及时程测量精度,快速、有效的基线漂移去除法是ECG信号处理的重点研究内容.提出一种基于扩散模型的ECG基线漂移信号去除法,通过对有基线漂移的ECG信号进行一系列的线性扩散,使这些信号接近于漂移的基线,从而分离出ECG信号,较好地保留了ECG主要波形的形状及其时程关系.利用合成信号的仿真结果显示,扩散模型可较好地将低频成分分离出来,且合成波的频率相差越大,其分离效果越好,显示其在ECG信号基线漂移去除中良好的应用前景.     

基于统计加权滑动平均的去心电信号基线漂移

基线漂移(BW)是心电(ECG)信号一种常见的干扰。为了有效去除BW而且保留更多的潜在ECG成分,本文提出了一种简单的基于统计加权滑动平均滤波器(SMA)。首先,对滑动窗口中的ECG数据进行分段,统计并确定几个具有最大概率的数据段范围[ak,bk]。然后,将滑动窗口中数值属于[ak,bk]采样点的权值置为1,否则为0。最后,对窗口中权值为1的采样值进行平均以估计滑动窗口的基线。通过www.physionet.org提供的共享ECG数据对该算法性能进行实验,结果表明:与传统滑动平均滤波器(MA)和小波包(WP)变换滤波相比,该算法能更有效地去除BW,而且产生的ECG扭曲最小。     

压阻式加速度计测量人体运动的探讨

本文探讨对压阻式加速度计所测得的人体加速度信号进行处理以估计人在体力活动中能耗的方法。受试者为12名青年女子。试验是在电动实验台上以3.7～5.9公里的时速步行。加速度计成对安装在后腰部,分别处于X轴(前后)和Z轴(上下)方向上。受试人步行中消耗的氧气被同步测得作为能耗的度量。数据采集与处理由一台386微机完成。实验表明运用压阻式传感器作为运动传感器可望在测能耗的同时估计身体的方向及其他运动特征。比较数据处理的方法按其与能耗之间的相关系数γ值来衡量。三种修正方法即基线法、参考法和不修正,当以加速度的RMS值作为测量参数时γ~2值分别为0.79,0.75和0.01,而三种测量参数即RMS、均值和峰值当以基线法对数据修正时γ~2值分别为0.79,0.79和0.70,步行中引入负重及上坡等条件时,加速度相对于能耗γ的~2值呈一致下降之势而不管采用何种测量参数或数据修正方式。比较表明,三种修正方式中以基线法最好;三种测量参数中RMS值和均值都优于峰值。     

免疫球蛋白和补体24小时检测数值的个体基线漂移的定量分析

目的：对免疫球蛋白和补体标短期检测数值的个体基线漂移进行定量分析。方法：在对可能影响实验结果的因素严格控制的条件下间隔24小时两次采集志愿者的静脉血，将两次血标本同批于自动免疫生化分析仪上检测，检测项目包括：103、IgA、IgM和C3、C4。计算同一个体两次采血（实验组）和一份标本同批两次检测（对照组）指标的变化率（基线漂移率）。结果：同一个体两次采血5项免疫学指标检测结果有6．12％～7．97％（平均7．22％）的基线漂移率，和对照组比较均有统计学显著差异（P〈0．05）。免疫学指标个体基值漂移呈相关变化，漂移不独立。结论：免疫学指标间隔24小时有明显的检测数值个体基线漂移，其可能是构成正常人群检测数值变异的重要来源。     

计算分辨率对调强放疗计划验证Gamma通过率的影响

目的 分析调强放疗计划面剂量验证过程中剂量计算的分辨率对Gamma通过率结果的影响,找出针对不同评判标准对应恰当的计算分辨率数值.方法 选取25例调强放疗计划进行面剂量验证,对比分析采用2 mm计算分辨率时,使用3 mm/3％、2 mm/2％和1 mm/1％不同评判标准的Gamma通过率结果.采用0.5、1、3、4、5 mm不同的分辨率计算并输出面剂量分布,分别与使用Mapcheck测量到的该平面剂量分布进行Gamma通过率分析,对比分析采用不同计算分辨率得到的面剂量验证Gamma通过率结果.结果 25例计划的225个射野的面剂量验证Gamma通过率均值随着计算分辨率的增大而降低.采用3 mm/3％的评判标准时,计算分辨率为1 mm的面剂量验证Gamma通过率为98.3％±1.3％,与分辨率为0.5 mm的通过率98.3％±1.2％的数值很接近,其差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.计算分辨率≥3 mm的面剂量验证Gamma通过率相比于计算分辨率为0.5 mm的通过率均显著降低,其差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.采用2 mm/2％的评判标准时,计算分辨率≥1 mm的面剂量验证Gamma通过率与计算分辨率为0.5 nn的通过率相比均有显著下降,其差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 面剂量分布的计算分辨率的增大会导致面剂量验证Gamma通过率的下降,应采用数值较低的分辨率计算面剂量分布,以消除计算分辨率对Gamma通过率结果的影响.建议采用3 mm/3％评判标准时剂量计算的分辨率选择1 mm,采用2 mm/2％的评判标准时剂量计算的分辨率选择0.5 mm,以保证验证结果的可靠性.     

改进的三次样条插值心电基线漂移滤波法

基准点选择对三次样条插值法去噪的效果有重要影响。本文针对通常的三次样条插值滤波方法,提出一种改进的心电(ECG)信号滤波算法,能适应更宽范围的基线噪声频率分布。算法通过对原始ECG信号求一阶导数,得到每一个心拍周期内的最大和最小值点,其对应的位置作为基准点的位置。然后对原始ECG信号通过截止频率为1.5Hz的高通滤波器,将滤波前后基准点所对应信号幅值的差值作为基准点的幅度。对这些基准点进行三次样条插值曲线拟合,所得拟合曲线为基线漂移曲线。改进算法与原单点法相比,在模拟两种基线漂移情况下,改进样条差值的拟合基线漂移曲线对模拟基线漂移的相关系数分别提高了0.242和0.13;真实基线漂移的情况下,多个临床数据实验显示改进样条差值法平均相关系数达到0.972。     

An Adaptive Method for Correction of the ECG Signal Baseline Drift Using Multiresolution Wavelet Transforms

Biomedical Engineering - Different approaches to correction of the ECG signal baseline drift are compared. A new adaptive method for correction of the baseline drift is proposed. The method is...     

A method to correct for spectral artifacts in optical-CT dosimetry

The recent emergence of radiochromic dosimeters with low inherent light-scattering presents the possibility of fast 3D dosimetry using broad-beam optical computed tomography (optical-CT). Current broad beam scanners typically employ either a single or a planar array of light-emitting diodes (LED) for the light source. The spectrum of light from LED sources is polychromatic and this, in combination with the non-uniform spectral absorption of the dosimeter, can introduce spectral artifacts arising from preferential absorption of photons at the peak absorption wavelengths in the dosimeter. Spectral artifacts can lead to large errors in the reconstructed attenuation coefficients, and hence dose measurement. This work presents an analytic method for correcting for spectral artifacts which can be applied if the spectral characteristics of the light source, absorbing dosimeter, and imaging detector are known or can be measured. The method is implemented here for a PRESAGE? dosimeter scanned with the DLOS telecentric scanner (Duke Large field-of-view Optical-CT Scanner). Emission and absorption profiles were measured with a commercial spectrometer and spectrophotometer, respectively. Simulations are presented that show spectral changes can introduce errors of 8% for moderately attenuating samples where spectral artifacts are less pronounced. The correction is evaluated by application to a 16 cm diameter PRESAGE? cylindrical dosimeter irradiated along the axis with two partially overlapping 6 × 6 cm fields of different doses. The resulting stepped dose distribution facilitates evaluation of the correction as each step had different spectral contributions. The spectral artifact correction was found to accurately correct the reconstructed coefficients to within ～1.5%, improved from ～7.5%, for normalized dose distributions. In conclusion, for situations where spectral artifacts cannot be removed by physical filters, the method shown here is an effective correction. Physical filters may be less viable if they introduce strong sensitivity to Schlieren bands in the dosimeters.     

模体大小对CBCT图像剂量计算的影响

目的：锥形束CT（CBCT）使用宽束X-射线,探测板获取的信号受散射线的影响很大。该文对扫描模体大小及散射体积对CBCT重建图像HU值及剂量计算的影响进行研究。方法：在Elekta Synergy-XVICBCT系统中对不同深度及散射体积的均匀水模和非均匀密度参考模体扫描,并测量感兴趣区域的HU值;建立考虑和不考虑散射的两组HU-物理密度曲线应用于水模及头颈部仿真模体CBCT图像进行剂量计算,与常规CT图像（FBCT）计算结果比较。结果：均匀水模CBCT图像的HU值随水模深度增加先增大后略有减少,随纵轴散射长度增加而减少,变化幅度最大均接近10%。随散射长度增加,非均匀密度参考模体CBCT图像的高密度组织的HU值减少而低密度组织HU值增加,对1.609 g/cm3致密度骨最大减少约1422 HU。均匀水模和头颈部仿真模体CBCT图像使用考虑散射的HU-物理密度修正曲线计算与FBCT图像比较结果为：点绝对剂量（cGy/MU）最大偏差小于1.5%,等剂量线偏差小于2 mm~3 mm,2%/2 mm DTA指数的通过率平均大于97%,明显优于不做散射修正的结果。结论：Elekta Synergy-XVI系统获取CBCT图像的HU值受扫描模体的几何大小及散射体积影响很大,应选择与扫描患者近似几何大小及人体组织等效的HU-密度校准模体。考虑模体大小及散射修正的头颈部模体CBCT图像用于剂量计算能满足临床要求。     

Retrospective correction of frequency drift in spectral editing: The GABA editing example

GABA levels can be measured using proton MRS with a two‐step editing sequence. However due to the low concentration of GABA, long acquisition time is usually needed to achieve sufficient SNR to detect small differences in many psychiatric disorders. During this long scan time the frequency offset of the measured voxel can change because of magnetic field drift and patient movement. This drift will change the frequency of the editing pulse relative to that of metabolites, leading to errors in quantification. In this article we describe a retrospective method to correct for frequency drift in spectral editing. A series of reference signals for each metabolite was generated for a range of frequency offsets and then averaged together based on the history of frequency changes over the scan. These customized basis sets were used to fit the in vivo data. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the correction method and the remarkable robustness of a GABA editing technique with a top hat editing profile in the presence of frequency drift.     

第二代血清维生素B12实验室参考区间的建立

目的 建立第二代血清维生素B12检测试剂的实验室参考区间,为临床监测血清维生素B12水平提供依据.方法 验证分析了第二代血清维生素B12的精密度、线性范围和最大稀释倍数,并用电化学发光法检测了120例健康人第二代血清维生素B12水平.结果 (1)重复变异系数高值为1.55％、低值为1.63％,期间变异系数高值为1.60％、低值为1.56％.(2)线性分析,回归方程为Y=X-0.0016,r=0.9999.(3)维生素B12的最大稀释倍数为5倍.(4)参考区间为235.2～1000.0pg/mL,不同性别比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),不同年龄段比较,差异无统计学显著意义(P＞0.05).结论 建立了本实验室维生素B12参考区间,为维生素B12检测的临床应用和监测提供理论依据.     

A global calibration model for a-Si EPIDs used for transit dosimetry

Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) are not only applied for patient setup verification and detection of organ motion but are also increasingly used for dosimetric verification. The aim of our work is to obtain accurate dose distributions from a commercially available amorphous silicon (a-Si) EPID for transit dosimetry applications. For that purpose, a global calibration model was developed, which includes a correction procedure for ghosting effects, field size dependence and energy dependence of the a-Si EPID response. In addition, the long-term stability and additional buildup material for this type of EPID were determined. Differences in EPID response due to photon energy spectrum changes have been measured for different absorber thicknesses and field sizes, yielding off-axis spectrum correction factors based on transmission measurements. Dose measurements performed with an ionization chamber in a water tank were used as reference data, and the accuracy of the dosimetric calibration model was determined for a large range of treatment conditions. Gamma values using 3% as dose-difference criterion and 3 mm as distance-to-agreement criterion were used for evaluation. The field size dependence of the response could be corrected by a single kernel, fulfilling the gamma evaluation criteria in case of virtual wedges and intensity modulated radiation therapy fields. Differences in energy spectrum response amounted up to 30%-40%, but could be reduced to less than 3% using our correction model. For different treatment fields and (in)homogeneous phantoms, transit dose distributions satisfied in almost all situations the gamma criteria. We have shown that a-Si EPIDs can be accurately calibrated for transit dosimetry purposes.     

Verification of IMRT dose distributions using a water beam imaging system.

A water beam imaging system (WBIS) has been developed and used to verify dose distributions for intensity modulated radiotherapy using dynamic multileaf collimator. This system consisted of a water container, a scintillator screen, a charge-coupled device camera, and a portable personal computer. The scintillation image was captured by the camera. The pixel value in this image indicated the dose value in the scintillation screen. Images of radiation fields of known spatial distributions were used to calibrate the device. The verification was performed by comparing the image acquired from the measurement with a dose distribution from the IMRT plan. Because of light scattering in the scintillator screen, the image was blurred. A correction for this was developed by recognizing that the blur function could be fitted to a multiple Gaussian. The blur function was computed using the measured image of a 10 cm x 10 cm x-ray beam and the result of the dose distribution calculated using the Monte Carlo method. Based on the blur function derived using this method, an iterative reconstruction algorithm was applied to recover the dose distribution for an IMRT plan from the measured WBIS image. The reconstructed dose distribution was compared with Monte Carlo simulation result. Reasonable agreement was obtained from the comparison. The proposed approach makes it possible to carry out a real-time comparison of the dose distribution in a transverse plane between the measurement and the reference when we do an IMRT dose verification.     

Comparison of entrance and exit dose measurements using ionization chambers and silicon diodes

A high precision patient dosimetry method has been developed, based on the use of p-type diodes. First, entrance as well as exit dose calibration factors have to be determined under reference irradiation conditions. Secondly, a set of correction factors must be added for situations deviating from the reference conditions, i.e. for different source-skin distances, phantom (patient) thicknesses, field sizes or for insertion of a wedge into the photon beam. Finally some other detector characteristics such as the temperature dependence of the response have to be taken into account. For most irradiation conditions this procedure is sufficiently accurate to allow entrance as well as exist dose determinations with a diode to be in good agreement with dose values measured by an ionization chamber. The main factors effecting the value of the correction factors, the dependence of the diode sensitivity on the energy and the dose per pulse, have been investigated to explain some of the observed phenomena. Despite a strong energy dependence of the sensitivity, the correction factors are, for a particular type of diode, the same for 4 and 8 MV x-ray beams. The variation in the values for the correction factors with integrated dose received by the diode is small. These findings indicate that the correction factors, once available, can be applied under a number of circumstances. Due to the difference in behaviour of various diodes, even from the same batch, it is, however, necessary to determine the characteristics for each diode individually.     

Attenuation correction for small animal PET tomographs

Attenuation correction is one of the important corrections required for quantitative positron emission tomography (PET). This work will compare the quantitative accuracy of attenuation correction using a simple global scale factor with traditional transmission-based methods acquired either with a small animal PET or a small animal x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. Two phantoms (one mouse-sized and one rat-sized) and two animal subjects (one mouse and one rat) were scanned in CTI Concorde Microsystem's microPET Focus for emission and transmission data and in ImTek's MicroCAT II for transmission data. PET emission image values were calibrated against a scintillation well counter. Results indicate that the scale factor method of attenuation correction places the average measured activity concentration about the expected value, without correcting for the cupping artefact from attenuation. Noise analysis in the phantom studies with the PET-based method shows that noise in the transmission data increases the noise in the corrected emission data. The CT-based method was accurate and delivered low-noise images suitable for both PET data correction and PET tracer localization.