复合烧伤敷料的临床应用

目的 研究复合烧伤敷料的临床效果。方法 将复合烧伤敷料组与0．5％碘伏溶液组、10％磺胺嘧啶银混悬液组作对比研究，比较各组的工作量、烧伤疼痛程度、创面清洁度、伤口愈合天数等情况。结果 在减少工作量、减轻伤口疼痛、保持创面清洁、促进创面愈合等方面，复合烧伤敷料优于后两组。结论 复合烧伤敷料是治疗烧伤创面的良好敷料。     

纳米银敷料对烧伤创面保护作用的观察

目的 研究在烧伤局部创面使用纳米银敷料对创面的保护作用。方法选择48例烧伤深度相对均匀的非关节部位浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤患者，将每例患者两处烧伤深度相对一致创面随机分为2个对照区域，治疗组采用纳米银敷料外敷，对照组采用1％磺胺嘧啶银（SD-Ag）冷霜抹在凡士林纱上外敷。于伤后3d、5d、9d、14d对两组创面分别进行创面分泌物细菌培养及鉴定；全程观察记录创面愈合情况及速度；观察药物不良反应。结果创面细菌检出率比较：治疗组中阳性率浅Ⅱ度3．84％，深Ⅱ度9．09％；对照组阳性率浅Ⅱ度11．53％，深Ⅱ度18．18％，P〈0．01。两组创面愈合时间比较：治疗组浅Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短2～3d，治疗组深Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短4～5d，P〈0．05。两组创面在伤后7d开始治疗组创面愈合速度较对照组明显加快，P〈0．01。两组均无过敏反应。结论纳米银敷料有显著抗菌及促进创面愈合的疗效，是毒副作用小、使用方便的临床烧伤外用敷料。     

纳米银仿生敷料研制及使用效果评价

目的 研制纳米银仿生敷料并观察治疗SD大鼠深II度切割伤的效果及其安全性.方法 将42只清洁级SD大鼠用取皮刀在其背部造成10%～13%总体表面积的深II度切割伤,并随机分为3组:纳米银仿生敷料组、磺胺嘧啶银暴露保痂组及壳聚糖膜组,观察各组愈合情况.并于术后2,4,5,7,13,16 d眼眶采血,测定各组血银的含量.术后45 d处死鼠,取肝、脑、肾组织消化测定银含量.结果 自制纳米银仿生敷料组术后10 d和13 d愈合率分别为88.50%和98.98%,明显高于其他2组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).纳米银仿生敷料组大鼠不同组织中银含量均低于磺胺嘧啶银对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且该组中血银含量较磺胺嘧啶银暴露保痂组较快恢复至正常水平.结论 自制纳米银仿生敷料具有促进创面愈合的作用,且与磺胺嘧啶银比较,减少了银中毒的可能性,为该敷料进一步应用于临床提供了安全性依据.     

磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料用于甲沟炎拔甲伤口的效果观察

目的 观察磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料（Urgotul SSD）对甲沟炎拔甲患者在换药时的疼痛感及伤口愈合时间的影响。方法 将48例（共计51趾）拔甲患者，随机分为观察组和对照组，观察组在拔甲及术后换药中使用磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料覆盖创面；对照组在拔甲后创面使用凡士林油纱，术后换药中创面放置抗生素纱条，直到伤口愈合；对两组患者拔甲后第1次和第2次换药去除伤口敷料时的疼痛分值、伤口愈合时间及换药次数进行比较。结果 观察组换药去除伤口敷料时的疼痛分值分别低于对照组去除凡士林油纱和抗生素引流条时的疼痛分值，观察组伤口愈合时间及换药次数均少于对照组，两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论 甲沟炎拔甲及换药时使用磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料，可以有效地减轻换药疼痛，缩短伤日愈合时间，减少换药次数。     

磺胺嘧啶银软膏与纳米银敷料治疗烧伤创面疗效对比

目的:探讨磺胺嘧啶银软膏与纳米银敷料治疗烧伤创面的临床疗效。方法:随机将200例烧伤患者分为两组,每组100例。两组采用常规清创、抗破伤风等治疗措施。观察组采用纳米银敷料进行治疗;对照组采用涂抹复方磺胺嘧啶银软膏,比较两组患者创面愈合时间、创面感染、住院费用等指标。结果:观察组创面愈合时间、创面感染率、住院时间以及住院费用均显著优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.0 5)。结论:采用纳米银敷料治疗患者烧伤创面,可以显著降低感染率,缩短了患者住院时间以及创面修复时间,减轻了患者的经济压力,提高了患者的生活质量,值得在临床上推广应用。     

纳米银敷料与磺胺嘧啶锌软膏治疗烧伤创面的疗效观察

目的观察纳米银敷料与磺胺嘧啶锌软膏治疗烧伤创面的疗效。方法选择Ⅱ度烧伤病人86例,为纳米银敷料组(A组)46例,磺胺嘧啶锌软膏组(B组)40例,创面敷料及用药每天更换一次,于用药后,分别观察创面抗感染效果、愈合时间、全身毒素吸收情况、毒副作用指标等。结果A组与B组治疗后细菌培养阳性率有显著性差异,p<0.01,创面愈合时间,p<0,01;毒素吸收导致高热症状也有统计学意义,p<0.01;毒副作用指标也有显著性差异,p<0.05。结论纳米银敷料是无耐药性的新一代抗感染敷料,其创面抗感染效果、创面愈合时间均优于磺胺嘧啶锌软膏,并能减轻全身毒素吸收症状,降低外用药的毒副作用。     

纳米银烧伤敷料与磺胺嘧啶银乳膏治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤患者创面感染的研究

目的探讨纳米银烧伤敷料、磺胺嘧啶银乳膏常规换药治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面感染临床效果,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法选择2012年1月-2014年12月90例热烧伤住院患者,烧伤总面积在5.00%~29.00%体表面积,并存在不同深Ⅱ度烧伤面积的肢体烧伤,随机分为对照组与观察组,各45例,对照组、观察组分别使用磺胺嘧啶银乳膏、纳米银烧伤敷料常规换药,清创冲洗、包扎换药处理创面每两天1次,对比两组患者临床指标。结果观察组患者治疗两周后CRP、创面愈合时间、色素沉着消退时间分别为(16.28±2.95)mg/L、(18.94±3.75)d、(43.45±8.26)d,均明显优于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗1、2周细菌培养阳性率分别为8.89%、0,均明显低于对照组,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组患者治疗后瘢痕优良率为93.34%,明显高于对照组77.78%,对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论纳米银烧伤敷料治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤创面临床效果显著,利于缩短愈合时间,加快恢复,改善患者预后。     

贲门癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的：探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素，为深入进行病因学研究提供线索。方法：对福州市6所医院2000年和2001年4月至7月的住院病人603例进行多组病例对照研究。贲门癌组为病理、手术和胃镜确诊的贲门癌191例，非贲门部胃癌190例，健康对照组为与肿瘤病例同期住院的骨科、泌尿外科的非肿瘤病人222例。采用统一调查表进行床边询问，对资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析。结果：贲门癌的主要危险因素有一一级亲属患肿瘤（OR＝4．286 95％CI：2．431－7．554）、进食速度快（OR＝2．028 95％ CI：1．142－2．912）、三餐不按时吃（OR＝1．909 95％ CI：1．396－2．610）、饮用井水（OR＝1．741 95％CI：1．042－2．910）每日吸烟量多（OR＝1．347 95％CI：0．989－1．835）。主要保护 因素有：常吃新鲜水果（OR＝0．645 95％CI：0．439－0．945）、使用冰箱年数长（OR＝0．731 95％CI：0．536－0．997）、化程度高（OR＝0．468 95％CI：0．276－0．74）。结论： 贲门癌与非贲门部胃癌可能有不同的危险因素，值得进一步研究。     

纳米银敷料对烧伤创面保护作用的观察

目的研究在烧伤局部创面使用纳米银敷料对创面的保护作用。方法选择48例烧伤深度相对均匀的非关节部位浅Ⅱ度及深Ⅱ度烧伤患者,将每例患者两处烧伤深度相对一致创面随机分为2个对照区域,治疗组采用纳米银敷料外敷,对照组采用1%磺胺嘧啶银(SD-Ag)冷霜抹在凡士林纱上外敷。于伤后3 d5、d、9 d1、4 d对两组创面分别进行创面分泌物细菌培养及鉴定;全程观察记录创面愈合情况及速度;观察药物不良反应。结果创面细菌检出率比较:治疗组中阳性率浅Ⅱ度3.84%,深Ⅱ度9.09%;对照组阳性率浅Ⅱ度11.53%,深Ⅱ度18.18%,P<0.01。两组创面愈合时间比较:治疗组浅Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短2~3 d,治疗组深Ⅱ度比对照组平均缩短4~5 d,P<0.05。两组创面在伤后7 d开始治疗组创面愈合速度较对照组明显加快,P<0.01。两组均无过敏反应。结论纳米银敷料有显著抗菌及促进创面愈合的疗效,是毒副作用小、使用方便的临床烧伤外用敷料。     

尿石症危险因素人群病例对照研究

目的 探索尿石症发病的危险因素，为人群预防提供依据。方法 选取深圳市尿石症现况调查发现的334例患者为病例组，721名健康者为对照组，进行尿石症危险因素人群病例对照研究；采用非条件logistic回归对34个变量进行分析，采用Falconer回归法估算遗传变。结果 尿石症病例组和对照组配比条件均衡可比，单因素logistic回归分析共有17个变量有统计学意义，但最终进入模型的因素有10个，其中4个变量为尿石症发病危险因素，OR值大小依次为既往泌尿系慢性炎症史（OR＝4.09,95%CI:1.38-12.14)，一级亲属尿石症史（OR＝2.61,95%CI:1.70-4.01)和多食动物蛋白质（OR＝2．14，95％CI：1．71－2．69），暴露日照时间长（OR＝1．39，95％CI：1．16－1．66）；而较高文化程度（OR＝0．46，95％CI：0．29－0．73），日引水量多（OR＝0．59，95％CI：0．48－0．72），饮果汁（OR＝0．41，95％CI：0．18－0．94），多食奶及奶制品（OR＝0．82，95％CI：0．68－0．99），多食蔬菜（OR＝0．70，95％CI：0．55－0．91）和多食水果（OR＝0．78，95％CI：0．64－0．94）6个变量为尿石症发病的保护因素。一级亲属尿石症患病率病例组高于对照组，尿石症分离比为0．0109，95％CI：0．0050－0．0168，一级亲属尿石症的遗传度为28．48％，男，女分别为32．06％和24．60％。结论 尿石症主要受饮食习惯影响，尿石症家族史和社会经济状况也与发病有关。     

Microbiological evaluation of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings

This study aimed at evaluating the microbial condition and antimicrobial activity of 1% silver sulfadiazine dressings used in burns, prepared in advance of the dressing change and stored for 12 to 60 hours before usage. The microbial condition was evaluated by means of three cultures prepared from the Letheen Broth (Difco) culture medium and incubated at 32-35 degrees C for 20 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by means of the diffusion technique of one dressing culture in hospital strains, initially incubated at room temperature and then at 37 degrees C, for 18-24 hours. All three cultures of 12, 36 and 60 hours proved negative. Concerning antimicrobial activity, the zones of inhibition were: 2.25 mm for S. aureus; 2.65 mm for P. aeruginosa and 2.95 mm for E. coli. These dressings can be safely prepared by nurses and stored, reducing nurses' time spent for dressing change and, consequently, patients' exposure.     

Task-specific practice of dressing tasks in a hospital setting improved dressing performance post-stroke: a feasibility study

Background: Practise of personal activities of daily living, including dressing improves outcomes for people living at home after a stroke. Less is known about dressing outcomes for hospital inpatients. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and outcomes of a group‐based, task‐specific dressing retraining programme for inpatients post‐stroke. Methods: A pre‐post single group study design was used. Retrospective data were collected for stroke inpatients admitted to one hospital between 2007 and 2009. Participants attended a one‐hour dressing group twice weekly during admission, supervised by occupational therapists. Each participant had one or more dressing goals. Scores on the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) upper and lower body dressing items were compared at baseline and at discharge. Results: Of 119 participants who received group‐based training, a mean improvement was found of 2.2 FIM points (95% CI 1.9–2.5, P = 0.0001) for upper body dressing (range 0–7), 2.7 FIM points (95% CI 2.3–3.1, P = 0.0001) for lower body dressing (range 0–7) and 5.2 FIM points (95% CI 4.5–6.0, P = 0.0001) for total dressing scores (range 0–14). Of 242 goals recorded, 48% focussed on shirt/upper body dressing, 35% on pants/shorts, 11% on socks and shoes and 13% involved buttons/fastenings. Conclusions: Task‐specific practice of dressing tasks in a group setting was feasible and made clinically significant differences to dressing performance during inpatient rehabilitation. More rigorous methods of investigation are required in future to minimise selection, measurement and intervention biases.     

纳米银抗菌敷料治疗78例烧伤患者的疗效及护理体会

目的观察纳米银抗菌辅料对烧伤患者创面的治疗效果。方法对天津市职业病防治院外科收治的78例不同程度烧伤患者,在入院经过清创处理消毒创面后,均选择使用纳米银抗菌敷料进行换药治疗,同时辅以抗感染、抗休克治疗,责任护士严密观察病情和伤口创面变化,同时进行精心的心理和饮食护理。结果78例患者创面均达到I期愈合,未发生并发症,未留有明显瘢痕。结论应用纳米银抗菌敷料治疗烧伤具有减轻疼痛、控制感染、促进愈合、方法简便等优势,临床治疗效果满意。     

负压引流联合纳米银敷料促进感染切口愈合的实验及临床研究

目的探讨自制负压装置联合纳米银敷料促进大鼠切口感染愈合的优势,并探究其临床疗效。方法感染切口模型大鼠随机分为常规处理组、单纯负压吸引组、负压吸引联合银离子敷料组。治疗后评价各组大鼠切口愈合时间、愈合面积,对切口组织的炎症因子进行免疫组化及荧光定量分析。并将三组方法应用于临床手术部位感染患者,比较分析各组患者切口的肉芽覆盖时间、肉芽痊愈时间和切口愈合时间。结果大鼠肉芽组织免疫组织化学及IOD值、大鼠切口组织TNF-α、IL-2、IL-8的mRNA相对表达水平均低于常规处理组和单纯负压吸引组,差异有统计学差异(P0.05);临床应用中负压吸引联合银离子敷料组的切口愈合时间、术后C反应蛋白、疼痛评分等指标均优于常规处理组和单纯负压吸引组,差异有统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论与传统治疗手段相比,负压吸引联合银离子敷料治疗能更有效地控制手术部位感染,减轻切口局部炎症,促进切口愈合。     

银离子敷料联合水凝胶与湿疗伤口敷料治疗糖尿病足感染疗效比较

目的 观察银离子敷料联合水凝胶与湿疗伤口敷料治疗糖尿病足感染的临床疗效.方法 对医院诊治的糖尿病足感染患者126例随机分为观察组及对照组各63例,对照组采取湿疗伤口敷料治疗,观察组采取银离子敷料联合水凝胶治疗.结果 对照组清创天数(3.37±1.97)d,肉芽组织生长天数(11.46±3.24)d,上皮形成天数(12.21±2.19)d,观察组清创天数(6.28±2.24)d,肉芽组织生长天数(8.87±2.89)d,上皮形成天数(10.34±2.03)d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后1周对照组有47例细菌培养阳性,观察组有12例培养阳性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗4周对照组显效率36.51％、有效率25.40％、基本治愈率7.94％,观察组显效率66.67％、有效率39.68％、基本治愈率20.64％、完全治愈率3.17％,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 银离子联合水凝胶治疗糖尿病足感染创面较湿疗伤口敷料疗效更优.     

Nanocrystalline silver dressings as an efficient anti-MRSA barrier: a new solution to an increasing problem

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains of bacteria represents a particular challenge in the field of wound management. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether nanocrystalline silver dressings possess the physical properties to act as a barrier to the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the laboratory setting and in a clinical setting. Initially, MRSA suspension and colony culture experiments were performed showing that nanocrystalline silver dressings act as potent and sustained antimicrobial agents, efficiently inhibiting MRSA penetration. Subsequently, a double-centre clinical trial was initiated using nanocrystalline silver dressings as a cover for 10 MRSA colonized wounds in a total of seven patients. By delineating the MRSA load on the upper side of the dressing and the wound bed each time the dressing was changed (i.e. after 1, 24, 48 and 72 h), nanocrystalline silver dressings were found to provide a complete, or almost complete, barrier to the penetration/spread of MRSA in 95% of readings. In addition, 67% of all wound observations showed a decrease in the MRSA load with an eradication rate of 11%. We believe that nanocrystalline silver dressings may become an important part of local MRSA management, with cost benefits to both patients and the healthcare system.     

Risk factors for childhood burns: a case-control study of Ghanaian children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--To study risk factors for childhood burns in order to identify possible preventive strategies. DESIGN--Case-control design with pair matching of controls to cases in relation to age, sex, and area of residence. The cases and controls were identified by a community based, multisite survey. The effects of host and socioenvironmental variables reported by mothers were investigated in a multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression. SETTING--A developing country setting the Ashanti Region in Ghana. PARTICIPANTS--These comprised 610 cases aged 0-5 years who had been burned (as evidenced by a visible scar) and 610 controls with no burn history. MAIN RESULTS--The presence of a pre-existing impairment in a child was the strongest risk factor in this population (OR = 6.71; 95% CI 2.78, 16.16). Other significant risk factor included: sibling death from a burn (OR = 4.41; 95% CI 1.16, 16.68); history of burn in a sibling (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.24, 2.58); and storage of a flammable substance in the home (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.03; 2.21). Maternal education had a protective effect against childhood burns, although this effect was not strong (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.55, 1.05). CONCLUSIONS--Community programmes to ensure adequate child supervision and general child wellbeing, particularly for those with impairments, as well as parental education about burns are recommended, to reduce childhood burns in this region of Ghana. The public should bed advised against storing flammable substances in the home.     

Infusion therapy team and dressing changes of central venous catheters.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether central venous catheter (CVC) dressing changes could be performed by ward nurses rather than by the infusion therapy team (ITT) nurses without increasing the risk of catheter-related infection. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data. The study extended from January 1995 to June 1996. SETTING: The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, a referral cancer center. PATIENTS: The study group was a random sample of 483 patients who received CVC dressing changes by ward nurses during the study period. A random sample of 483 patients who received CVC dressing changes by the ITT constituted the control group. RESULTS: The risks of catheter-related septicemia were 1.7% among cases and 1.4% among controls (risk ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 0.26-6.42; P=.70). There also were no significant differences between the two groups in the risks of catheter-related site infection (risk ratio, 0.50; CI95, 0.02-4.12; P=.25) or any catheter-related infection (risk ratio=1.00; CI95, 0.27-3.64; P=.59). CONCLUSIONS: Provided that aseptic techniques (including maximal barrier precautions during insertion) are maintained, the responsibility of CVC dressing changes could be delegated to the ward nurses without increasing the low risk of CVC-related infection, resulting in an estimated cost saving in excess of $90,000 per year.     

Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study.

This case control study investigated environmental factors in 74 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease (MD). In children aged under 5, passive smoking in the home (30 or more cigarettes daily) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46-38.66). ORs increased both with the numbers of cigarettes smoked and with the number of smokers in the household, suggesting a dose-response relationship. MD in this age group was also significantly associated with household overcrowding (more than 1.5 persons per room) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.10-32.8), with kisses on the mouth with 4 or more contacts in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09-5.56), with exposure to dust from plaster, brick or stone in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.07-4.65); and with changes in residence (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0-8.99), marital arguments (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.26-7.17) and legal disputes in the previous 6 months (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.24-7.78). These associations were independent of social class. Public health measures to lower the prevalence of cigarette smoking by parents of young children may reduce the incidence of MD. The influence of building dust and stressful life events merits further investigation.     

Burn and Cut Injuries Related to Job Stress among Kitchen Workers in Japan

To clarify the correlation between kitchen work-related burns and cuts and job stress, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted involving 991 kitchen workers among 126 kitchen facilities. The demographics, condition of burns and cuts, job stress with the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ), health condition, and work-related and environmental factors were surveyed. Multiple logistic regression models and trend tests were used according to quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) of each sub-scale BJSQ. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, burns/cuts were associated with a higher score category (Q4) of job demands (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.10–6.02/OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 1.30–5.69), psychological stress (OR: 4.49, 95% CI: 2.05–9.81/OR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.84–6.72), and physical stress (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.20–4.98/OR 2.16, 95% CI: 1.16–4.01). The ORs of the burn/cut injures increased from Q1 to Q4 with job demands (p for trend = 0.045/0.003), psychological stress (p for trend<0.001/0.001), and physical stress (p for trend = 0.006/0.005), respectively. These findings suggest that kitchen work-related burns and cuts are more likely to be correlated with job stress, and the higher the job stress score, the higher the frequency of burns and cuts among kitchen workers.