凝血筛选试验联合Hb、PLT常规检测评估体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术围手术期输血治疗分析

目的研究体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术围手术期根据凝血筛选试验联合血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数(PLT)常规检测评估给予输血治疗的效果。方法选取我院接受体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术患者64例,按照抽签法分组,各32例。对照组根据临床经验、出血情况给予输血治疗,观察组根据凝血筛选试验[凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)]指标及Hb、PLT评估结果给予输血治疗。比较两组关胸期间、术后24h累计出血量、不同时相成分用血情况及输血后、术后24h凝血功能指标、Hb、PLT水平变化情况。结果观察组关胸期间、术后24h累计出血量及出血总量与对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组血小板、血浆、冷沉淀、红细胞用量较对照组低(P0.05);两组输血后、术后24h APTT、PT、TT、FIB、Hb、PLT水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术围手术期根据凝血筛选试验联合Hb、PLT常规检测评估结果给予输血治疗,可有效纠正凝血功能,避免滥用血现象,有助于降低输血风险,值得临床推广。     

婴幼儿体外循环术中自体血液回收对血液成分及凝血功能的影响

目的：观察体外循环中采用自体血液回收输注后对婴幼儿血液成分及凝血功能的影响。方法：随机将80例患儿分为观察组和对照组各40例。观察组使用血液回收机,将术中及体外循环机器余血全部回收处理,并于术后6小时内回输至患儿体内。对照组不使用血液回收机,术中及体外循环机器余血弃用。收集两组患儿性别,年龄,体重,术中体外循环时间,主动脉阻断时间;术前、术后15min、24h、第5天的血色素(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板(PLT);术前、术后15min、24h、72h凝血酶原时间(PT)、国际标准化比值(INR)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)、D-D二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原降解产物(FDP);术后24h引流量,围术期异体血使用率、围术期红细胞使用量、术后凝血酶原复合物(PCC)使用率。结果：两组患儿性别、年龄、体重、术中体外循环时间及主动脉阻断时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组患儿术前Hb、Hct、PLT、PT、INR、APTT、FIB、TT、D-D、FDP比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组患儿各时点两组患儿术后15minPT、INR、APTT、TT、D-D、FDP与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患儿术后不同时点PT、INR、APTT、FIB 、TT、D-D、FDP组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组患儿术后15min的Hb、Hct组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患儿术后24h、术后第5天的Hb、Hct、PLT与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组患儿库血使用率与库血使用量比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患儿术后24h引流量和PCC使用率组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：小儿心脏体外循环手术后使用自体血液回收在不同时点的凝血功能指标与不使用自体血液回收相比较无明显差异。使用自体血液回收可明显减少异体血使用率和使用量,且不增加并发症,可在小儿心脏手术中积极应用。     

急性等容血液稀释对异位妊娠患者围手术期血常规及凝血指标的影响

目的:探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)对异位妊娠患者围手术期血常规及凝血指标的影响。方法:选择2015-01-2016-08妇产科异位妊娠患者81例,以采用ANH式自体输血的35例患者为ANH组,其余46例患者为对照组。分别于手术前、血液稀释后、自体血回输前和自体血回输后抽取静脉血测定ANH组血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞比容(Hct)、血小板数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、D-二聚体(D-D),并与对照组进行比较。结果:(1)ANH组异体血输注量少于对照组(P0.05);(2)ANH组血液稀释后及自体血回输前Hb、Hct、PLT下降(P0.05),回输自体血后显著回升。(3)ANH组血液稀释后及自体血回输前Fib下降(P0.05),回输自体血后回升。ANH组自体血回输后APTT及D-D均低于对照组术后水平(P0.05)。结论:术前ANH能减少异位妊娠患者术中红细胞的丢失,减少异体血输注,不会造成凝血功能障碍。     

体外循环术中自体血回收对血液成分及凝血功能的影响

目的观察体外循环术中不同自体血回收方式对患者血液成分及凝血功能的影响。方法随机将60例体外循环下心脏手术的成人患者分为A、B两组,均为30例。A组为观察组,全部术野出血用自体血液回收机离心洗涤后于手术结束前回输体内。B组为对照组,不采用自体血液回收机,将肝素化后的术野出血直接吸回体外循环系统停机前回输体内,鱼精蛋白拮抗后机器余血打入输血袋,于手术结束前静脉回输。对两组患者麻醉前、体外循环中及术毕静脉血进行血常规及凝血四项指标的测定,记录停机后两组激活凝血时间（ACT）及术后24h内胸腔引流量和输注异体血用量,并对以上观察结果进行比较分析。结果①观察组患者术后24h内胸腔引流量及异体血用量明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②与术前相比,两组患者血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）和血小板（PLT）均明显下降,凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和凝血酶时间（TT）明显延长,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义。③术毕观察组Hb和Hct值较体外循环中明显回升,且与对照组相比差异有统计学意义,但仍略低于术前。④两组术毕PLT、PT、APTT和TT均明显低于术前,但仍在正常范围内,两组间差异无统计学意义。结论体外循环期间自体血回收对患者血液成分及凝血功能的影响不明显,是一种有效的血液保护方法。     

术中自体血回输量对患者凝血功能的影响

目的观察术中自体血回输量对患者凝血功能的影响。方法将90例手术患者随机分为A、B、C组各30例,均于术中采用血液回收机系统进行自体血液网收,手术止血完成后将回收的自体洗涤红细胞回输,总量为A组〈400ml、B组400—800ml、C组800～1200ml。三组术中均不输注异体红细胞及血浆,C组术后当日输入血浆200～400ml。分别于术前、自体血回输后1h及术后24、48h测定Hb、红细胞压积（Hct）、PLT及凝血指标PT、APTT、激活全血凝固时间（ACT）、TT、纤维蛋白原（FIB）。结果自体血回输后1hA组PLT显著低于术前（P〈0．05）,但在正常范围内;B、C组Hb、Hct、PLT及FIB较术前均降低（P〈0．05）,C组PT、APTT输血后1、24h较术前明显延长（P〈0．05）。结论术中自体血回输量〈1200ml相对安全,〉1200ml时应采取必要的止血干预措施,防止出现凝血功能障碍。     

自体血回输在全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的:探讨自体血回输在全膝关节置换手术中的应用及其对围手术期血液指标的影响。方法:将63例全膝关节置换手术患者,按手术种类分为单膝和双膝置换2组,采用美国Medtronic autoLog血液回收系统进行洗涤式自体血回输,分别测定术前、术后第1天、术后第7天血液中RBC、Hb、HCT、PLT、PT、APTT、TT、FIB,比较2组回输量的变化及其对血常规和凝血功能的影响。结果:回输自体血量43 134ml,占总输血量的52.6%。术后RBC、Hb、HCT、PLT、FIB均不同程度减少,PT显著延长(P0.05),APTT、TT无明显变化。单膝置换组术前与术后第1天的PLT、PT差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术后第7天恢复正常;双膝置换组术前与术后第1天的RBC、Hb、HCT、PLT、PT、FIB比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),术后第7天的PLT差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他指标术后第7天恢复正常。结论:自体血回输在全膝关节置换手术中的应用能有效减少异体血量的输入,避免并发症的发生。     

老年重症肺炎患者凝血功能的变化及临床意义

目的探讨老年重症肺炎患者凝血功能的变化及临床意义。方法选取61例老年重症肺炎患者,另选30例老年普通肺炎患者作为对照组。根据是否发生多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)将重症肺炎患者分为MODS组及非MODS组,并根据转归将重症肺炎患者分为存活组和死亡组。分别测定凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(DDR)及血小板计数(PLT)。结果与对照组相比,重症肺炎组PT、APTT及TT明显延长,PLT及FIB降低,DDR则明显升高。重症肺炎患者中,MODS组PT、APTT及TT较非MODS组明显延长,PLT及FIB低于非MODS组,DDR高于非MODS组;与存活组相比,死亡组PT、APTT及TT明显延长,PLT及FIB降低,DDR则明显升高(P均0.05)。结论老年重症肺炎患者存在凝血功能紊乱,监测凝血功能有助于评估老年重症肺炎患者病情预后。     

急性等容血液稀释在异位妊娠手术中的血液保护作用及对血气指标、凝血功能及肾功能的影响

目的:探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)在异位妊娠手术中的节血效果及对血气指标、凝血功能和肾功能的影响。方法:90例异位妊娠手术患者随机分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=45)。观察组术前实施ANH;对照组不进行ANH。检测观察组ANH前后pH值、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、碳酸氢根(HCO~(3-))、碱剩余(BE)及血乳酸(LAC)。于术前(T_0)、ANH后30 min(T_1)、自体血回输前(T_2)及自体血回输后(T_3)检测观察组血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞压积(HCT)、血小板数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、D-二聚体(D-D)。检测观察组术前和术后24、48 h的血清β_2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)水平。比较2组围术期失血量、输血量等指标。结果:①观察组ANH后动脉血pH值、PaO_2、PaCO_2、HCO~(3-)、BE、血乳酸等血气指标较ANH前均差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。②观察组T_1、T_2时Hb、HCT、PLT、Fib较T_0时明显下降(P0.05),D-D较T_0时明显增高(P0.05),T_3时明显恢复(P0.05)。T_1、T_2时PT、APTT、TT较T_0时差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③观察组术后24及48 h的β_2-MG、BUN及Cr水平较术前差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。④观察组异体血输注量明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在异位妊娠手术中应用ANH式自体输血,对患者的血气指标、凝血功能和肾功能无明显不良影响,具有一定的节约用血效果。     

老年重症肺炎患者凝血功能的变化及临床意义

目的探讨老年重症肺炎患者凝血功能的变化及临床意义。方法选取61例老年重症肺炎患者,另选30例老年普通肺炎患者作为对照组。根据是否发生多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)将重症肺炎患者分为MODS组及非MODS组,并根据转归将重症肺炎患者分为存活组和死亡组。分别测定凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)及血小板计数(PLT)。结果与对照组相比,重症肺炎组PT、APTT及TT明显延长,PLT及FIB降低,D-D则明显升高。MODS组PT、APTT及TT较非MODS组明显延长,PLT及FIB低于非MODS组,D-D高于非MODS组;与生存组相比,死亡组PT、APTT及TT明显延长,PLT及FIB降低,D-D则明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论老年重症肺炎患者存在凝血功能紊乱,监测凝血功能有助于评估老年重症肺炎患者病情预后。     

急性等容血液稀释在异位妊娠手术中的血液保护作用及对血气指标、凝血功能及肾功能的影响

目的:探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)在异位妊娠手术中的节血效果及对血气指标、凝血功能和肾功能的影响。方法:90例异位妊娠手术患者随机分为观察组(n=45)和对照组(n=45)。观察组术前实施ANH;对照组不进行ANH。检测观察组ANH前后pH值、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、碳酸氢根(HCO~(3-))、碱剩余(BE)及血乳酸(LAC)。于术前(T_0)、ANH后30 min(T_1)、自体血回输前(T_2)及自体血回输后(T_3)检测观察组血红蛋白(Hb)、血细胞压积(HCT)、血小板数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、D-二聚体(D-D)。检测观察组术前和术后24、48 h的血清β_2微球蛋白(β_2-MG)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)水平。比较2组围术期失血量、输血量等指标。结果:①观察组ANH后动脉血pH值、PaO_2、PaCO_2、HCO~(3-)、BE、血乳酸等血气指标较ANH前均差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。②观察组T_1、T_2时Hb、HCT、PLT、Fib较T_0时明显下降(P0.05),D-D较T_0时明显增高(P0.05),T_3时明显恢复(P0.05)。T_1、T_2时PT、APTT、TT较T_0时差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③观察组术后24及48 h的β_2-MG、BUN及Cr水平较术前差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。④观察组异体血输注量明显少于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在异位妊娠手术中应用ANH式自体输血,对患者的血气指标、凝血功能和肾功能无明显不良影响,具有一定的节约用血效果。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.