感染/炎症在早产儿视网膜病变中的作用

感染/炎症是早产的重要启动因素,同时感染也是早产儿常见的并发症。近来,临床研究提示早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)与新生儿或母体的感染/炎症相关;基础研究也发现炎症可影响视网膜血管的正常发育,参与调控视网膜新生血管的形成。了解感染/炎症在ROP中的可能作用,对于ROP的早期诊断和防治有重要意义。本文就感染/炎症与ROP的关系及相关的作用机制进行综述。     

早产儿视网膜病变筛查及危险因素的临床研究

目的了解我院早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发病状况,并对其相关危险因素进行分析探讨。方法对2007年1月至2008年11月在我院出生的124例(248只眼)早产儿(出生体重≤2500g或胎龄≤35周)进行ROP的筛查。所有患儿瞳孔散大后,通过巩膜外顶压详细检查患儿视网膜情况。按照ROP国际分类法的规定记录检查结果。将患儿全身状况及吸氧、母孕期吸氧、先兆子痫、胎盘早剥等因素进行统计。结果 124例患儿全部完成了眼底筛查,在周边视网膜血管化或病变退化后终止随访。9例(13只眼)出现ROP,发生率分别占患儿例数和眼数的7.26%和5.24%。其中6例(8只眼)ROP患儿未达到阈值前病变,3例(5只眼)为阈值前Ⅰ型病变,此3例ROP患儿给予间接检眼镜视网膜激光光凝术。所有激光治疗患儿术后随访观察,直至膜病变静止、消退,均未出现视网膜脱离。母孕期吸氧、先兆子痫、胎盘早剥等因素与ROP发病无关。结论低体重是ROP发生的最重要因素。对早产儿适时进行ROP筛查,并对发现的ROP早期进行有效视网膜激光光凝术,可控制病变,降低早产儿的致盲率。     

早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果分析

目的 探索适合成都及周边地区早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的筛查模式.方法 回顾性调查分析研究.对2007年12月至2011年3月在四川省人民医院及成都市妇女儿童中心出生的332例体重2500g以下或孕周小于34周的早产儿,自生后4～6周或矫正胎龄32周开始筛查至周边视网膜血管化.结果 332例早产儿中有41例发生了早产儿视网膜病变,占12.35％.其中严重的4例(7只眼)接受了激光治疗,1例(1只眼)接受视网膜冷凝联合巩膜环扎手术治疗,占1.20％.按照卫生部制定的筛查标准,仅259例受检儿符合标准,ROP检出率为14.29％,有4例ROP患儿漏诊.眼底正常组患儿出生孕周和体重均明显高于ROP组,两组间有吸氧史者所占比例及不同严重程度ROP组与未发生ROP组吸氧时间的差异有统计学意义.结论 出生体重、胎龄、吸氧为早产儿视网膜病变发生的重要危险因素,婴儿出生的成熟度越低,早产儿视网膜病变尤其是严重的早产儿视 网膜病变发病可能性越高.成都及周边地区ROP筛查标准应在卫生部制定的ROP筛查标准的基础上适当扩大范围.     

早产儿视网膜病变的动物模型

早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是一种可引起致盲的视网膜新生血管及纤维组织增生的病变,正逐渐受到国内眼科和新生儿科医师的重视.关于ROP的临床研究取得了很多成果,但是受到研究对象和医学伦理等问题的限制.类似ROP病变的氧诱导视网膜病变(OIR)模型先后在猫、家兔、犬、小鼠、大鼠等动物中建立,后两者由于具有体型小、繁殖快、品种品系多、方法较为成熟且成功率高等特点,得到了广泛的应用.转基因小鼠为ROP的分子遗传学研究提供了理想的途径.此外大鼠中CO2诱导视网膜病变和代谢性酸中毒诱导视网膜病变的方法将有助于研究CO2、酸中毒与ROP的关系.犬视网膜血管对氧的反应比啮齿类动物更加接近人类,但其ROP模型在更多应用之前还有待于深入研究.     

早产儿383例ROP筛查情况分析报告

目的:分析泉州地区早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)发病情况及高危因素.方法:回顾2010-10/2011-09在我院NICU及眼科门诊进行视网膜病变筛查的383例早产儿眼底情况,并进行汇总分析.结果:在筛查的383例早产儿中,发现ROP患儿53例(13.8%),均为双眼发病;其中阈值前Ⅰ型及阈值期病变光凝治疗22例(5.7%);发展为5期病变1例(0.3%);急进型2例(0.5%).数据显示ROP的发病率及严重程度与出生体质量及胎龄呈负相关;尤其出生体质量与ROP的发生关系密切.结论:低出生胎龄和体质量是ROP发生的根本性高危因素,对于低胎龄、低体质量的高危早产儿应规范进行眼底筛查.     

早产儿视网膜病变治疗方法及疗效分析

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)曾称为晶状体后纤维增生症,是婴幼儿致盲的重要原因之一,常发生于有高浓度吸氧史的早产儿或发育迟缓的低体重儿。随着低体重新生儿治疗成活率的提高,ROP患儿亦日益增加。早发现、早治疗是避免ROP患儿发生视网膜脱离,视力永久丧失的重要手段,目前治疗方法主要有视网膜冷凝治疗、视网膜光凝治疗、巩膜扣带术、玻璃体切割手术治疗等方法,药物及基因疗法尚处于动物实验阶段。     

早产儿视网膜病变

早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是特指发生于早产儿特别是过早产儿的以视网膜血管异常增生为病变特征的视网膜血管疾病,是发达国家儿童失明的主要病因.随着围产医学的不断发展,ROP的发病率也随之上升,而早期发现和及时合理的治疗无疑是现阶段拯救ROP患儿视功能的最重要措施.我们对近年来国内外有关ROP的研究进行综述,内容涵盖了ROP的发病、诊断、筛查、治疗以及随访等诸方面.     

早产儿视网膜病变发病机制及治疗的研究现状

早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)是早产儿和低体重儿发生的一种视网膜血管增生性病变.近些年来,随着我国医疗条件和水平的提高,早产儿的存活率不断提高,同时ROP的发生率也相应的增加.ROP发展到晚期治疗非常棘手,早期发现及时治疗可能挽救部分患儿的视力.为了降低ROP的发生率和致盲率,故研究ROP发生的危险因素,发病机制及干预治疗,具有极其重要意义.此文拟就有关内容,搜集了国内外有关资料,对其研究现状作一综述.     

早产儿视网膜病变研究进展

早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是早产儿尤其是伴有低体重儿发生的一种视网膜毛细血管发育异常化的双侧性眼病,表现为视网膜缺血、新生血管形成和增生性视网膜病变,重者可以引起视网膜脱离而导致永久性失明。近年来,随着围产医学的进步,早产儿成活率逐渐增加,相应ROP发生率也呈增加趋势。由于其后果严重,对患儿及其家庭造成巨大伤害,ROP也日益引起人们的重视。目前ROP的确切病因仍未明确,真正的发病机制尚不十分清楚,亦缺乏有效的预防措施。本文从ROP的发病因素、发病机制及干预措施三方面对其新近研究进展作一综述。     

早产儿视网膜病变激光光凝治疗后视网膜功能发育状况观察

目的 观察早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)患儿视网膜激光光凝治疗后的视网膜功能发育状况.方法 对30例患阈值期ROP并成功接受视网膜激光光凝治疗的早产儿(病例组)和30例无ROP早产儿(对照组)进行闪光视网膜电图(F-ERG)检查,记录视杆细胞反应、视锥细胞反应、最大混合反应及振荡电位.结果 与对照组比较,病例组视杆细胞反应...     

A comparison of macular structure imaged by optical coherence tomography in preterm and full-term children

PURPOSE: Macular anatomic abnormalities were examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in premature children and compared with those of full-term children. METHODS: In a prospective case-control study, premature patients 7 to 14 years of age were divided into three groups (group I, laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity [ROP]; group II, spontaneously regressed ROP; group III, no ROP), and age-matched children (group IV). All the eligible 74 eyes had normal-appearing posterior pole, myopia < or =3 D, and best corrected visual acuity 1.0. When both eyes of a subject were eligible for the study, one eye was randomly selected (10 eyes of 10 children in each group). Retinal thicknesses of the macula measured by OCT3 were compared. The correlation between central foveal thickness and prematurity (gestational age at birth < or = 30 weeks; birth weight < or = 1250 g) or ROP was determined. RESULTS: The mean foveal and central retinal thicknesses decreased significantly in group I (laser-treated ROP) and group IV (term birth). Significant differences in central retinal thickness were found between the premature groups and full-term children (Mann-Whitney U test). The cutoff point of central retinal thickness, determined by receiver operating characteristic curve was 209 microm. The general estimating equation model statistics found a significant effect of ROP severity (P = 0.003), P value for the category of prematurity was 0.063. CONCLUSIONS: The central retinal thickness was significantly higher in the preterm groups than in the full-term group. This subtle macular modification may be related mainly to ROP. Prematurity had only a marginally significant role.     

Early ametropia and rod photoreceptor function in retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: Early ametropia, particularly myopia, is frequent in children with a history of preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The retina is known to govern eye growth and refractive development. We tested the hypothesis that deficits in retinal function are significantly associated with early ametropia in ROP subjects. METHODS: Scotopic electoretinogram (ERG) responses to full field stimuli were studied in 40 ROP subjects aged 8 weeks to 18 years. The ROP was categorized as treated, untreated, or none. Refractive development of each ROP subject was monitored and compared with normal for age. The rod photoresponse parameters were calculated and the postreceptoral responses derived. The ERG parameters in the ROP subjects were compared with normal values for age. RESULTS: Twelve ROP subjects developed early ametropia, 10 myopia, and two hyperopia. In the majority of ROP subjects, receptoral and postreceptoral response parameters were below the normal mean for age. In the 12 children with early ametropia, rod photoreceptor sensitivity was significantly lower than in emmetropic ROP subjects; and in five tested in infancy, deficits in rod photoreceptor sensitivity antedated development of ametropia. The myopic control subjects had no deficits in response parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal dysfunction is significantly associated with early ametropia in these ROP subjects. Thus, mechanisms for the development of ametropia in ROP subjects may involve rod and rod-mediated postreceptoral activity.     

Regressed retinopathy of prematurity and its sequelae in children aged 5-10 years.

Regressed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its sequelae were studied in children born prematurely (less than 1501 g birth weight and/or less than 33 weeks gestational age) in Stockholm county during 1976-81. Through various searches of the records at the different eye departments and other sources in Stockholm county we found that 134 out of a total of 528 premature babies (25.4%) had needed ophthalmic care for different reasons. They were re-examined and reliable information on the fundus could be obtained for 105 of them. The frequency of regressed ROP was 45.5%. Severe forms with vitreoretinal scarring and retinal traction were seen in 9.7% of cases and moderate forms with pigmentary changes and/or vitreoretinal interphase changes in 35.8%. The sequelae of regressed ROP were mainly reduction of visual acuity and myopia. Children with a birth weight below 1000 g and a gestational age less than 30 weeks presented the highest rate of regressed ROP (68.5% and 61.9%) and ocular abnormalities.     

Retinal detachment in children: differential diagnosis and current therapy

The number of retinal detachments in children is very low in comparison to the number of retinal detachments in adults, only 3.2 - 6.6% occur in children. The main predisposing factors are trauma, associated conditions, myopia and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) i. e., stage 4 and 5 and late stage of ROP. Furthermore, retinal detachment in children can be idiopathic. These eyes are not associated with any identified ocular or systemic comorbidity. Associated conditions include hereditary vitreoretinal disorders (e. g., morbus Stickler, X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Marfan syndrome, famili?r exsudative vitreoretinopathy), malformations (e. g., persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, coloboma) and retinal detachment following cataract surgery. In a few cases retinal detachment is caused by uveitis and by Coats disease. Delayed presentation and proliferative vitreoretinopathy are a common problem and in most eyes primary pars plana vitrectomy is necessary. It is important to perform consequent postoperative follow-up. The functional and anatomic outcomes of retinal detachment in children are less successful than in adults. Further surgical innovations and aetiology-specific treatment strategies are required to improve the outcome in this group. Recent results show that the intravitreal use of VEGF inhibitors to treat proliferative retinopathy (ROP) in children is effective, but we need further information about safety and side-effects.     

Vision-related Quality of Life in Malaysian Children with Threshold and Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity

PurposeThe prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is higher in developing countries compared to developed countries. There is limited data on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) among children with severe type of ROP in developing countries. This study evaluated the influence of threshold and prethreshold ROP on VRQoL in Malaysian children.MethodsMulticenter prospective cross-sectional study conducted in three tertiary hospitals in 2018 to 2019. Children less than 7 years old with previous ROP diagnosis were recruited. Patients with systemic comorbidities that affected vision or daily activities were excluded. A parent or guardian completed the Children’s Visual Function Questionnaire (CVFQ) for the assessment of child’s general health, general vision, competence, personality, family impact, and treatment difficulty.ResultsEight were categorized with threshold ROP, 16 with high-risk prethreshold ROP, and 26 with low-risk prethreshold ROP. Fifty age-matched controls were also included. Mean visual acuity in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution was 0.46 in the threshold, 0.08 in high-risk prethreshold, and 0.01 in low-risk prethreshold subgroups. Threshold ROP was associated with myopia and strabismus, and associated with poor visual acuity compared to prethreshold ROP. Mean total CVFQ score was significantly lower in the ROP group (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Mean score and all mean subscale scores were significantly lower in the threshold subgroup compared to high-risk and low-risk prethreshold subgroups, with lowest subscale scores on general vision and general health. There was significant association between gestational age, visual acuity of the better eye, family income, and VRQoL (p < 0.05).ConclusionsROP was associated with lower VRQoL in children born prematurely in Malaysia. The threshold ROP group is the most affected. General vision and health domains are their main difficulties encountered. Gestational age, visual acuity of the better eye, and family income affects the VRQoL.     

The progress of prophylactic treatment in retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vascular disorder frequently found in premature infants. Different therapeutic strategies have been developed to treat ROP. However, there are still many children with ROP suffering by severe limitations in vision or even blindness. Recently, ROP has been suggested to be caused by abnormal development of the retinal vasculature, but not simply resulted by retinal neovascularization which takes about 4 to 6wk after birth in premature infants. Thus, instead of focusing on how to reduce retinal neovascularization, understanding the pathological changes and mechanisms that occur prior to retinal neovascularization is meaningful, which may lead to identify novel target(s) for the development of novel strategy to promote the healthy growth of retinal blood vessels rather than passively waiting for the appearance of retinal neovascularization and removing it by force. In this review, we discussed recent studies about, 1) the pathogenesis prior to retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR; a ROP in animal model) and in premature infants with ROP; 2) the preclinical and clinical research on preventive treatment of early OIR and ROP. We will not only highlight the importance of the mechanisms and signalling pathways in regulating early stage of ROP but also will provide guidance for actively exploring novel mechanisms and discovering novel treatments for early phase OIR and ROP prior to retinal neovascularization in the future.     

【In Press】 The progress of prophylactic treatment in retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vascular disorder frequently found in premature infants. Different therapeutic strategies have been developed to treat ROP. However, there are still many children with ROP suffering by severe limitations in vision or even blindness. Recently, ROP has been suggested to be caused by abnormal development of the retinal vasculature, but not simply resulted by retinal neovascularization which takes about 4-6wk after birth in premature infants. Thus, instead of focusing on how to reduce retinal neovascularization, understanding the pathological changes and mechanisms that occur prior to retinal neovascularization is meaningful, which may lead to identify novel target(s) for the development of novel strategy to promote the healthy growth of retinal blood vessels rather than passively waiting for the appearance of retinal neovascularization and removing it by force. In this review, we discussed recent studies about: 1) the pathogenesis prior to retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR, a ROP in animal model) and in premature infants with ROP; 2) the preclinical and clinical research on preventive treatment of early OIR and ROP. We will not only highlight the importance of the mechanisms and signalling pathways in regulating early stage of ROP but also will provide guidance for actively exploring novel mechanisms and discovering novel treatments for early phase OIR and ROP prior to retinal neovascularization in the future.     

The causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in Poland

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and the causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of 3000 visually impaired children from the archives of Polish Association of Blinds and from the centers and schools for visually handicapped children from the years 1979-1999 have been reviewed. RESULTS: The number of the visually disabled children in Poland has increased by 70% in the recent 10 years. The main causes of blindness and serious visual loss in the years 1979-1999 are optic nerve atrophy (21.66%), retinopathy of prematurity (19.01%), cataracts (14.13%), high myopia (11.84%), congenital abnormalities (8.65%), retinal dystrophies (8.08%) and glaucoma (6.42%). Optic nerve atrophy occurred mainly in premature infants. There have been great changes in the epidemiology of blindness in the recent 20 years; the percentage of visually disabled children caused by ROP has increased from 8.1% to 54.5% and caused by optic nerve atrophy from 15.5% to 27.27%. The prevalence of other causes has decreased in the same time. CONCLUSION: The main activities required to control blindness in Poland are promotion of pregnancy and prematurity care and improvements in the early diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.     

The neurovascular retina in retinopathy of prematurity

The continuing worldwide epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a leading cause of childhood visual impairment, strongly motivates further research into mechanisms of the disease. Although the hallmark of ROP is abnormal retinal vasculature, a growing body of evidence supports a critical role for the neural retina in the ROP disease process. The age of onset of ROP coincides with the rapid developmental increase in rod photoreceptor outer segment length and rhodopsin content of the retina with escalation of energy demands. Using a combination of non-invasive electroretinographic (ERG), psychophysical, and image analysis procedures, the neural retina and its vasculature have been studied in prematurely born human subjects, both with and without ROP, and in rats that model the key vascular and neural parameters found in human ROP subjects. These data are compared to comprehensive numeric summaries of the neural and vascular features in normally developing human and rat retina. In rats, biochemical, anatomical, and molecular biological investigations are paired with the non-invasive assessments. ROP, even if mild, primarily and persistently alters the structure and function of photoreceptors. Post-receptor neurons and retinal vasculature, which are intimately related, are also affected by ROP; conspicuous neurovascular abnormalities disappear, but subtle structural anomalies and functional deficits may persist years after clinical ROP resolves. The data from human subjects and rat models identify photoreceptor and post-receptor targets for interventions that promise improved outcomes for children at risk for ROP.     

早产儿视网膜病变自然消退患儿黄斑光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）变化

目的　使用光学相干断层扫描血管成像（optical coherence tomographic angiography，OCTA）观察早产儿视网膜病变（retinopathy of prematurity，ROP）自然消退患儿的黄斑形态与血流的变化。方法　采用横断面研究。收集自然消退的轻度ROP患儿6例（12眼）为ROP自然消退组，同时收集年龄匹配的足月产健康儿童8例（16眼）为对照组。使用OCTA的3 mm×3 mm扫描模式获得两组儿童的黄斑中心凹无血管区（foveal avascular zone，FAZ）面积、FAZ形态指数、表层视网膜血管密度及表层视网膜灌注密度，利用SD-OCT测量黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度（central foveal thickness，CFT），并对比两组儿童的最佳矫正视力（best corrected visual acuity，BCVA）。采用两独立样本t检验进行统计分析。结果　ROP自然消退组与对照组的FAZ面积分别为（0.135±0.121）mm²和（0.316±0.080）mm²，CFT分别为（193.77±17.92）μm和（164.29±20.21）μm，两组相比差异均有统计学意义（均为P＜0.001）。ROP自然消退组与对照组的FAZ形态指数、表层视网膜血管密度、表层视网膜灌注密度及BCVA的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05）。结论　ROP自然消退患儿黄斑区形态结构及血流有明显改变，FAZ面积偏小，CFT增厚，但BCVA未受明显影响。