宫腔镜不同麻醉方法的比较与分析

目的 探讨宫 、腔镜术时麻醉方法。方法 148例宫腔镜术者采用三组麻醉，A组：硬膜外麻醉40例，B组静脉麻醉40例，C组硬膜外麻醉复合静脉麻醉68例。结果 麻醉后5、10、20min时，B组与C组MAP、HR较A组稳定，一过性呼吸抑制发生率C组低于B组。结论 宫腔镜手术理想的麻醉方法是硬膜外麻醉复合静脉麻醉。     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术临床观察

目的 比较腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉和单纯硬膜外麻醉用于妇科腔镜手术对BP，HR，SPO2，PETCO2及麻醉效果，气腹充气量的影响。方法 50例妇科腹腔镜手术病人随机分粗要麻－硬膜外联合麻醉组（CSEA组，n=25例）和单纯硬膜外麻醉组（EA组，n=25例），监测患者于麻醉前，气腹前，气腹10min,30min及解除气腹后10min 5个时间占HR，BP，SPO2和PETCO2的变化，记录腹内压达1.17kPa时的气腹充气量及麻醉效果。结果 （1）气腹后HR，BP，PETCO2均明显变化（P＜0．05），EA组BP变化比CSEA组更明显（P＜0．05）；（2）CSEA组的气腹充气量明显多于EA组（P＜0．05）；（3）CSEA组的麻醉效果优于EA组（P＜0．05）。结论 腰麻－硬膜外麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术对循环影响小，麻醉效果优于单纯硬膜外麻醉，是较理想的麻醉方法。     

三种椎管内麻醉术在剖宫产中的对比观察

刮宫产术采用椎管内麻醉已为大家所接受．传统的方法是连续硬膜外麻醉（EA），近年，采用腰麻（SA）或腰麻硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）的报道已颇多。本文比较三种麻醉方法在剖宫产术中的应用。     

静脉或腰硬联合麻醉用于前列腺光汽化术的比较

为比较靶控输注（TCI）异丙酚静脉麻醉和腰硬联合麻醉（CSEA）两种方法用于前列腺光汽化术（PVP）中的效果，将40例择期行前列腺PVP手术的患者随机分为两组：TCI组（T组）（7／=20）：静脉给药芬太尼2．0～3．0μg／kg，异丙酚TCI，诱导时效应部位浓度设定为3μg／ml，术中维持为1．5～2．0μg／ml；CSEA组（C组）（n=20）：于患者b、4处注入0．5％布比卡因重比重液2．5ml，术中监测SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、Glu等指标。结果：T组患者诱导后SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2明显下降，但术中能保持平稳，麻醉并发症较少；C组患者术中血流动力学稳定。提示CSEA和异丙酚TCI都适用于前列腺PVP术。且CSEA的有效性和安全性更佳。     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉应用于子宫切除手术的体会

目的 探讨腰-硬联合麻醉（CSEA）在子宫切除术中的效果。方法 选择子宫切除手术患者30例，年龄、体重无显著差异经L2-3硬膜外穿刺成功后，经该针导入腰麻针行腰麻注药，退出后留置硬膜外导管。结果 30例患者术中麻醉达到镇痛、肌松效果。术后无头痛等并发症发生。结论 CSEA兼有腰麻和硬膜外麻醉的优点，适用于子宫切除手术。     

联合腰麻和硬膜外麻醉在前列腺摘除围手术期的临床应用

目的：研究腰硬联合麻醉用于前列腺摘除手术及术后镇痛的可行性和安全性。方法：观察病例随机分成连续硬膜外阻滞（CEA）组和腰硬联合麻醉（CSEA）组，常规操作。严格控制麻醉平面，术毕确定无全脊麻征象后行病人自控硬膜外镇痛。记录术中生命体征（血压、心率、呼吸）。阻滞完善时间。阻滞平面。有无寒战、恶心呕吐，出血量、输血输液量，术中麻醉效果，术后头痛及术后镇痛效果。结果：两组血压下降、心率下降、麻醉平面过高（〉Ts）、寒战、恶心呕吐、失血量、输血液量及术后头痛等无显著差异，但两组阻滞完善时间比较有显著差异（P〈0．01）；两组麻醉效优者共73．1％，CSEA组效优者明显高于CEA组（P〈0．05）；术后CEA组、CSEA组各有12例和2例加用肌注镇痛药，VSA评分2以内两组比较CSEA组较CEA组效果更好（P〈0．05）。结论：腰硬联合麻醉应用于前列腺摘除术是一种麻醉效果满意、术后镇痛效果确切、安全性高的麻醉方法。     

硬膜外麻醉在行经皮肾镜下取石术的应用效果

目的分析硬膜外麻醉在行经皮肾镜下取石术的应用效果。方法选择90例患者随机分为硬膜外麻醉（EA）组、腰硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）组和全身麻醉（GA）组（n=30）,观察分析3组麻醉效果。结果硬膜外麻醉、腰硬膜外联合麻醉和全身麻醉3组患者的麻醉效果差异不显著。硬膜外麻醉（EA）组和腰硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）组均出现血压显著下降现象,硬膜外麻醉优于腰硬外联合麻醉,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。全身麻醉（GA）组在心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MPA）方面均较为稳定,但术后清醒时间显著延长。结论硬膜外麻醉在行经皮肾镜下取石术麻醉中应用效果显著,安全性高,值得临床推广使用。     

联合腰麻硬膜外麻醉或全凭静脉麻醉用于经皮肾镜碎石术

目的：观察和评价联合腰麻硬膜外麻醉（CSEA）及全凭静脉麻醉（TIVA）用于经皮肾镜碎石术的麻醉效果。方法选择64例行经皮肾镜碎石术的患者行回顾性分析,分为CSEA组和TIVA组两组,每组32例。记录两组入手术室时（基础值,t0）、改变体位为俯卧位或半侧卧位时（t1）、切皮时（t2）、出手术室时（t3）,以及CSEA组腰部麻醉后15min时（tSA15min）和TI‐VA组气管插管时（ti）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）等,观察麻醉效果、输液量、术中使用麻黄碱和阿托品、CSEA组局麻药用量、手术时间、手术期间或出室时患者不适发生率,以及不良事件等。结果t0时两组血压和HR差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,CSEA组患者在t1、t2、t3时的SBP、DBP和MAP均低于t0（P＜0．05）,t1和t3时的HR高于t0（P＜0．05）;TIVA组患者在t1和t2时的SBP、DBP、MAP和HR均低于t0（P＜0．05）,但t3时的SBP、DBP和MAP均高于t0（P＜0．05）。t1和t2时CSEA组SBP和HR均高于TIVA组,而t3时CSEA组SBP和DBP均低于TIVA组（P＜0．05）。术后CSEA患者不适发生率为6．3％,低于TIVA组的25．0％（P＜0．05）。结论CSEA和TIVA均可用于经皮肾镜碎石术,CSEA术中舒适度低,但术后舒适度更高;结石较小,手术时间短、一般情况好的患者采用CSEA可能较好,反之采用全身麻醉可能较好。     

宫腔镜手术麻醉方式的选择

目的探讨腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉在宫腔镜手术的麻醉效果。方法将宫腔镜下子宫内膜息肉电切术的患者60例,随机分为腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉组（观察组）和硬膜外麻醉组（对照组）,对比麻醉效果。结果腰-硬联合麻醉患者麻醉效果明显优于连续硬膜外麻醉患者。结论腰-硬联合麻醉可以作为宫腔镜手术首选的麻醉方法,值得推广应用。     

脊髓硬膜外联合麻醉在新式剖宫产术中的应用

①目的 探讨脊髓硬膜外联合麻醉（SCEA）在新式剖宫产术的应用效果。②方法 将200例足月健康产妇随机分为CSEA组和连续硬膜外麻醉（EA）对照组，每组100例，均以L2－3为穿刺点，CSEA组用带有背孔的Tuohy针和25G腰穿针穿刺。③结果 CSEA组麻醉效果明显优于EA组（u＝7．66，P＜0．05），局麻药用量显著减少（t＝4．62，P＜0．01），手术时间和麻醉诱导时间亦明显缩短（t＝2．05，3．82，P＜0．05），两组低血压发生率相似，但CSEA组血压下降程度较大。④结论 CSEA具有麻醉起效快、用药剂量少、效果好和手术时间短等优点。但应注意低血压的防治。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.