腹膜外/经腹膜淋巴结切除分期术在中晚期宫颈癌中应用的对比分析

目的 对比分析腹膜外/经腹膜淋巴结切除分期术在中晚期宫颈癌中的应用.方法 选取江西省妇幼保健院肿瘤科首诊伴淋巴结肿大的中晚期宫颈癌(IIB-IVA期)40例,按照手术方式随机分成腹膜外组(n=20)和经腹膜组(n=20),分别行腹膜外及经腹膜盆腔淋巴结和腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除分期术,术后行同步放化疗.结果 腹膜外组和经腹...     

卡铂联合紫杉醇治疗宫颈癌术后淋巴结转移的疗效分析

目的探讨卡铂联合紫杉醇方案同步放化疗治疗宫颈癌术后盆腔淋巴结转移的临床疗效和不良反应。方法对85例经宫颈癌术后病理证实为盆腔淋巴结转移的患者,采用卡铂和紫杉醇化疗后序贯放疗,与单纯接受术后放疗的患者及接受其他方案化疗的同步放化疗患者比较,观察5年生存率及不良反应发生率。结果 TC化疗组5年生存率78%,显著高于单纯放疗组。同步放化疗主要的不良反应为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应和脱发,但患者均可耐受,没有因药物的不良反应影响放疗的进行。结论卡铂联合紫杉醇方案同步放化疗治疗宫颈癌术后盆腔淋巴结转移患者能耐受,依从性好,疗效高,值得在临床推广使用。     

同步放化疗联合高聚金葡素治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的临床观察

目的:探讨同步放化疗联合高聚金葡素注射液(CCRT HAS)治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的临床疗效、不良反应及对细胞免疫功能的影响.方法:56例经病理证实的局部晚期宫颈癌随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组28例,采用CCRT HAS),放疗为盆腔外照射45Gy/25F,腔内高剂量率后装放疗5～7次,A点30～36Gy,CCRT用药为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)500 mg·m-2,第1～4天;顺铂20 mg·m-2,第1～3天,放疗的第1～4天和第29～32天给予.同时给予HAS 1 kU·d-1,静脉滴注,第1～14天,休息1周后重复,共用2疗程;对照组28例,给予CCRT.结果:CCRT HAS组局部控制率92.8%(26/28),3年生存率为78.6%(22/28),CCRT组局部控制率89.3%(25/28),3年生存率为75%(21/28),2组比较差异无显著性(P0.05);不良反应中,CCRT HAS组Ⅲ、Ⅳ级白细胞下降为7.1%(2/28),CCRT组为17.8%(5/28),2组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).CCRT HAS组患者放化疗后细胞免疫功能提高,其中NK细胞升高明显,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论:CCRT HAS治疗局部晚期子宫颈癌可提高患者机体免疫力,减轻放化疗血液学不良反应.     

调强放疗同期顺铂治疗中晚期宫颈癌临床疗效和毒副反应观察

目的:探讨同期调强放化疗和同期普通放化疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌的临床疗效及毒副作用。方法:将2010年5月-2012年6月收治的中晚期宫颈癌患者78例随机分为同期调强放化疗组和同期普通放化疗组,各39例。A组:IMRT采用直线加速器6MV-X照射治疗计划靶区(PTV)46.8 Gy,每次1.80 Gy,盆腔淋巴结转移PGTVnd 59.8Gy,每次2.30 Gy,每周5次,共26次,使95%等剂量曲线覆盖靶区,95%~98%PTV接受处方剂量。腔内放疗采用192Ir后装机治疗,A点剂量每次6 Gy,每周1~2次,总剂量30 Gy,共5次,共2~3周。B组:普通放疗采用6MV-X外照射,盆腔大野总剂量30 Gy(每次2 Gy,每周5次,共15次),后改四野总剂量20 Gy(每次2 Gy,每周5次,共10次)。当盆腔大野照射20 Gy后即开始同期采用192Ir后装机行腔内放疗,A点剂量每次6 Gy,每周1~2次,总剂量36~42 Gy,照射6~7次,共3.5周,腔内照射当天不作体外照射。转移淋巴结区域采用体外小野补量放疗16 Gy。化疗在放疗开始后1周内单药顺铂40 mg/m2,每周1次,连用6次。结果:同期调强放化疗组和同期普通放化疗组总有效率分别为94.87%和69.23%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.003);两组毒副反应(骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应和放射性直肠炎)比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001,P=0.037,P=0.002);2年无进展生存率(PFS)分别为97.44%和94.87%,总生存率分别为100.00%和97.44%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:同期调强放化疗可提高中晚期宫颈癌的近期疗效,毒性反应明显减轻,但2年无进展生存率和总生存率未见明显提高。     

局部晚期鼻咽癌同步化疗与诱导化疗联合调强放疗的疗效分析

目的 比较同步化疗与诱导化疗联合调强放疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的疗效和毒副反应.方法 将60例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者随机分为诱导化疗联合调强放疗组30例(诱放组)与同步化疗联合调强放疗组30例(同放组).两组放疗方法相同,均采用调强放疗.鼻咽癌原发病灶(GTV1)给予70Gy,2.10～2.25Gy/次;达诊断标准的颈部淋巴结(GTⅣ2)给予65～68Gy,2.0～2.18Gy/次;高危预防区(CTV1)给予60～62Gy,1.8～2.0Gy/次;低危预防区(CTV2)给予50.4Gy,1.8Gy/次.化疗方法为紫杉醇150mg/m2d1,顺铂90mg/m2(每日30mg/m2)d2～4.诱放组为先诱导化疗两周期+放疗+辅助化疗两周期.诱导化疗为每21天1周期.同放组为先同步放化疗+辅助化疗两周期.同步化疗为每28天1周期.两组辅助化疗均为每28天1周期.结果 中位随访时间46个月.诱放组与同放组5年总生存率,无复发生存率,无转移生存率分别为59.1%和74.5%(X2.24,P＝0.624),40.4%和74.5%(X2=1.959,P＝0.162),35.6%和74.5%(X2=2.491,P＝0.114).毒性反应观察:同放组发生3～4级口腔黏膜反应为53.3%,诱放组为36.7%(P=0.032),同放组发生骨髓抑制率为50.0%,诱放组为20.0%(P=0.024),同放组的副作用明显要高于诱放组.结论 同步放化疗和诱导化疗+放疗这两种治疗方法对于局部晚期鼻咽癌特别是T3～4N0～3的患者在总生存率、无复发生存率和无转移生存率上无统计学差异.同放组较诱放组治疗毒性反应大,但能耐受.     

宫颈癌并盆腔淋巴转移的同步加量容积旋转调强放疗效果

目的 探讨宫颈癌并盆腔/腹膜后淋巴结转移患者的同步加量容积旋转调强方案放射治疗作用。方法 选择2020年1月～2021年8月在本院腹部肿瘤科收治的初次行根治性放疗子宫颈癌患者50例,均开展同步放化疗模式治疗。放疗方案为外照射(同步加量调强模式)结合腔内近距离照射,外照射设定子宫、宫颈、阴道、宫旁组织、淋巴结引流区以及阳性淋巴结部位作为治疗靶区,参数设定:PGTVnd:55.9～59.8Gy/2.15～2.3Gy/26f;PTV:46.8～48.1Gy/1.8～1.85Gy/26 f。结果 疗效评价:CR (47/50) 94.0%,PR (3/50) 6.0%。Ⅲ度和Ⅳ度骨髓抑制发生率(11/50) 22.0%,Ⅲ度肠道反应发生率(2/50) 4%。结论 宫颈癌并盆腔/腹膜后淋巴结转移患者给予同步加量容积旋转调强方案放射治疗,在整体治疗效果比较理想,大部分患者可以耐受该治疗方案,并取得令人满意的结果。     

宫颈癌术后并发症及患者生活质量分析

目的 探讨宫颈癌术后近期并发症及患者生活质量评价.方法 100例宫颈癌手术方式包括：Ⅰ类手术（筋膜外全宫手术）20例,Ⅱ类手术（次广泛子宫切除术）20例,Ⅲ类手术（次广泛子宫切除＋盆腔淋巴结切除术）20例,Ⅳ类手术（广泛子宫切除＋盆腔淋巴结切除）40例.宫颈癌术前放疗68例,行生活质量评价.结果 术后泌尿道感染发生率26.0%（26/100）,尿潴留发生率25.0%（25/100）;术后尿瘘发生率3.0%（3/100）;术后腹部伤口感染2%（2/100）;肺部感染率1.0%（1/100）;手术相关的死亡率1.0%（1/100）;影响放疗前生活质量的最重要因素为疼痛和抑郁,放疗中为恶心呕吐.结论 改进手术方式可以降低术后泌尿道感染和尿瘘发生率;宫颈癌放疗患者生活质量受多种因素影响.     

中子后装配合外照射同步化疗治疗宫颈癌的临床分析

目的 观察宫颈癌利用Cf-252中子后装配合外照射根治性放疗和同步化疗综合治疗结果.方法 宫颈癌ⅡB期、Ⅲ期患者138例随机分为单纯放疗组74例,同步放化疗组64例.单纯放疗组应用中子后装配合外照射,两组放疗方法相同.同步放化组化疗选用5-FU加DDP,放疗第1天开始同步化疗,21天为一周期,化疗3周期.结果 两组1年生存率均100%;2年生存率单纯放疗组、同步放化疗组分别为ⅡB期88.5%和94.4%;Ⅲ期72.2%和85.0%;2年生存率同步放化疗组优于单纯放疗组.在不良反应方面,两组病例中急性放射反应主要表现为:血液毒性、急性下消化道反应.放射性膀胱炎(2级)同步放化疗组4例(6.2%),单纯放疗组3例(4.0%);放射性肠炎(2级)同步放化疗组5例(7.8%),单纯放疗组3例(4.0%),两组晚期放射性损伤相似,差异无统计学意义.结论 中子后装配合外照射同步化疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌优于单纯放疗,并未增加放射性损伤.     

中子刀配合三维适形放疗同步化疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌的临床研究

目的 评价中子刀配合三维适形放疗同步化疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌的临床效果.方法 将中晚期宫颈癌患者141例随机分为同步放化疗组(66例)和单纯放疗组(75例).2组患者的放疗方法相同,均采用腔内中子后装放疗加体外照射的方法.同步放化疗组放疗第1天开始同时进行全身化疗,21 d为1个周期,化疗3个周期.化疗方案:5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)500 mg/m2,第1～4天,静脉滴注;顺铂20mg/m2,第1～4天,静脉滴注.比较2组总生存率和治疗不良反应.结果 同步放化疗组2年生存率为89.4％ (55/66),明显高于单纯放疗组81.8％ (63/77)(P ＜0.01).单纯放疗组和同步放化疗组ⅡB期2年生存率分别为88.5％(23/26)和94.4％(17/18),Ⅲ期2年生存率分别为72.2％ (13/18)和85.0％ (17/20),2组差异均有统计学意义(均P ＜0.01).血液毒性方面,同步放化疗组3级以上为15.6％ (10/66),单纯放疗组为4.05％(3/75);2级以上(含2级)同步放化疗组81.8％(54/66),单纯放疗组46.7％(36/75),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).下消化道反应(2～3级)同步放化疗组72.7％(48/66),单纯放疗组40.0％(30/75),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).急性放射性膀胱炎(2级)同步放化疗组6.1％ (4/66),单纯化疗组5.3％ (4/75),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).晚期放射性损伤:放射性膀胱炎(2级)同步放化疗组7.6％(5/66),单纯放疗组4.0％ (3/75);放射性肠炎(2级)同步放化疗组7.6％ (5/66),单纯放疔组3例4.0％(3/75),差异均无统计学意义.结论 中子刀配合三维适形放疗同步化疗治疗中晚期宫颈癌,患者2年生存率明显提高,血液学毒性和下消化道反应明显增加,但患者可耐受,未增加晚期放射性损伤.     

宫颈癌术后紫杉醇联合顺铂同步放化疗的临床研究

目的：探索含高危因素宫颈癌根治性术后紫杉醇联合顺铂同步放化疗的疗效及毒性。方法180例宫颈癌患者均行根治性手术,术后病理证实具有高危因素,并于术后3~4周行辅助同步放化疗。治疗方案：研究组(TP组)为紫杉醇135~150 mg/m2 d1+顺铂25~30 mg/m2 d1~3,每3周1次同步化疗。对照组(P组)为顺铂35~40 mg/m2,每周1次同步化疗。全组病例采用相同放疗方案：总放疗剂量45~59 Gy,1.8~2.2 Gy/次,4~5次/周。主要研究内容为5年无局部复发生存率(LRFS)、5年无瘤生存率(DFS)、5年无远处转移生存率(FDMS)、5年总生存率(OS)以及毒性反应。结果全组中位随访期33个月(1~84个月),未能观察到研究组较对照组可以提高无瘤生存期、无局部复发生存期和总生存期。研究组和对照组5年无远处转移生存率分别为95.4%和82.6%,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.034<0.05)。而研究组治疗期间37.8%的患者出现了3/4级白细胞下降,44.4%的患者出现严重骨髓抑制。结论与顺铂相比,紫杉醇联合顺铂辅助同步放化疗未能提高含高危因素的宫颈癌术后患者的总生存率,但它具有提高无远处转移生存率的优势,而且除了血液学毒性外,其毒副作用整体可接受。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.