颞浅动脉及其微血管在眼睑缺损修复中应用的解剖学研究

目的：探讨颞浅动脉及其微血管形成的皮瓣在眼睑缺损修复中的临床应用。方法：①在成人6具12侧头颅标本上，通过血管铸型标本法，对颞浅动脉及其微血管进行观测；②分别以颞浅动脉的额支或顶支为蒂设计成顺行或逆行皮瓣用于眼睑缺损修复。结果：①颞浅动脉终末分支额支和顶支与眶上动脉、滑车上动脉、枕动脉、耳后动脉及对侧颞浅动脉之间有丰富的吻合：②临床上应用8例以颞浅动脉为蒂形成的皮瓣用于眼睑缺损修复均获成功。结论：以颞浅动脉为蒂形成的顺行及逆行皮瓣，具有采集方便、血供丰富、色泽质地与受区相近等优点，适用于各种类型眼睑缺损的修复。     

颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣在面部较大面积创面修复中的应用

目的 探索颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣,在修复面部较大面积组织缺损中的应用.方法 自2007年,对10例较大面部浅表性组织缺损患者,采用颞浅筋膜预置耳后扩张皮瓣进行修复.Ⅰ期手术形成由颞浅动脉顶支供血的筋膜岛状瓣,预置于耳后乳突区皮下,同时在筋膜瓣下埋置皮肤扩张器.注水完成并保持3～5个月,动脉造影观察颞浅动脉分支在耳后的区分布.Ⅱ期手术取出扩张器,形成以颞浅动脉直接供血的耳后岛状皮瓣,经皮下隧道转移覆盖面部创面.结果 本组患者术后随访6～18个月.2例术后24h出现皮瓣远端静脉回流受阻,致浅表组织坏死,于2周内创面愈合.其余皮瓣存活良好.皮瓣切取最大面积7 cm×3.5 cm.结论 颞浅筋膜岛状瓣预置耳后扩张皮瓣,皮瓣薄,供皮区无需植皮,面部不增加额外切口,适合于面部较大面积创面的修复.     

颞顶筋膜岛状瓣植入耳后乳突区预制扩张筋膜皮瓣修复面部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨一种较好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法手术分两期进行。一期手术时,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起颞顶浅筋膜岛状瓣,沿同侧发际线切开,在耳后乳突区皮下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,将颞顶筋膜瓣转移至囊腔内,适当固定,于筋膜瓣下放置皮肤扩张器;扩张完毕后,取出扩张器,以颞浅动静脉为蒂,掀起耳后乳突区预制岛状筋膜皮瓣,用于面部皮肤缺损的修复。结果自1999年以来,临床应用9例,其中面部黑痣2例,面部血管瘤2例,面部瘢痕5例。颞顶筋膜岛状皮瓣蒂长5.5~7cm,平均6.2cm,筋膜瓣面积4cm×3cm~7cm×7cm,平均5.7cm×4.9cm,预制筋膜皮瓣面积为5cm×5cm~8.0cm×7.5cm,平均6.4cm×6.1cm;术后皮瓣全部成活,供瓣区直接拉拢缝合者5例,另行皮片移植修复者4例。结论颞顶筋膜皮瓣血管蒂长,转移方便,血运丰富,耳后乳突区皮肤在质地、色泽、厚度等方面均与面部皮肤最为接近,是一种良好的修复面部皮肤软组织缺损的方法。     

应用颞顶筋膜瓣耳再造的显微解剖学研究

目的通过耳颞区的显微解剖学研究，阐明带蒂颞顶筋膜组织瓣一期耳再造的解剖学基础方法选用12具乳胶灌注、10％福尔马林固定的新鲜颞区标本，分层进行显微解剖观察，精确记录颞顶筋膜的血管神经分布，结果颞区筋膜分三层，颞顶筋膜组织是SMAS筋膜的一部分，帽状腱膜是颞浅筋膜的向上延伸耳颞区筋膜有颞浅动脉、耳后动脉及其丰富的吻合支形成的血管网供血。结论颞顶筋膜具有恒定的血管、感觉神经分布，一期耳再造的修复，为保证耳再造的良好覆盖，需要在颞融合线处保证颞浅筋膜与颞中筋膜的完整连续。对于全耳再造需要部分耳后筋膜的参与。     

反流轴型耳廓复合组织岛状瓣修复大面积鼻翼缺损方法的研究

目的　找寻以滑车上、眶上动脉为供血源的跨区反流轴型耳廓复合组织岛状瓣 ,修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损之解剖根据 ,解决临床上耳廓复合组织瓣游离移植时面积受限之难题。方法　 2 9例成人尸体标本 ,结扎双侧颈外动脉、椎动脉和一侧颈内动脉 ,由另一侧颈内动脉灌注染料 ,之后额、鼻、颞部血管分别由外向内和由内向外进行解剖观测。结果　滑车上动脉、眶上动脉和颞浅动脉额支之间有恒定、粗大的吻合支 ,分支间相互吻合 ,形成前额动脉吻合网 ,颞浅动脉主干及顶支在上升途中发出 2～ 3组耳支。颈内动脉的血流 ,可自滑车上动脉、眶上动脉→前额动脉吻网→颞浅动脉额支→颞浅动脉主干→颞浅动脉耳支而营养耳廓。根据解剖结果 ,可设计出以滑车上、眶上动脉为供血源的跨区供血的反流轴型耳廓复合组织岛状瓣 ,修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损 ,在临床上应用于 16例病人 ,除 1例表皮水泡 ,换药后愈合 ,短期内色泽稍深 ,1例 1× 1cm皮瓣坏死外 ,余均取得满意的效果。结论　来自颈内动脉的血液可经前额动脉吻合网进入颈外动脉分布的耳廓组织及耳前、耳后组织 ,提供血液供应 ,由此而设计的岛状耳廓复合组织瓣 ,可修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损     

双蒂颞顶筋膜瓣修复前额深度烧伤一例

临床资料 :患者男 ,36岁。因浓硫酸致全身多处烧伤 ,伤后 2h入院。查体 :前额上至发际、下至眉弓处创面呈黑褐色 ,无痛觉 ,质硬 ,边界清楚 ,邻区伤后肿胀。诊断 :烧伤总面积 15 %TBSA ,Ⅲ度。术前用多普勒血流仪定位标记颞浅动脉及其顶支走向。伤后 7d行额、颈部创面切痂术 ,术中见前额创面颅骨骨膜坏死 ,骨外露 6cm× 10cm。凿除薄层骨皮质无渗血 ,作头皮正中矢状位切口 ,切开全层皮肤 ,在皮下浅筋膜紧靠毛囊下向后及两侧作锐性分离 ,深面勿损伤颞浅动脉分支及与之相伴行的耳颞神经 ,浅面勿损伤毛囊。逐步掀起三角形的头皮瓣 ,显露出颞浅…     

以颞浅动脉枕区吻合支为蒂头皮瓣行双眉再造

目的运用颞浅动脉串连两个头皮岛状皮瓣,进行各种原因导致双眉缺损的眉毛再造.方法将一侧颞浅动脉顶支及其与同侧枕动脉在颞顶区的吻合支为蒂,携带颞顶区和颞枕区方向相反的两块头皮,头皮瓣大小为1.0cm×5.0 cm,一次完成双眉再造. 结果应用此方法共完成双眉再造4例.再造双眉对称粗旷,串连的两个头皮瓣成活良好,外形满意,眉毛生长浓密.结论对于双眉缺损的男性患者,应用一侧颞浅动脉及与枕动脉吻合支为蒂一次性再造双眉,是眉再造的一个较好方法.     

颞浅动静脉岛状瓣修复副鼻窦开放性缺损

目的：探讨应用颞浅动静脉双蒂岛状组织瓣修复副鼻窦开放性损伤的方法。方法：对上颌窦、额窦开放性缺损12例患者,利用同侧颞浅动脉、静脉作为供养血管,形成颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣和额支额部岛状皮瓣,通过皮下组织隧道将组织块移植到缺损的副鼻窦区,进行副鼻窦窦腔的充填和皮肤缺损的修复。结果：12例患者,颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣及额支额部岛状皮瓣全部成活,切口愈合良好。随访观察9例,随访时间为6个月至3年,凹陷区填充效果满意,两侧对称性好。3例患者失访。结论：利用颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣和额支额部岛状皮瓣修复副鼻窦开放性损伤,不需吻合血管,操作较简单,易于成活,术后外观满意,是较好的修复方法。     

颞浅动静脉岛状瓣修复副鼻开放性缺损

目的:探讨应用颞浅动静脉双蒂岛状组织瓣修复副鼻窦开放性损伤的方法.方法:对上颌窦、额窦开放性缺损12例患者,利用同侧颞浅动脉、静脉作为供养血管,形成颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣和额支额部岛状皮瓣,通过皮下组织隧道将组织块移植到缺损的副鼻窦区,进行副鼻窦窦腔的充填和皮肤缺损的修复. 结果:12例患者,颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣及额支额部岛状皮瓣全部成活,切口愈合良好.随访观察9例,随访时间为6个月至3年,凹陷区填充效果满意,两侧对称性好.3例患者失访.结论:利用颞浅动脉顶支颞筋膜岛状组织瓣和额支额部岛状皮瓣修复副鼻窦开放性损伤,不需吻合血管,操作较简单,易于成活,术后外观满意,是较好的修复方法.     

以颞浅血管顶支为蒂的扩张头皮岛状瓣再造鬓角的临床研究

目的探讨应用以颞浅血管顶支为蒂的头皮岛状瓣再造鬓角的可行性和临床疗效。方法 2012年2月—2015年4月,收治7例拟再造鬓角患者。男3例,女4例;年龄4~44岁,平均15岁。烧烫伤后瘢痕3例,外伤瘢痕1例,血管瘤同位素放射治疗后瘢痕1例,先天性色素痣2例。鬓角缺损范围为5.0 cm×3.5 cm~16.0 cm×10.0 cm。一期根据鬓角区皮肤软组织缺损大小,在包含颞浅血管顶支的正常头皮组织下埋置皮肤软组织扩张器,术后定期注水扩张;一期术后3~6个月,待扩张头皮达到预期修复所需组织量时,二期手术取出扩张器,切取以颞浅血管顶支为蒂的头皮岛状瓣修复鬓角软组织缺损,皮瓣范围为8 cm×3 cm~17 cm×11 cm。供区直接拉拢缝合。结果术后皮瓣均顺利成活,受区创面及供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间1~36个月,平均9.8个月。再造鬓角形态、毛发密度、毛发生长方向与对侧正常鬓角相似。1例术后皮瓣毛发超出原有发际线,经激光脱毛处理外观满意。结论应用以颞浅血管顶支为蒂的扩张头皮岛状瓣修复鬓角区皮肤软组织缺损,再造鬓角外观与对侧正常鬓角相似,是一种有效修复方法。     

Rationale for reconstruction of large scalp defects using the anterolateral thigh flap: structural and aesthetic outcomes

The advent of free tissue transfer has provided multiple options that allow preservation and maintain both the structural and aesthetic status of the scalp. Since the first report of the anterolateral thigh flap in 1984, it has become one of the most commonly used flaps for the reconstruction of various soft-tissue defects. Eleven free anterolateral thigh flaps were used to reconstruct soft-tissue defects of different regions of the scalp. Two of these flaps were used for the occipital region, six for temporal regions, two for the frontoparietal midline region, and the remaining flap for a defect of the forehead. The study consisted of 10 males and one female whose ages ranged from 18 to 82 years (mean age: 52.5 years). Six patients had primary or recurrent cancer, four had acute or subacute wounds resulting from trauma or craniotomy, and one had high-tension electrical burn injury. The size of the flaps ranged from 14 to 27 cm in length and from 6 to 18 cm in width. The overall flap success rate was 100%. In two cases, primary thinning of the flap was performed to reconstruct a tissue defect of the temporal region in one patient and a forehead defect in the other. In two patients, the fascial layer of the flap was used as a source for a vascularized fascial flap to cover defects of the dura mater. No secondary corrections, including debulking procedures or scar revision, were necessary. No infections or hematomas were observed. Six cases underwent split-thickness skin grafting of the donor site and, in the remaining cases, the donor sites were closed directly. No donor-site morbidity was observed. The authors conclude that with its evident structural and cosmetic advantages, the anterolateral thigh flap can be considered an excellent flap option for most scalp defects.     

局部筋膜瓣联合植皮在头面部骨外露创面修复中的应用

目的:探讨运用局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复头面部骨外露创面的临床疗效。方法:选择2016年6月-2018年12月笔者科室应用局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复有骨外露的头面部创面13例患者,其中外伤6例,皮肤恶性肿瘤7例。根据创面面积大小及形状,在创面旁切取获得适当大小筋膜瓣,范围3cm×6cm^6cm×9cm,经折叠后覆盖骨外露创面,将中厚皮片植于筋膜瓣上,术后观察植皮成活情况,评估临床疗效。结果:13例患者筋膜瓣及植皮均成活良好,术后随访1~6个月,外形良好。结论:局部筋膜瓣加植皮修复骨外露创面效果肯定,外形好,值得在临床推广使用。     

Elevation of a constructed auricle using the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap.

Two-stage methods for reconstruction of congenital microtia have been widely utilised. To obtain a desirable auriculocephalic angle and provide a nutrient support to the constructed auricle, elevation of reconstructed ears using a costal cartilage graft, the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap transfer and a skin graft was performed as the second operation for nine microtia patients. In this procedure, the mastoid fascial flap was used instead of the temporoparietal fascial flap. Following the elevation of the reconstructed ear the anteriorly based mastoid fascial flap was harvested. A carved costal cartilage was grafted at the posterior wall of the concha and covered with the mastoid fascial flap, followed by a full-thickness skin graft from the inguinal region. The skin grafts took well and the appropriate auriculocephalic angle was preserved in all cases. This method was easy to perform and did not leave any scar in the temporal hair-bearing area.     

Clinical application of a free scapular fascial flap

The free scapular fascial flap based on the circumflex scapular vessels with skin graft on top has been used to cover the soft-tissue defects in 6 cases--5 hands and 1 foot, over the past one year. The size of the fascial flap ranged from 10 x 6 to 13 x 7 cm. Five flaps were survival completely and one with loss of a small portion due to infection. Compared with the cutaneous flap, myocutaneous flap or muscular flap, the fascial flap is thinner, showing no bulkiness on the recipient site, and also no impairment was noted in the donor site. The shortcoming is darker colour of the skin graft overlying it. The authors consider that the free fascial flap is mainly indicated for the soft-tissue defects of the extremities and those sites where no augmentation is required.     

Free temporoparietal fascial flap for coverage of a large palmar forearm wound after hand replantation

A free temporoparietal fascial flap with a split-thickness skin graft was used to cover a large palmar forearm wound in a patient whose hand had been replanted 21 days earlier after traumatic amputation at the distal forearm level. At a 39-month follow-up, the patient had achieved an excellent cosmetic and functional result, with no alopecia or facial nerve injury. The flap is advantageous for coverage of wounds that require a large amount of thin, pliable tissue, and it leaves a concealed donor-site scar.     

足背动脉逆行岛状筋膜瓣联合植皮在甲皮瓣切取后创面修复中的应用

目的 报告应用足背动脉逆行岛状筋膜瓣联合植皮修复甲皮瓣切取后创面的方法及临床疗效.方法 对8例拇指套脱伤应用甲皮瓣移植修复后,供区创面缺损面积最大为3.5 cm×6.8 cm,最小为2.5 cm×4.9 cm.以足背动脉足底穿支为旋转点,足背动脉体表投影为轴线,在踝前设计足背动脉岛状筋膜瓣,切取足背动脉周缘筋膜组织,结扎足背动脉近端分支,逆行转移至趾切取后的创面,并在筋膜上植全厚皮片、不打包.结果 8例甲皮瓣、筋膜瓣及植皮创面全部存活,对足部血供无影响.术后随访时间为3～18个月,修复后的趾保留正常长度,外形良好,植皮区无挛缩,恢复保护性感觉,趾屈伸活动及下肢行走正常.结论 足背动脉逆行岛状筋膜瓣切取简单,便于旋转,血供丰富,且保留了趾的长度,是修复甲皮瓣切取后遗留创面理想的修复方法.

Abstract：

Objective To report the method and clinical outcomes of covering big toe defects after wrap-around flap transfer with dorsalis pedis artery reversed fascial island flap combined with skin graft. Methods Wrap-around flap transfer was used to reconstruct degloved thumbs in 8 cases,which left soft tissue defects of the big toe ranging from 2.5 cm×4.9 cm to 3.5 cm×6.8 cm. The reverse fascial island flap pedicled by the dorsalis pedis artery was designed at the anterior ankle with the plantar perforator as pivot point and the surface projection of dorsal pedis artery as axis. The fascia around the dorsalis pedis artery was included in the flap. Proximal branches of the dorsalis pedis artery were ligated and the flap was lifted and rotated to cover the big toe defect. Full-thickness skin was grafted on top of the fascial flap. Results All flaps and skin grafts survived. Blood supply of the foot was not compromised. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 to 18 months. The length of the donor big toes was preserved. The contour of toes repaired by flaps was good. There was no contracture of skin grafts. Protective sensation was restored. Walking and motion of the toes was normal. Conclusion Dorsalis pedis artery reversed fascial island flap is easy to harvest and rotate. It has rich blood supply. Transfer of this flap can preserve the length and contour of the big toe and therefore is an ideal method to cover donor site defects left by wrap-around flap harvest.     

腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移修复足跟后深度组织缺损

目的探索一种新的局部组织瓣修复足跟后深度组织缺损的方法及效果。方法于小腿下段,外踝腓外侧筋膜间隙,设计切取腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移,最大筋膜瓣6cm×13cm,覆盖跟腱及跟骨裸露缺损,在其上移植全厚皮片或中厚皮片修复。结果2004至2005年11月,修复足跟后组织缺损6例。修复最小缺损3·5cm×4·0cm,最大4cm×6cm。术后转移筋膜瓣,移植皮片完全存活。随访3个月至1年11个月,供受区稳定愈合,功能形态恢复满意。结论腓骨肌腱鞘筋膜瓣与脂肪筋膜瓣联合转移加皮片移植法,就近取材,供区损伤小,筋膜瓣薄,柔韧滑润,血运恒定丰富,手术时间短,为小腿下段足跟后难愈性中、小面积缺损提供了一种新的简便、可靠的修复方法。     

应用腹直肌前鞘-腹外斜肌腱膜瓣修复先天性膀胱外翻

目的总结先天性膀胱外翻的修复,探讨腹直肌前鞘—腹外斜肌腱膜瓣及肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣在修复膀胱外翻中的应用。方法应用腹直肌前鞘—腹外斜肌腱膜形成的前鞘—腱膜瓣加局部皮瓣或同侧肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣修复先天性膀胱外翻及腹壁缺损,局部皮瓣修复尿道上裂,肌皮瓣的应用面积最大为10cm×8cm。结果临床应用12例,膀胱外翻及腹壁的修复均达到了良好效果,膀胱括约肌功能基本恢复,二次尿道紧缩后12例均能控制排尿。肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣部分坏死2例,游离植皮后痊愈。结论选择性地应用腹直肌前鞘及腹外斜肌腱膜形成前鞘—腱膜瓣加强腹壁,局部皮瓣转移或应用同侧肌蒂阔筋膜张肌肌皮瓣转移修复腹壁缺损能有效地修复先天性膀胱外翻,恢复膀胱颈部括约肌的连续性及尿道紧缩,能达到自主控制排尿的目的。     

前臂骨间背侧动脉逆行脂肪筋膜瓣联合皮片移植修复手背缺损创面

目的 探讨前臂骨间背侧动脉逆行脂肪筋膜瓣联合皮片移植修复手背缺损创面的临床疗效.方法 应用前臂骨间背侧动脉逆行脂肪筋膜瓣联合皮片移植修复14例手背部缺损创面患者.术前进行脂肪筋膜瓣设计,脂肪筋膜瓣切取面积8 cm×6 cm~12 cm×9 cm,覆盖创面后在脂肪筋膜瓣表面加皮片移植.结果 14例脂肪筋膜瓣及移植皮片全部成活.患者均获随访,时间4～10个月.脂肪筋膜瓣色泽、质地、弹性均良好,无臃肿,无前臂骨间背侧神经损伤,患者功能恢复较满意.结论 前臂骨间背侧动脉逆行脂肪筋膜瓣联合植皮是修复手背部创面缺损的有效方法.