依立雄胺对大鼠、犬和人精子活力的影响

目的　用更敏感的指标评价依立雄胺的生殖毒性。方法　将精悬液与不同浓度的依立雄胺共育1h ,2h后 ,借助计算机辅助分析系统录像分析精子活力参数的变化。结果　大鼠精子给予终浓度为0 .6 ,6和 6 0 μmol·L- 1的依立雄胺 1h后 ,精子活率(MOT)较对照组分别下降 19.0 %,18.0 %,16 .0 %;2h后 ,中高剂量组的MOT较对照组分别下降9.0 %,10 .0 %,且高剂量组的前向性降低。Beagle犬给予终浓度 0 .6 ,6和 6 0 μmol·L- 1依立雄胺 1h后MOT较对照组呈下降趋势 ,但无显著性差异 ,2h后MOT较对照组分别下降 31.0 %,2 4 .9%,2 8.3%。人精子体外给药实验中 ,给予终浓度为0 .12 ,0 .2 4和 0 .96 μmol·L- 1的依立雄胺 2h后 ,曲线运动速度、直线运动速度较对照组呈下降趋势 ,但无显著性差异 ,而高剂量组的精子头侧摆幅度、精子尾摆动性及MOT较对照组分别下降 2 8.0 %,5 .0 %,15 .0 %。结论　依立雄胺对精子具有一定的直接毒性 ,这种毒性存在种属差异 ,且不表现为剂量 反应关系。     

不同浓度苯及其同系物对作业人员健康影响的调查

目的：了解不同浓度苯及其同系物对作业员人健康的影响。方法：对工作现场的苯及其同系物的浓度进行测定．并对在岗期间的作业工人进行职业性健康体检。结果：高浓度接触组以神经衰弱、皮肤黏膜刺激为主要表现的不良症状检出率高于低浓度组和对照组（P＜0．05或P〈O．01），而且高浓度接触组的白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板平均值显著低于低浓度组及对照组（P＜0．01）：低浓度接触组与对照组相比较，头晕、睡眠障碍、记忆减退、胸闷等症状的检出率两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），其他各项异常症状检出率，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但血红蛋白、血小板差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：接触不同浓度苯及其同系物对作业人员神经系统及血液系统有不同程度的影响．长期接触会严重影响作业人员的健康。     

2,3,6,7-二苯并蒽对大鼠生殖内分泌影响的研究

目的：探讨2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽对切除卵巢大鼠生殖内分泌和子宫雌激素受体的影响。方法：应用放射免疫法（RIA）和放射配体受体法。结果：2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽在皮下注射5d后，低及高剂量均可导致切除卵巢的大鼠子宫湿重明显增加（P＜0．01），低及高剂量组大鼠子宫雌激素受体数量与对照组比，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但高剂量组大鼠子宫雌激素受体亲和力明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。低及高剂量组血清中卵泡刺激素（FSH）含量与对照组比，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），低及,高剂量组血清中黄体生成素（LH）含量明显降低（P＜0．01，P＜0．05），高剂量组血清中催乳素（PRL）含量明显增加（P＜0．05）。结论：2，3，6，7－二苯并蒽雌激素活性的作用机制可能是干扰下丘脑－垂体－卵巢轴对生殖内分泌的调控。     

乌药叶的毒理实验研究

目的：观察乌药叶的安全性。方法：急性毒性试验采用最大耐受剂量法。结果：在遗传毒性试验中的Ames试验各浓度下，无论是否加入s9混合液，回变茵落数均未大于自发回变数的2倍，并且未见剂量一反应关系。而各阳性对照组均显示强烈的诱变作用。在骨髓细胞微核试验中，试验组动物在各试验剂量下，嗜多染红细胞（PCE）微核出现率、PCE／成熟红细胞（RBC）与阴性对照组相比，差异均无显著性（P〉0．05），而阳性对照组与阴性对照组相比，差异有显著性（P〈O．05），显示强烈的致突变作用；在小鼠精子畸形试验中，阴性对照组的精子畸形率为1．98％，阳性对照组（环磷酰胺组）的精子畸形率为5．24％，与阴性对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈O．05），而试验3个剂量组的精子畸形率分别为2．04％、2．00％、2．08％，与阴性对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；大鼠30d喂养试验结果表明，与对照组比较，乌药叶3个剂量组大鼠的一般情况、体质量、食物利用率、血液学、血液生化学、脏体比及病理组织学检查均未见异常。结论：乌药叶属实际无毒级，未见遗传毒性，长期服用是安全的。     

己酮可可碱对体外精子活力的影响

目的：研究己酮可可碱（Pentoxifyline,PTF)对弱精患者精子活力的影响,探讨PTF提高精子活力的作用机理。方法：采用计算机辅助精子分析（CASA）系统,以同一份精液标本为自身对照,测定PTF处理前后精子活力参数值,结果：PTF处理后精子活力（a b级）显著提高（P＜0．01）,对提高快速前向运动精子活力（a级）有极显著意义（P＜0．005）,而对精子活动率的提高不显著（P＞0．05）,PTF对活动力较好精子活力的提高活力的提高不及活动力差的明显（P＜0．05）,结论：PTF能有效提高弱精患者精子活力。     

第3代头孢菌素对凝血功能的影响

目的：研究第3代头孢菌素对凝血功能的影响。方法：分别测定正常混合血浆及含不同浓度第3代头孢菌素的混合血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）和纤维蛋白原（Fbg)浓度,对两者进行比较。结果：头孢曲松钠在700mg/L时PT与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,在400mg/L时APTT与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。头孢哌酮钠在400mg/L时PT与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．050,APTT与对照组相比有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）;头孢氨噻肟在700mg/L时PT与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．05）,在200mg/L时APTT与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。第3代头孢菌素血浆中Fbg与对照组相比虽有下降趋势,但无统计学意义。结论：第3代头孢菌素对患者凝血功能有不同程度的影响。建议临床在大剂量应用第3代头孢菌素治疗重症感染时,需注意动态监测患者凝血功能。     

氧化石墨烯对人类精子运动功能及形态影响的体外实验研究CSCD

目的探讨氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)对体外精子运动功能及形态的影响。方法收集10例正常男性志愿者精子,上游法制备精子悬液。分别与不同浓度的GO(0、10、20和40μg/ml)共孵育1、3和6 h后,采用计算机辅助精子分析系统检测精子各项运动参数;采用Diff-Quik染色法分析精子形态。结果GO孵育1 h后,与对照组相比较,各剂量组精子总活力、前向运动百分率、精子直线速度、曲线速度及平均路径速度均无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。孵育3 h后,与对照组相比较,高剂量组精子总活力及前向运动百分率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P=0.016,P=0.022)。孵育6 h后,与对照组相比较,中和高剂量组精子总活力及前向运动百分率,高剂量组精子正常形态率均明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01),且精子总活力及前向运动百分率与GO剂量和作用时间呈负相关。结论GO对精子活力具有剂量和时间依赖性抑制作用,并影响精子正常形态,可能对精子运动功能产生不良影响。     

高血压、糖尿病高血压患者胰岛素、胰岛素受体水平的观察

目的 观察高血压（EHT）、糖尿病高血压（DMHT）患者胰岛素、胰岛素受体水平的变化。方法 对36例原发性高血压，30例糖尿病高血压及20例正常人进行葡萄糖耐量试验，测定血浆胰岛素浓度和红细胞膜胰岛素受体数。结果 EHT组、DMHT组患者的收缩压和舒张压无显著性差异（P＞0．05），但两组均高于对照组（P＜0．01），EHT组、DMHT组患者的胆固醇、甘油三酯和对照组相比差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；EHT组各时相血糖与对照组相比，有差异（P＜0．05），DMHT组各时相血糖与对照组相比有显著性差异（P＜0．01），EHT组各时相血Ins均高于对照组（P＜0．01），DMHT组各时相血Ins均低于对照组（P＜0．01），EHT组和DMHT组的EInsR均低于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论 EHT组血压与血Ins呈正相关，与EInsk呈负相关，DMHT组血压与血糖呈正相关，与血Ins和EInsR不相关，高血糖是DMHT的独立危险因素。     

金匮肾气丸对肾阳虚大鼠ACTH影响的实验研究

目的：探讨金匮肾气丸不同浓度、不同时间对肾阳虚大鼠ACTH(促肾上腺皮质激素)的影响。方法：造模大鼠随机分成金匮肾气丸高、中、低剂量组，在喂药后不同时间(10d，20d，30d)观察对血浆ACTH含量的影响。结果：各中药治疗组ACTH量均不同程度增高；金匮肾气丸高剂量组优于模型对照组（P＜0．05)；金匮肾气丸低剂量组不明显(P＞0．05)；金匮肾气丸中剂量组增高明显，与模型对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0．01)，同时疗效优于高、低剂量组(P＜0．05，P＜0．01)。结论：金匮肾气丸提高肾阳虚大鼠ACTH含量可能是其治疗肾阳虚的机理之一。     

左卡尼汀对梗阻性无精子症病人附睾精子质量的影响

目的：观察左卡尼汀治疗对梗阻性无精子病人附睾精子质量的影响。方法：21例被证实为梗阻性无精子症的病人在接受体外受精前随机分为2组,左卡尼汀组11例,予左卡尼汀1．0g,po,bid；对照组10例,予维生素E 100 mg,po,bid,疗程均为2～3mo。通过经皮附睾穿刺抽吸,计算治疗前后附睾精子总活动率及前向精子活动率。结果：治疗后左卡尼汀组,附睾精子的总活动率提高了(5±s 5)%,前向运动精子率提高了(1．8±1．5)%,均P＜0．01。对照组在治疗前后没有明显变化,2组比较差异显著,P＜0．05。未发生与左卡尼汀治疗有关的不良反应。结论：左卡尼汀能够提高梗阻性无精子症病人附睾精子的活动率。     

吸入麻醉剂浓度及作用时间对人离体精子活率的影响

目的:研究吸入麻醉剂浓度及作用时间对人离体精子活率的影响。方法:选择人精液20份,上游法优化处理后随机分为异氟醚实验组和七氟醚实验组,各10份。分别观测5个时间点(0.5 h、1 h、2 h3、h4、h)及5个浓度水平(0、1.4%、2.8%、4.2%、5.6%)异氟醚和相似浓度七氟醚对精子活率的影响,精子运动功能采用计算机辅助精子分析系统分析。结果:1.4%~5.6%异氟醚作用于精子0.5~4 h后,精子活率显著升高,其变化趋势符合S型曲线,相同浓度异氟醚组,精子活率随放置时间的延长成直线下降。类似浓度七氟醚对精子活率无显著影响。结论:临床浓度异氟醚作用于人离体精子,可以显著升高精子活率。类似浓度七氟醚对精子活率无显著影响。     

不同有机溶剂对人精子体外运动参数的影响比较

目的研究常用有机溶剂对正常男性精子体外运动活力的影响。方法取正常男性精子,采用上游优化法处理,制备成精子悬液并分成4组,前3组分别加入二甲亚砜,使二甲亚砜终浓度分别为0.5%,1%和2%,pH值均为7.5,渗透压为290 mosm.(kg.H2O-1),D组加入等量Ham’s F10培养液作对照。分别于孵育15,30,45和60 m in后采用CASA进行分析。参照上述方法,考察有机溶剂甘油、聚乙二醇、吐温80对精子体外运动活力的影响。甘油终浓度分别调至1%,5%和10%,聚乙二醇终浓度分别调至1%,5%和10%,吐温80终浓度分别调至1%,5%和10%。结果2%二甲亚砜作用于精子60 m in能导致精子全部死亡,10%甘油作用60 m in后对精子运动参数抑制率达73.8%,10%聚乙二醇400作用于人精子60 m in可致其全部死亡,10%吐温80作用60 m in后对精子运动参数抑制率达95.5%。加入不同浓度二甲亚砜、甘油、聚乙二醇400和吐温80的各组前向运动精子百分率、曲线运动速度、直线运动速度和平均路径速度均较空白对照组显著降低(均P<0.05)。结论高浓度有机溶剂体外可抑制正常男性精子存活率和运动活力。     

Human urinary phthalate metabolites level and main semen parameters,sperm chromatin structure,sperm aneuploidy and reproductive hormones

The aim of the study was to assess the association of phthalate metabolites levels in urine with semen parameters (sperm concentration, motility, morphology, CASA parameters), sperm chromatin structure, sperm aneuploidy and reproductive hormones. The study population consisted of 269 men who were attending an infertility clinic and had normal semen concentration (20–300 mln/ml) or slight oligozoospermia (15–20 mln/ml). Participants were interviewed and provided a semen sample. The phthalate metabolites were analysed in the urine using a procedure based on the LC–MS/MS method. Urinary phthalate metabolites levels were significantly associated with a decrease in sperm motility (5OH MEHP, MEHP, MINP), CASA parameters (MBP), testosterone level (MEHP) and an increase sperm DNA damage (MBP) and sperm aneuploidy (MBzP, MBP, MEHP, MEP). In view of the importance of human reproductive health and the widespread usage of phthalates, it is important to further investigate these correlations.     

Effects of progesterone on sperm motility in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

The steroid hormone progesterone (P4) is found at relatively high concentrations (～300 ng/L) in association with concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). In an effort to better understand the potential endocrine disrupting effects of P4 in male fish, computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was used to evaluate the effects of this steroid on sperm motility in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The rationale for focusing on sperm motility is that certain progestins have been shown to bind to surface membrane receptors on fish spermatozoa and increase sperm swimming velocity. It was hypothesized, therefore, that sperm swimming velocity might be a useful indicator of progestin exposure in fish. Adult male fathead minnows (ages 6-12 months) were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of P4, both longer-term (1 week, in vivo exposure) and short-term (minutes, in vitro exposure). Sperm were then video recorded and analyzed by CASA. When fathead minnows were continuously exposed for 1 week to low levels of progesterone in vivo there was a significant dose-dependent reduction in sperm motility. There was no effect of short-term P4 exposure on fathead minnow sperm swimming characteristics. Additional research is required to elucidate the mechanism by which progesterone alters sperm swimming in the fathead minnow. With further validation, the fathead minnow sperm motility assay may be a useful tool to rapidly screen for endocrine disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment.     

Ginsenoside Re increases fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile human sperm motility by induction of nitric oxide synthase

We investigated the effects of Ginsenoside R(e) on human sperm motility in fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile individuals in vitro and the mechanism by which the Ginsenosides play their roles. The semen samples were obtained from 10 fertile volunteers and 10 asthenozoospermic infertile patients. Spermatozoa were separated by Percoll and incubated with 0, 1, 10 or 100 microM of Ginsenoside R(e). Total sperm motility and progressive motility were measured by computer-aided sperm analyzer (CASA). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was determined by the 3H-arginine to 3H-citrulline conversion assay, and the NOS protein was examined by the Western blot analysis. The production of sperm nitric oxide (NO) was detected using the Griess reaction. The results showed that Ginsenoside R(e) significantly enhanced both fertile and infertile sperm motility, NOS activity and NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 100 nM), a NO donor, mimicked the effects of Ginsenoside R(e). And pretreatment with a NOS inhibitor N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) or a NO scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC, 1 mM) completely blocked the effects of Ginsenoside R(e). Data suggested that Ginsenoside R(e) is beneficial to sperm motility, and that induction of NOS to increase NO production may be involved in this benefit.     

Effect of oral administration of terephthalic acid on testicular functions of rats

To investigate the toxic effect of terephthalic acid (TPA) on testicular functions of rats, male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered TPA in diet at the levels 0 (control), 0.2, 1 and 5% for 90 days. Testicular functions were assessed by histopathology, testicular sperm head counts, daily sperm production, sperm motility (measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis, CASA), biochemical indices (marker testicular enzymes), and serum testosterone. Oral feeding with terephthalic acid did not cause body and testes weight loss in TPA-treated groups. Histopathologically, damages of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were observed by electron microscope, testicular sperm head counts, daily sperm production, and activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) were decreased significantly in the 5% TPA group. The motility of spermatozoa was reduced significantly in all treated groups, which was correlated with administration doses. Serum testosterone concentrations were not declined in treated groups. In conclusion, TPA can cause impairment of testicular functions. The primary sites of action may be spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. The results of the present study provide first information of TPA on testicular functions in male rats.     

The toxic effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on the reproductive system of male rats.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the toxic effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) on testicular functions of rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered different doses of OP at the levels of 0 (control), 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/d for 30 d. Testicular functions were assessed by histopathology, testicular sperm head counts, daily sperm production, sperm motility (measured by computer assisted sperm analysis, CASA) and biochemical indices (marker testicular enzymes). The size and weight of the testis, epididymis, and prostate were reduced in all the three dosages. Histopathologically, damages of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were observed by electron microscope. Testicular sperm numbers, daily sperm production and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were decreased significantly in the 450 mg/kg/d OP group. The motility of spermatozoa was reduced significantly in 150 and 450 mg/kg/d treated groups. These data demonstrate that OP affects testicular functions. The primary sites of action may be spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. The results of the present study provide first information of OP on sperm motility.     

Effects of three male reproductive toxicants on rat cauda epididymal sperm motion

The sensitivity of the CellSoft™ computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system to detect changes in rat sperm motion was evaluated. CASA motion endpoints were measured in cauda epididymal sperm from Long-Evan rats treated with each of three known male reproductive toxicants reported to affect the epididymis and epididymal sperm motility: -chlorohydrin, ornidazole, and trimethylphosphate. Significant changes in endpoints describing sperm swimming vigor (curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity) and pattern (linearity and amplitude of lateral head displacement) were observed for rats dosed with each agent when evaluations included mean values and other statistical parameters (i.e., percentiles and distributional shape). -Chlorohydrin (ACH) treatment (10 mg/kg/day; 8 days) resulted in reductions in the mean percentage of motile sperm, curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), lateral head displacement (ALH), and linearity (LIN). Treatment with ornidazole (ONZ) (200mg/kg/day/14 days) reduced the percentage of motile sperm. Mean VCL, VSL, and ALH were reduced by 400 mg ONZ/kg/day treatment. Trimethylphosphate (TMP) treatment led to (a) a reduction in the 75th and 90th percentiles for ALH (100 mg TMP/kg/day; 5 days) (P≤0.04), (b) a reduction in VCL, VSL, and ALH (250 mg TMP/kg/day), (c) a reduction in the percentage of motile cells and in the 10th and 25th percentiles for VSL (600 mg TMP/kg/day), and (d) increases in the 90th percentile for VSL, in the mean, 75th, and 90th percentiles for VCL, and in the 75th and 90th percentiles for ALH (600 mg TMP/kg/day). The general utility of these analytic approaches in reproductive toxicology studies was demonstrated in the observations of effects at or below dose levels previously reported.     

Optimization of the Hamilton-Thorn Computerized Sperm Motility Analysis System for Use with Rat Spermatozoa in Toxicological Studies

To optimize the Hamilton-Thorn Motility Analyzer (HTM; Hamilton-ThornResearch, Beverly, MA) for use in reproductive toxicology studieswith rat spermatozoa, the accuracy and precision of the instrumentwere assessed under a variety of instrument settings. Videotapesof both fast- and slow-swimming sperm were analyzed repeatedlyto obtain data across a range of sperm velocities as might beencountered as a consequence of exposure to reproductive toxicants.Acquisition rates were varied across the HTM menu choices (30,19, 10, or 7 frames/sec) as were the number of frames analyzed(5 to 20) at each framing rate. For fast-swimming samples (meanstraight-line velocity (VSL)130 µm/sec) generally goodagreement between computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) andmanually obtained data was found for percentage of motile spermand straight-line velocity; i.e., CASA values were within 10%of manual values for most frame/rate combinations. The accuracyof these measures held true over a wide range of sperm concentrationsand percentage motilities. However, CASA measures were lessaccurate for sperm samples of lower velocities (mean VSL50 µm/secand mean VSL30 µm/sec) in that the velocity of very slowsperm was overestimated (particularly at 30 frames/sec). A software change (6.5R) and performing analyses at 19 instead of30 frames/sec improved straight-line accuracy for the slow spermand enhanced the discrimination between fast (presumably control)and slow (presumably treated) sperm samples. These data showthat this motility analyzer could be successfully configuredto evaluate rodent sperm samples. The use of such CASA systemsin toxicology studies will provide valuable information thatmay improve human reproductive risk assessment.     

Rat sperm motility analysis: methodologic considerations.

The objective of these studies was to optimize conditions for computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) of rat epididymal spermatozoa. Methodologic issues addressed include sample collection technique, sampling region within the epididymis, type of diluent medium used, and sample chamber depth. In addition, sources of variation were identified and accuracy of the analysis was examined. All samples in this report were analyzed using a Hamilton Thorn Motility Analyzer (HTM-2000; Hamilton Thorn Research, Danvers, MA). We found that allowing the sperm to swim out from cuts made in the distal cauda epididymidis yielded samples with percentages of motile sperm 60% higher than samples collected using an aspiration method. Furthermore, sperm isolated from the distal cauda epididymidis exhibited slightly but significantly greater percentages of motile sperm and swimming speeds than sperm isolated from the proximal cauda epididymidis. Of the four motility media examined, all maintained a high percentage of motile sperm over an hour-long incubation period, but Medium 199 and modified Hanks' Balanced Salt supported substantially greater sperm velocity than Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (with Ca++ and Mg++), with or without glucose. Motility and velocity endpoints were comparable in 200-, 100-, or 40-micron deep chambers, but significantly lower in 20-micron-deep chambers. Since these and presumably other variables in the preparation and analysis of rat sperm do influence the assessed motility endpoints, it is important to standardize these methods and to consider these issues when interpreting CASA data.