糖尿病视网膜病变的激光多普勒视网膜血流分析

目的：观察激光多普勒视网膜血流分析在槠尿病视网膜病变中的应用价值。方法：采用海德堡视网膜血流分析仪（HRF）对糖尿病患者108例216只眼及正常对照组32例64只眼进行检查，检测视盘旁视网膜的血流量、血流速度、红细胞移动速率。将糖尿病患者分为无视网膜病变的糖尿病患者（NDR）组和非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）组，其中NDR组27例54只眼；NPDR组共81例162只眼，NPDR组又分为轻度NPDR组26例52只眼、中度NPDR组24例48只眼、重度NPDR组31例62只眼。同时对糖尿病患者及对照组部分人员行荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA），检测黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）面积。对各组数据进行统计学分析。结果：NDR组、NPDR组患者颞侧及鼻侧视盘旁视网膜血流参数均低于正常对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随视网膜病变程度的加重，NDR组及轻度NPDR组鼻侧及颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度及红细胞移动速率呈上升趋势，至中度NPDR组达顶峰，随后下降，这种变化趋势以视网膜的血流速度表现更明显。中度NPDR组的颞侧和鼻侧视盘旁视网膜的血流量均高于其他3组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；中度NPDR组的颞侧和鼻侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度、红细胞移动速率高于轻度NPDR组、NDR组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；重度NPDR组的颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度、红细胞移动速率均高于NDR组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。血糖值与视网膜病变程度呈显著正相关关系（r=0．172，P=0．046）。糖尿病患者FAZ面积与颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度及红细胞移动速率呈显著正相关关系（r=0．268，P=0．000；r=0．275，P=0．000）。糖尿病患者FAZ面积与黄斑病变程度呈显著正相关关系（r=0．559，P=0．000）。结论：HRF作为非侵入性的血流测量技术，对于揭示病变的机制、病变的程度及治疗的选择具有重要的价值。     

糖尿病视网膜病变的激光多普勒视网膜血流分析

目的 观察激光多普勒视网膜血流分析在糖尿病视网膜病变中的应用价值。 方法 采用海德堡视网膜血流分析仪(HRF)对糖尿病患者108例216只眼及正常对照组32例64只眼进行检查，检测视盘旁视网膜的血流量、血流速度、红细胞移动速率。将糖尿病患者分为无视网膜病变的糖尿病患者（NDR）组和非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）组，其中NDR组27例54只眼；NPDR组共 81例162只眼，NPDR组又分为轻度NPDR组26例52只眼、中度NPDR组24例48只眼、重度NPDR组31例62只眼。同时对糖尿病患者及对照组部分人员行荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA），检测黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）面积。对各组数据进行统计学分析。 结果 NDR组、NPDR组患者颞侧及鼻侧视盘旁视网膜血流参数均低于正常对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随视网膜病变程度的加重，NDR组及轻度NPDR组鼻侧及颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度及红细胞移动速率呈上升趋势，至中度NPDR组达顶峰，随后下降，这种变化趋势以视网膜的血流速度表现更明显。中度NPDR组的颞侧和鼻侧视盘旁视网膜的血流量均高于其他3组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)；中度NPDR组的颞侧和鼻侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度、红细胞移动速率高于轻度NPDR组、NDR组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）；重度NPDR组的颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度、红细胞移动速率均高于NDR组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。血糖值与视网膜病变程度呈显著正相关关系（r=0.172,P=0.046）。糖尿病患者FAZ面积与颞侧视盘旁视网膜的血流速度及红细胞移动速率呈显著正相关关系（r=0.268, P=0.000;r=0.275, P=0.000）。糖尿病患者FAZ面积与黄斑病变程度呈显著正相关关系（r=0.559,P=0.000）。 结论 HRF作为非侵入性的血流测量技术，对于揭示病变的机制、病变的程度及治疗的选择具有重要的价值。(中华眼底病杂志,2007,23:256-259)     

重度非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变患眼黄斑区及视盘血流密度和中心凹无血管区面积观察

目的:观察重度非增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（S-NPDR）患眼黄斑区、视盘血流密度和中心凹无血管区（FAZ）面积。方法:前瞻性横断面研究。2019年10月至2020年4月于江苏省人民医院眼科确诊为S-NPDR的25例患者31只眼（S-NPDR组）和同期年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者30名30只眼（对照组）纳入研究。采用光相干断...     

糖尿病患者视网膜神经纤维层OCT测量的形态学观察

背景 传统的观点认为,糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的主要病理机制是视网膜的微血管病变,但近年来发现糖尿病患者的视功能改变发生于DR的微血管病变发生之前,传统的观点无法解释糖尿病患者在出现可辨认的血管改变之前已有视功能改变的现象. 目的 应用频域光学相干断层扫描（OCT）观察无视网膜血管改变的糖尿病患者、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）患者视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度的改变,分析糖尿病患者RNFL厚度与DR的关系. 方法 收集2012年10月至2013年9月于山西省眼科医院就诊且确诊的2型糖尿病患者56例60眼,按DR国际临床分型标准分为非糖尿病视网膜病变（NDR）组26例30眼和NPDR组（轻中度NPDR）30例30眼,同期纳入年龄和性别匹配的健康志愿者30人30眼作为对照.应用OCT对受试者行RNFL厚度测量,包括视盘周围及中心凹周围视网膜360°平均RNFL厚度及鼻上、颞上、颞侧、颞下、鼻下、鼻侧区域的RNFL厚度,比较各组患者RNFL厚度的变化. 结果 NDR组、NPDR组和正常对照组受试者视盘周围平均RNFL厚度分别为（97.46±8.65）、（100.69±16.35）和（109.22±8.69）μm,其中NDR组、NPDR组受试者视盘周围平均RNFL厚度值均低于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P=0.001、0.006）;NDR组视盘周围各象限RNFL厚度均较正常对照组变薄,颞上、颞侧、颞下和鼻下象限RNFL厚度的差异均有统计学意义（P=0.001、0.001、0.001、0.010）;NPDR组视盘周围各象限RNFL厚度均较正常对照组变薄,其中颞上、鼻侧区域RNFL厚度的差异均有统计学意义（P=0.001、0.046）.NDR组、NPDR组和正常对照组平均黄斑区RNFL厚度分别为（33.47±3.39）、（36.81±3.21）、（38.18±2.16）μm,NDR组、NPDR组受试者黄斑区平均RNFL厚度值均低于正常对照组,其中NDR组与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）;NDR组黄斑区各区域RNFL厚度较正常     

不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑区视网膜血流变化及影响因素：开滦眼病研究

 目的 使用相干光断层扫描血流成像（OCTA）检测不同阶段糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者视网膜血流的变化,并分析其影响因素。设计 横断面研究。研究对象 “开滦眼病研究”的2型糖尿病患者1096例。方法 对所有患者进行全身健康检查及眼部检查。根据以视盘及黄斑为中心的2张眼底照相诊断DR并进行分级。应用OCTA测量黄斑区浅层视网膜血管线性密度（VD）、血流灌注密度（PD）以及中心凹无血管区（FAZ）参数。使用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验、方差分析或卡方检验,比较不同分级DR组间眼部及全身参数的差异。采用单因素线性回归及多元线性回归方法分析OCTA测量参数的相关影响因素,并分析与DR严重程度相关的眼部及全身变量。主要指标 VD、PD、FAZ面积、FAZ周长和FAZ形态指数。结果 多因素线性回归分析显示,糖尿病患者中视网膜PD及VD均随着年龄的增长逐渐降低（P均<0.001）,随中心凹黄斑厚度（MT）的增加而增加（P均<0.001）,除中心凹区,整个黄斑区和中心凹周围区的PD和VD还与眼轴长呈负相关（P均<0.05）。随着年龄增长和空腹血糖升高,FAZ面积（P均＜0.01）和FAZ周长（P均＜0.01）逐渐增大,而FAZ形态指数减小（P=0.005、0.003）。随着DR逐渐加重,黄斑区VD（P=0.003）和中心凹周围VD（P=0.001）逐渐降低。在无DR、轻度NPDR、中度NPDR、重度NPDR和PDR眼黄斑区VD分别为（15.7±3.2）、（15.7±3.2）、（15.4±3.2）、（14.3±3.9）、（13.4±3.3）（mm/mm2）（χ2=15.9,P=0.003）;中心凹周围VD分别为（16.9±3.4）、（16.9±3.3）、（16.4±3.3）、（15.4±4.1）、（14.4±3.3）（mm/mm2）（χ2=18.0,P=0.001）。多元线性回归分析显示,DR越重、空腹血糖越高、糖尿病病程越长,黄斑区VD（P=0.029）及中心凹周围VD（P=0.023）越小,而DR分期与PD及FAZ测量参数无显著相关性。结论 随着DR加重,黄斑区浅层视网膜VD逐渐降低,VD可能成为评估DR进展的定量分析指标。PD在不同分期DR中矫正血糖和病程后无显著差异。糖尿病患者中OCTA测量参数与年龄、眼轴及MT相关,提示在对DR患者进行相关测量及随访过程中,应考虑上述因素对OCTA定量分析参数的影响。（眼科, 2022, 31： 253-259）     

胰激肽原酶治疗早期糖尿病性视网膜病变的初步研究

目的：探讨早期糖尿病性视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR)对视盘及黄斑部视网膜血流的影响及与吲哚青绿血管造影（indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)中黄斑部脉络膜血管充盈时间（choriocapillaris filling phase,CFP)、黄斑中心凹无血管区（foveal avascular zone,FAZ)的关系，评价胰激肽原酶肠溶片（pancreatic kiniogenase tablets，商品名：怡开）对视盘及黄斑部视网膜血流动力学的影响。方法：对30例（60只眼）早期DR及49例（98只眼）正常对照组进行ICGA与荧光素血管同步造影及共焦扫描激光多普勒视网膜血流分析仪(heilberg retina flowmeter,HRF)检查。结果：早期DR组的视盘及黄斑部视网膜的血流量、流速及红细胞移动速率均低于正常对照组，二者差异有非常显著性意义（P＜0．01）；经怡开治疗后视盘及黄斑部视网膜的血流量、流速及红细胞移动速率均较治疗前有显著或非显著性意义（P＜0．01或P＜0．05）；CFP与黄斑视网膜的血流量、流速及红细胞移动速率呈负显著相关（P＜0．05）。结论：早期DR视盘及黄斑部视网膜毛细血管血流已发生改变，怡开可能改善DR患者的微循环障碍，HRF可评价其治疗效果。     

2型糖尿病患者黄斑区结构改变与视力的相关性分析

目的观察不同眼底病变程度的2型糖尿病患者浅层黄斑中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CFT)、黄斑神经节细胞-内丛状层(GCIPL)厚度等黄斑区结构改变与BCVA的相关性。方法前瞻性临床研究。2018年1月至2019年1月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院确诊为2型糖尿病的51例患者83只眼纳入研究。其中,男性31例,女性20例;平均年龄(53.4±7.8)岁。依据糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)国际临床分期标准将患者分为无DR(NDR)组17例31只眼,非增生型DR(NPDR)组34例52只眼。选取同期年龄、性别相匹配的健康体检者8例13只眼作为正常对照组。所有受检者均采用国际标准视力表行BCVA检查,并将结果转换为logMAR视力记录;采用OCT检查测量CFT、GCIPL厚度平均值与最小值;应用OCT血管成像(OCTA)对黄斑区视网膜行3 mm×3 mm范围模式扫描,通过Photoshop软件测量浅层FAZ面积。对比分析各组患者浅层FAZ面积、BCVA、CFT、GCIPL平均及最小厚度差异性。三组计量资料比较采用方差分析;三组计数资料比较采用χ2检验;对各因素间相关分析采用Pearson相关性分析。结果正常对照组、NDR组、NPDR组患者平均浅层FAZ面积分别为(0.314±0.103)、(0.349±0.102)、(0.416±0.148)mm2;平均logMAR BCVA分别为0.015±0.038、0.029±0.059、0.129±0.133;平均CFT分别为(247.46±13.35)、(244.13±25.09)、(263.12±24.96)μm;平均GCIPL平均厚度分别为(89.00±4.98)、(86.06±4.43)、(82.61±14.32)μm;平均GCIPL最小厚度分别为(84.85±3.18)、(80.68±5.39)、(71.19±19.94)μm。三组间浅层FAZ面积、logMAR BCVA、CFT、GCIPL最小厚度比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=4.660、11.708、6.891、6.333,P=0.012、0.000、0.002、0.003)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,BCVA与浅层FAZ面积呈正相关(r=0.335,P=0.001),与GCIPL平均厚度、GCIPL最小厚度呈负相关(r=-0.348、-0.416,P=0.001、0.000),与CFT无明显相关性(r=0.171,P=0.095);浅层FAZ面积与CFT、GCIPL最小厚度呈负相关(r=-0.262、-0.213,P=0.010、0.037),与GCIPL平均厚度无明显相关性(r=-0.179,P=0.081)。结论随着2型糖尿病患者眼底病变程度加重,浅层FAZ面积逐渐扩大,GCIPL最小厚度逐渐变薄,BCVA逐渐下降。BCVA与浅层FAZ面积及GCIPL厚度明显相关,浅层FAZ面积与CFT及GCIPL最小厚度明显相关。     

不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变患者黄斑区血流的变化及意义:基于OCTA的评价

目的　光学相干断层扫描血管成像（OCTA）评价不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者黄斑区血流的变化及意义。方法　收集2018年8月至2020年8月在本院就诊的93例120眼2型糖尿病患者资料,其中无DR(NDR组)患者30例40眼、轻度非增生型DR（轻度NPDR组）患者32例40眼、中度NPDR（中度NPDR组）患者31例40眼;另选取同期在本院接受健康体检的正常体检者40名40眼为对照组。比较4组受试者浅层毛细血管丛（SCP）血流密度、深层毛细血管丛（DCP）血流密度、黄斑中心凹无血管区（FAZ）旁300 μm区（FD300）血流密度、FAZ面积、FAZ周长、非圆度指数（acircularity index,AI）;多元回归分析SCP血流密度、DCP血流密度、FD300血流密度、FAZ面积、FAZ周长、AI与DR病情的关系;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析OCTA检查指标对早期DR的预测效能。结果　与对照组比较,NDR组、DR组患者SCP血流密度、DCP血流密度均明显下降,DR组患者FD300血流密度也明显下降,FAZ周长、AI均明显增加（均为P<0.05）;且DR组患者SCP血流密度、DCP血流密度、FD300血流密度均低于NDR组,FAZ周长、AI均大于NDR组（均为P<0.05）;DR患者黄斑区SCP血流密度、DCP血流密度、FD300血流密度随DR分期增加而下降,FAZ周长、AI随DR分期增加而上升（均为P<0.05）。多元回归分析结果显示,SCP血流密度、DCP血流密度、FD300血流密度与DR病情严重程度均呈负相关,与FAZ周长、AI均呈显著正相关（均为P<0.05）;且各变量间不存在共线性。FD300血流密度预测早期DR的曲线下面积（AUC）最高（0.794）,敏感度、特异度分别为83.75%、66.25%;以AI变量的cut-off值为1.12,其预测早期DR的特异度（86.25%）最佳,敏感度为72.50%。结论　早期DR患者存在黄斑区FD300血流密度下降及FAZ周长、AI增加,上述OCTA参数与DR分期密切相关,可作为早期DR预测指标。     

生理性大视杯视盘形态结构参数的研究

目的 观察生理性大视杯视盘的结构参数特征。 方法 海德堡断层扫描仪对100 只生理性大视杯眼和74只正常视杯眼的视盘进行断层扫描，对比分析两组之间视盘面积、视杯面积、杯盘面积比、盘沿面积、视杯容积、盘沿容积、平均杯深、最大杯深、杯形测量、 轮廓线高度变化、平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度、视网膜神经纤维层横截面积等视盘结构参数差异，分析生理性大视杯眼视盘上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧4个象限的特征。 结果 生理性大视杯眼视盘面积、视杯面积、杯盘面积比、视杯容积、平均视杯深度、杯形测量、最大视杯深度测量值均显著大于正常视杯眼；轮廓线高度变化、平均视网膜神经纤维层厚度、视网膜神经纤维层横截面积测量值显著小于正常视杯眼。盘沿面积鼻侧大于上方，盘沿容积颞侧显 著小；视网膜神经纤维层横截面积测量值按上、下、鼻、颞侧递减。 结论 生理性大视杯视盘结构参数特征表现为视盘面积显著大于正常视杯眼，盘沿面积鼻侧大于上方；平均 视网膜神经纤维层厚度较正常视杯眼薄。 （中华眼底病杂志，2008，24：213-216）     

正常眼及三种视网膜疾病血管直径测量

目的 探讨正常眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related maculardegeneration,AMD)、糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)和视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)视网膜血管直径的变化规律.方法 将328只正常眼按年龄分成5组,应用计算机程序分别测量距离视盘边缘0.5～1.0视盘直径范围内六条最粗的视网膜动脉和静脉直径,比较其平均值.然后,以同样方法 测量AMD、DR和RVO三种视网膜疾病动静脉直径,并与同年龄正常人比较动静脉平均直径.结果 正常视网膜动静脉平均直径50岁以上较50岁以下减小.与同年龄正常人相比AMD、DR和RVO视网膜动脉平均直径减小,AMD和RVO视网膜静脉平均直径与同年龄正常人相比也减小,而DR视网膜静脉平均直径不变.结论 正常眼视网膜动静脉平均直径50岁以上变细.AMD、DR和RVO动脉平均直径也变细,AMD和RVO静脉平均直径变细,DR静脉平均直径不变.     

Fluorophotometry of the vitreous body in diabetics without retinopathy or with minimal retinopathy

Vitreous fluorophotometry using the Fluorotron Master, was performed on the two eyes of 56 diabetics patients 45,65 year-old +/- 14,91 (mean +/- S.D.), duration of diabetes was 15,14 years +/- 9,17; and on one eye of 17 normal subjects 39,18 years old +/- 11,19. According to biomicroscopic and angiographic examinations, only diabetic subjects with either no or microaneurysmal retinopathy were included. Three groups of right and three groups of left eyes were made: Groups 1: no retinopathy (28 right eyes, 27 left eyes); Groups 2: 1 to 5 microaneurysms (11 right eyes, 20 left eyes); Groups 3: greater than 5 microaneurysms (11 right eyes, 9 left eyes) For the two eyes, posterior vitreous penetration ratio increased with the degree of retinopathy. In the eyes without retinopathy (Groups 1), the penetration ration is not statistically different from the normal subjects; it was the opposite for the eyes with microaneurysmal retinopathy (Groups 2 et 3). The results indicated a breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier only when clinical diabetic retinopathy was present. The relation between fluorophotometric evaluation and the degree of retinopathy showed that vitreous fluorophotometry can be useful in the follow-up of diabetic subjects.     

不同程度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的OCTA表现

目的:利用光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)探讨不同程度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)的表现差异。方法:横断面研究。纳入糖尿病患者77例77眼,分为非DR组(NDR,23眼)和NPDR组(54眼),其中轻度NPDR(20眼)、中度NPDR(20眼)和重度NPDR(14眼)。NDR组与NPDR组的黄斑区中央凹无血管区(FAZ)面积、浅层和深层毛细血管密度(SSP和DSP)、视力(LogMAR)进行比较,不同程度NPDR的视力、FAZ面积、SSP和DSP水平进行比较,FAZ面积、视力、SSP和DSP与病情严重程度进行相关性分析。结果:与NDR组相比,NPDR组的视力值(LogMAR)、黄斑区FAZ面积增大,SSP和DSP降低(P<0.05);不同程度NPDR的视力、FAZ面积、SSP和DSP水平差异显著(P<0.05)。视力(LogMAR)、FAZ面积与病情严重程度呈正相关,SSP和DSP与病情严重程度呈负相关。结论:随着NPDR病情的进展,视力(LogMAR)、FAZ面积增大,SSP和DSP降低。     

Fluorescein and OCT Angiography Features of Takayasu Disease

Purpose: Evaluate OCT (optical coherence tomography) angiography (OCTA) features in patients with Takayasau disease.

Methods: The OCTA was analyzed to evaluate perifoveal anastomatic capillary arcade disruption, microaneurysms. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was measured for superficial (SCP) and deep capillary plexus.

Results: There were 26 eyes included. In OCTA, 11 eyes presented ruptures of the perifoveal anastomotic capillary arcade in SCP. A total of 5 had microaneurysms. The average SCP FAZ was increased to 0.34 mm2 in Takayasu compared to 0.27 mm2 in control patients.

Conclusion: Fluorescein angiography is the gold standard to describe Takayasu retinopathy ischemic signs. Macular abnormalities are uncommon in Takayasu patients as retinopathy signs are mostly located in peripheral retina. This study reveals that most of our patients present an enlargement of the FAZ then highlights the relevance of OCTA to evaluate macular ischemia as a complement to usual retina global study in fluorescein angiography.     

Oral fluorescein angiography with the scanning laser ophthalmoscope in diabetic retinopathy: a case controlled comparison with intravenous fluorescein angiography

AIM: To compare the performance of oral fundus fluorescein angiography with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) with intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography (IVFFA) with a fundus camera in the assessment of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 25 patients undergoing IVFFA to investigate their diabetic retinopathy were recruited. Participants returned 1 week later and an oral angiogram with the SLO was performed. Six facets of the oral and intravenous angiograms were scored and compared: visualization of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ); branch retinal identification; macular leakage; identification of microaneurysms in areas of macular leakage; peripheral nonperfusion, and leakage from neovascular complexes. RESULTS: Compared to IVFFA, the FAZ was unreliably visualized with oral angiography (Kappa 0.1, 95% CI 0-0.3). In contrast, macular leakage (Kappa 0.78, 95%, CI 0.72-0.83), identification of microaneurysms in areas of macular leakage (Kappa 0.78, 95%, CI 0.72-0.83), and neovascular complexes (Kappa 1.0) were reliably seen. Analysis of the visualization of peripheral nonperfusion was complicated by the finding that profuse dye leakage from neovascular complexes obscured the view of the peripheral retina. If the five angiograms in which this occurred were excluded, oral angiography identified 23 of the 24 eyes in which significant nonperfusion was found on IVFFA. CONCLUSION: Oral angiography with the SLO can provide high-quality angiograms that allow judgments to be made about the presence of treatable diabetic maculopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and peripheral nonperfusion. In the presence of coexisting macular oedema, it proved to be an unreliable technique with which to investigate foveal ischaemia.     

The regional distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions may reflect risk factors for progression of the disease

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is graded by semi-quantitative assessment of the morphological lesions as seen on fundus photographs. This grading method mainly considers the type and number of retinopathy lesions, implying that the diagnostic value of the regional distribution of retinopathy lesions is largely unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS: Case control design. The study group consisted of fifteen diabetic patients successively examined in a screening clinic, with retinopathy lesions predominantly around the larger vascular arcades. The control group consisted of fifteen patients pairwise matched with the patients in the study group regarding sex, age, diabetes type, and diabetes duration. The two groups were compared with respect to the distribution of individual retinal lesions (microaneurysms/dot haemorrhages, blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates) around the larger vascular arcades and in the macular area, hypertensive vascular abnormalities (crossing phenomena, arteriolar narrowing, arteriolar light reflex), metabolic regulation, and blood pressure. RESULTS: The patients in the study group had significantly more microaneurysms and haemorrhages around the larger vascular arcades than had the control group, but there was no difference between the vascular changes in the two groups. The study group had significantly higher blood pressure than had the control group, whereas there was no significant difference in metabolic regulation between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the existence of a hypertensive-like retinopathy in diabetic patients with lesions mainly around the larger vascular arcades, but with no increase in hypertensive vascular changes. This pattern is not identified with current semi-quantitative grading methods. Further improvement of clinical decisions made from fundus photographs of diabetic retinopathy requires the development of computerised methods for quantitative assessment of retinal lesions.     

Relation between retinal thickening and clinically visible fundus pathologies in mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of retinal thickening (RT) with clinically observable retinal pathologies in eyes with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using an objective quantitative imaging method (Retinal Thickness Analyzer), the ratio relative to normal RT (RTI) was measured in 23 eyes with and 35 eyes without clinically observable diabetic fundus pathology. RTI was analyzed in relation to presence of mild diabetic retinal lesions in the +/-0.5 mm vicinity. RESULTS: The percent of eyes with RTI significantly above normal values did not differ significantly between eyes with and without retinopathy (30% vs 34%). Mean RTI was not associated with local presence of microaneurysms (P=0.92), soft exudates (P=0.55), or retinal hemorrhages (P=0.31). Areas without hard exudates had significantly greater mean RTI (1.10) than areas with exudates (0.97, P=0.009). CONCLUSION: In diabetic patients with mild retinopathy, areas with and without clinically observable retinal pathologies had similar retinal thickness. We conclude that clinical strategies for detection of retinal thickening should not be limited to areas with visible fundus pathologies.     

[In Press] Foveal avascular zone area and parafoveal vessel density measurements in different stages of diabetic retinopathy by OCT angiography

AIM: To investigate foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and parafoveal vessel densities (PRVD) by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to assess the reproducibility of FAZ and PRVD measurements. METHODS: Eighty diabetic patients (80 eyes) with different stage of DR (graded according to the International Clinical Severity Scale for DR) and 20 healthy subjects underwent FAZ area and PRVD measurements using OCTA by two experienced examiners. FAZ area in all patients was also assessed using fluorescein angiography (FA). RESULTS: In subject with proliferative DR and with moderate-severe non proliferative DR, FAZ area was significantly increased compared to healthy controls (P=0.025 and P=0.050 respectively measured with OCTA and P=0.025 and P=0.048 respectively measured with FA). OCTA showed significantly less inter-observer variability compared to FA. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for FAZ area measurements was 0.829 (95%CI:0.736-0.891) P<0.001 with FA and 1.000 (95%CI:0.999-1.000) P<0.001 with OCTA. CCC was 0.834 (95%CI: 0.746-0.893) P<0.001 and 0.890 (95%CI: 0.828-0.930) P<0.001 for parafoveal superficial and deep vessel density measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION: OCTA shows progressive increase of FAZ area and reduction of parafoveal vessel density in both superficial and deep plexus at increasing diabetic retinopathy severity. FAZ area and parafoveal vessel density measurements using OCTA are highly reproducible.     

OCTA评估糖尿病视网膜病变患者全视网膜激光光凝后黄斑区血流情况

目的:使用光学相干断层血流成像技术(OCTA)评估重度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(S-NPDR)患者和健康受试者黄斑区血管网的区别以及S-NPDR患者全视网膜激光光凝(PRP)前后指标的变化。方法:前瞻性研究。共纳入18例31眼S-NPDR患者和健康受试者31眼。使用OCTA检测黄斑血流密度以及中心凹无血管区(FAZ)的面积和体积。结果:与正常对照组相比,S-NPDR患者的浅层视网膜毛细血管丛(SCP)中,除了中心凹血流密度外其余的黄斑区血流密度均下降。在深层视网膜毛细血管丛(DCP)中,S-NPDR患者的黄斑血流密度也有所下降。此外,S-NPDR患者FAZ面积和体积扩大。S-NPDR患者接受PRP 6mo后,中心凹SCP和DCP密度明显增加,而FAZ面积和体积缩小。接受PRP 3mo后,只有中心凹的DCP增加。S-NPDR患者接受PRP 1mo后,中心凹SCP和DCP密度以及FAZ面积和体积的变化比较无差异。结论:OCTA检测显示S-NPDR患者的黄斑毛细血管网受损。尽管OCTA的这些指标在S-NPDR患者接受PRP 1、3mo后没有明显变化,但是在6mo的随访后这些指标发生变化,在临床上具有参考意义。