多头带绦虫脑多头蚴cDNA表达文库的构建及初步分析

从甘肃景泰羊源脑多头蚴原头节提取总RNA,以Oligo(dT)纤维素柱纯化mRNA,利用Lambda ZAP II XR文库构建试剂盒构建了脑多头蚴cDNA表达文库.从构建的原始文库随机挑选单个噬菌斑进行PCR,确定文库重组率和插入外源基因片段大小,鉴定文库质量.结果表明脑多头蚴cDNA表达文库的原始库容量为1.0×1...     

肝癌组织差异表达基因cDNA序列的筛选与鉴定

目的：筛选并鉴定肝癌组织特异表达基因。方法：通过菌落原位杂交技术筛选用抑制消减杂交法构建肝癌与癌旁肝组织差异表达基因消减cDNA文库，用PCR方法进一步筛选出有插入片段的阳性克隆，将阳性克隆进行DNA测序和同源性比较分析，用Northern印迹方法对新的cDNA序列进行初步鉴定。结果：从消减文库中随机挑取的100个白色克隆中筛选出13个阳性克隆，DNA测序获得11个不同的cDNA序列；同源性比较分析表明，6个cDNA片段与在基因高度同源，5个cDNA片段为新的序列。其长度大于300bp的3个新序列，Norther印迹证实它都来源于肝癌组织。结论：用抑制消减杂交方法构建的肝癌差异表达基因消减cDNA文库富含肝癌特异表达基因，经验证的3个新的cDNA序列可能为肝癌特异的基因序列。     

藏羚羊大脑皮质cDNA文库的构建

目的:构建藏羚羊大脑皮质组织的cDNA文库并鉴定文库质量。方法:提取藏羚羊大脑皮质组织总RNA,经oli-gotex试剂盒纯化得到mRNA。利用SMART技术,使用含有SfiIB酶切位点的oligo(dT)引物和含有SfiIA酶切位点的SMARTIV寡核苷酸在PowerScript逆转录酶作用下运用mRNA5′末端的模板转换方法合成cDNA第1链。利用LDPCR扩增cDNA,经SfiI(ⅠA和ⅠB)酶切后,通过CHROMASPIN-400柱进行分级分离去除<500bp的片段,再同经SfiI酶切的λTripIEx2载体连接,体外包装后转染到大肠杆菌XL1-Blue宿主菌中,进行文库滴度和重组率的测定,然后扩增文库并随机挑取10个噬菌斑行PCR反应鉴定插入片段大小。结果:构建的cDNA文库滴度为1.8×109pfu/L,重组率>98%,文库扩增后滴度达8×1012pfu/L,插入片段长度在750～6000bp之间,平均长度为4250bp。结论:文库具有良好的质量,为进一步筛选、克隆藏羚羊大脑皮质组织特异表达基因奠定了基础。     

弓形虫RH株速殖子期表达型cDNA文库的构建及鉴定

为构建弓形虫速殖子期表达的基因的完整长度cDNA文库 ,用CF 11纤维素柱快速提纯速殖子 ,以盐酸异硫氰酸胍 (AGPC)一步法抽提总RNA ,oligo dT纤维素分离mRNA后 ,用ClonTech公司的SmartTMPCRcDNA文库构建试剂盒 ,构建了弓形虫RH株的表达型文库。获得 5× 10 6个独立克隆 ,重组率为 99% ,插入片段的平均长度约为 1kb。根据已知序列设计引物 ,从cDNA文库中扩增出编码棒状体蛋白 1(ROP1)的基因 (不含编码信号肽的序列 ) ,本文库可望用于弓形虫疫苗研究的候选基因的筛选。     

金仓鼠神经管cDNA文库的建立

目的　构建金仓鼠神经管cDNA文库,以筛选与神经管发育及神经管畸形发生相关的基因。　方法 　用TRIZOLReagent提取金仓鼠神经管总RNA;用LD PCR法反转录合成双链cDNA;经蛋白酶K消化、SfiⅠ酶切、 CHROMASPIN 400柱分离去除小于500bp的片段;将cDNA与载体λTriplEX2按一定比例连接;经体外包装,建立 cDNA的噬菌体表达文库。　结果　cDNA文库容量为1.5×106pfu ml,重组率为99%,平均插入片段大于1kb。　 结论　我们初步构建的金仓鼠神经管cDNA文库为高效的cDNA文库。     

18日龄日本血吸虫酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建

为揭示血吸虫生长发育机理,深入研究血吸虫与宿主、血吸虫雌雄虫之间蛋白质的相互关系,本研究选取血吸虫进入终末宿主体内18天时的虫体(发育成熟初期),采用Clontech Matchmaker技术成功构建日本血吸虫的酵母双杂交cDNA文库.该文库具有基因多样性和足够大的库容量,库容量为2.5×106 pfu/mL,插入的双链cDNA片段的长度在0.25～2.0 kb之间,文库重组比率为97.9%,具有良好的代表性.该文库的构建为筛选相互作用蛋白并进一步阐明其生理意义提供了基础.     

RPL30基因的克隆及其与神经管发育相关关系的研究

本文通过构建金黄地鼠神经管cDNA文库,筛选了RPL30基因,并探讨了其与神经管发育的关系。提取胚胎(E)8.5d的金黄地鼠神经管总RNA,用SMART技术构建神经管cDNA的噬菌体表达文库。利用分部分排除技术(SSS法),结合PCR法逐级筛选cDNA文库。将得到的RPL30阳性噬菌斑进行质粒转化、酶切鉴定及测序分析,进而回收、纯化RPL30cDNA片段并制备探针。用Northern杂交技术检测神经管发育过程中RPL30mRNA的表达状况。结果显示,构建的神经管cDNA文库容量为1.5×106pfu/ml,重组率达到99%,平均插入片段长度大于1kb。经过筛选得到含RPL30cDNA的阳性克隆。序列测定及同源性分析发现,该cDNA片段全长535bp,其中含有完整的开放阅读框。Northern杂交结果显示,在E8d~E12d各时间段,神经管中RPL30mRNA的表达均处于较高水平,且随着时间的增长,表达量递增,于E12d达到高峰。本文结果表明,我们用SSS技术结合PCR法从神经管cDNA文库中克隆到了RPL30基因的全长cDNA序列,该基因可能与神经管发育密切相关。     

血管生成素1基因真核表达质粒的构建及测序

目的:构建血管生成素1(Ang1)的真核表达质粒psecTagBk-Ang1。方法:用PCR方法从人心脏文库中扩增Ang1基因全外显子片段, 并定向插入真核表达载体psecTagBk中, 用限制性内切酶酶切和测序鉴定克隆的Ang1基因。结果:扩增出人Ang1cDNA片段, 测序结果显示扩增的Ang1cDNA包括长为1497bp、1494bp的2种剪切体, 分别编码498和497个氨基酸残基。限制性内切酶酶切和DNA测序证实获得正确的重组质粒psecTagBk-Ang1。结论:发现2种共存的Ang1cDNA剪切体, 并成功构建真核表达质粒psecTagBk-Ang1。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.