鲍曼不动杆菌临床株的外排泵研究

目的 探讨鲍曼不动杆菌临床株外排泵AdeABC、AdeIJK、AdeFGH、AbeM、AbeS、CraA、MdtL的表达与耐药的关系.方法 收集多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌临床株32株和敏感株10株,PCR扩增泵基因;选取主要克隆型的21株多重耐药株和10株敏感株,实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测泵基因adeB、adeJ、adeG、abeM、abeS、craA、mdtL的mRNA相对表达水平,PCR扩增泵调控基因adeRS、adeL并测序分析.结果 32株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌临床株中携带泵结构基因片段adeB100％、adeJ 100％、adeG 100％、abeM 96.88％、abeS 100％、craA 100％、mdtL 93.75％,10株敏感株均存在7种泵结构基因片段;主要克隆型的21株多重耐药株和10株敏感株adeB、abeM、mdtL的mRNA相对表达水平的差异有统计学意义( P＜0.001,P=0.001,P=0.013),选取多重耐药株AbR3和AbR11检测外排泵AdeABC调控基因adeRS序列出现氨基酸替代及缺失,而外排泵AdeFGH调控基因adeL序列无基因突变.结论 鲍曼不动杆菌临床株外排泵AdeABC、AbeM、MdtL的表达可能与耐药性有关.     

鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性与主动外排机制的相关性研究

目的 了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌主动外排系统及双组分调节系统编码基因的携带情况,并观察外排泵抑制剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药水平的影响程度,以探讨鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性与胞膜主动外排系统的关系.方法 PCR方法 扩增外排泵编码基因adeB及双组分调节系统编码基因adeR和adeS.采用琼脂稀释法测定50株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对环丙沙星、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟和亚胺培南的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并观察在含25μg/ml利血平条件下MIC值的变化程度.结果 50株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌adeB、adeR及adeS基因的携带率分别为94%、96%及92%.以环丙沙星、头孢噻肟、阿米卡星和亚胺培南作为底物,分别有49、50、50和46株菌在含25μg/ml利血平的条件下MIC值降低4倍或4倍以上,呈现明显的外排作用.结论 主动外排机制是本地区鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的重要原因之一.     

体内诱导耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌膜蛋白质组学研究

目的 研究膜蛋白在耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌中的作用.方法 从同一住院病人体内分别收集碳青霉烯类敏感和耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌各1株.经多序列位点测序分型(MIST)和细菌基因组外回文结构重复序列分型(REP-PCR)分析后,等电聚焦电泳检测其已知碳青霉烯类水解酶的表达,在此进行膜蛋白二维电泳和质谱鉴定分析,并最后应用PABN(Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide)外排泵抑制剂检测其外排泵相关膜蛋白表达.结果 MIST和REP-PCR结果表明耐药株来源与敏感菌株属于同一型别;等电聚焦电泳在P17.6和P19.0处两株菌中检测到β-内酰胺酶,没有检测到任何已知的碳青霉烯类水解酶;耐约株和敏感株的差异膜蛋白组学鉴定出相对分子质量(M_r)为34×10~3外排泵膜蛋白和0prD与CarO膜孔蛋白,且后续的外排泵抑制剂试验表明,在PAβN存在的情况下,耐药株的亚胺培南最低抑菌浓度(MIC)由大于32 μg/ml下降到8 μg,/ml.结论 本研究发现外排泵膜蛋白的过度表达伴随OprD和CarO膜孔蛋白的下调是临床分离耐碳青霉烯类抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌主要耐药机制.     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统的耐药作用

目的 探讨MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统（外排泵）在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制中的作用.方法 选取25株外科监护室分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,用实时定量RTPCR测定结构基因mexA、mexX的mRNA表达水平来判断MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM外排泵表达情况;用PCR分别扩增其调控基因mexR、mexZ,并对其产物测序,用Blast软件在GenBank与已知序列比较,研究其过度表达的机理.结果 25株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中,14株高表达MexAB-OprM系统（56%）,3株高表达MexXY-OprM系统（12%）,这3株菌同时高表达2种外排泵.在8株mexA高表达的菌株中,5株菌发生mexR基因突变,出现氨基酸替代,1株mexR提前出现终止密码子,2株菌未发现mexR基因突变.2株mexX高表达的菌株均发生基因mexZ突变,出现氨基酸替代.结论 主动外排系统MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中过度表达,是此菌多重耐药机制之一;外排泵MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM高表达分别与调控基因mexR、mexZ发生变异有关,同时存在其他调控机制.     

医院泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯抗生素的耐药机制

目的 探讨医院泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯抗生素的耐药机制.方法 应用PCR方法对2010年12月至2012年3月期间本院从临床痰标本中分离的36株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌进行碳青霉烯酶IMP、OXA23基因和整合子基因检测;提取细菌膜蛋白行SDS-PAGE电泳分析其组成.结果 36株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶OXA23基因扩增均为阳性;14株碳青霉烯酶IMP基因扩增阳性,22株阴性.12株整合子PCR产物约1200 bp,10株约3000 bp,14株整合子PCR产物约3500 bp.与碳青霉烯抗生素敏感鲍曼不动杆菌膜蛋白比较,22株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌存在相对分子质量为25 000、36 000的膜蛋白缺失.结论 医院泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐碳青霉烯抗生素机制与产IMP、OXA23碳青霉烯酶及膜蛋白缺失有关.     

60株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药基因携带情况分析

目的研究临床分离的60株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱及Ⅰ型整合子和β-内酰胺酶等基因携带情况。方法用微量肉汤稀释法测定16种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度;PCR检测β-内酰胺酶、Ⅰ型整合子和外排泵基因,对阳性基因进行序列分析。结果60株菌中,多重耐药株53株,占88.3%;6株携带OXA-23基因,均对包括碳青霉烯在内的5类以上抗菌药耐药,并具有高耐药特性;38株携带PER-1基因,对头孢菌素类耐药率显著高于PER-1基因阴性菌株(P<0.01);45株检出Ⅰ型整合子结构基因,多重耐药率明显高于Ⅰ型整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01);Ⅰ型整合子和PER-1基因同时阳性25株,与7株两者同为阴性菌株相比,多重耐药率增高(P<0.01),但耐药程度无显著差别。结论Ⅰ型整合子基因及β-内酰胺酶类基因的作用是导致鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的重要原因;OXA-23基因阳性菌株多为泛耐药和高耐药株,有必要采取有效措施控制其传播。     

泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌氨基糖苷类耐药相关基因研究

目的 探讨泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药机制。方法 收集2014年湖北省黄石市中心医院住院患者中分离的20株泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌,用mdfA测序确认菌种,再采用聚合酶链反应法分析16种氨基糖苷类药物获得性耐药相关基因。 结果 20株泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌共检出4种氨基糖苷类获得性耐药基因,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅰ阳性率15.00％;ant(3")-Ⅰ阳性率20.00％;aph3'-Ⅰ阳性率100.00％;16SrRNA甲基化酶未检出;外排泵adeB基因阳性率95.00％。 结论　泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌中携带的耐药基因和耐药表型相对应,对氨基糖苷类药物耐药与产aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、aph3'-Ⅰ修饰酶基因和获得外排泵adeB 2种耐药机制有关。     

鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株表型、基因型和耐药基因的对比研究

目的 对比研究鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株基因型和编码耐药基因的差异,并分析其与临床多重耐药性的关系.方法 随机收集中南大学湘雅二医院2008年9月至2009年9月分离的77株鲍曼不动杆菌,采用WHO推荐的K-B法对鲍曼不动杆菌进行临床常见15种抗生素药物敏感试验,并对药敏谱进行分析.用随机扩增多态性DNA法(RAPD)技术进行基因分型.并利用PCR对β-内酰胺酶基因TEM-1、IMP、OXA-23、OXA-24、AmpC和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ和16S rRNA甲基化基因armA、rmtA、rmtB进行扩增及序列分析.对比分析鲍曼不动杆菌耐药基因的携带情况,以及与基因型和耐药性的关系.结果 77株鲍曼不动杆菌中敏感菌株有31株,对5种或5种以上抗生素耐药的多重耐药菌株46株,内含全耐药菌株10株.RAPD技术将其分为17型,为A-G型,多重耐药株中E型为优势克隆株(17株),在重症监护病房(ICU)中流行最广,占47.1%(8/17).敏感株中各型散在分布.PCR扩增结果显示,多重耐药株和敏感株携带TEM-1、IMP、OXA-23、OXA-24、AmpC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ和armA耐药基因的比率分别为95.7%、39.1%、84.8%、54.3%、87.0%、89.1%、84.8%、45.7%、63.0%和58.1%、9.7%、32.3%、48.4%、48.4%、29.0%、45.2%、12.9%、9.7%,未发现rmtA和rmtB基因阳性菌株.经x2检验,除OXA-24外,其余各耐药基因携带率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).药敏分析提示携带以上耐药基因的鲍曼不动杆菌菌株的耐药率明显高于未携带该基因的菌株,其中对阿米卡星和庆大霉素耐药的菌株,其氨基糖苷类酶基因均阳性(34.8%),含所测的所有β-内酰胺酶基因的菌株均为全耐药株.结论 与临床分离的敏感鲍曼不动杆菌相比,多重耐药株耐药谱广,耐药率高,其携带β-内酰胺酶基因和氨基糖苷类酶基因种类多,分离率高,且同一克隆的多重耐药株可在病室内和病室间传播.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与AmpC耐药基因的研究

目的了解我院临床分离的60株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（multi-drug resistant Acinetobater baumannii,MDRAB）的耐药性和AmpC耐药基因的存在状况。方法采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪检测鲍曼不动杆菌对18种抗生素的药敏结果,对该细菌进行总DNA的提取,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测耐药基因,结合药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药特征。结果检出结构基因ampC型49株,占81.7%;blaADC基因型50株,占83%;ACT基因型2株;41株菌同时携带blaADC和ampC结构基因,占68%;2株同时携带blaADC、ACT和ampC结构基因;未检测到其它AmpC耐药基因（MOX、CIT、FOX、DHA）。携带AmpC耐药基因的菌株耐药率高,特别是对头孢曲松、氨苄西林、头孢替坦、头孢唑啉、呋喃妥因的耐药率已接近或达到100%,而对于丁胺卡那霉素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为5%和20%。结论多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的blaADC耐药基因和ampC结构基因同时携带率高,并且是鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的主要原因。     

亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因检测及流行菌株分析

目的 研究我国多中心亚胺培南耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性、16S rRNA甲基化酶的阳性率及分子流行病学特征.方法 收集2004年11月-2005年11月国内6省市19家医院临床分离的342株亚胺培南耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌.采用琼脂稀释法和E test法对18种抗菌药物测定分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值;脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株的同源性;PCR法筛选4种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC,克隆测序明确基因型;接合试验、质粒抽提、电转化以及Southern blot确定甲基化酶耐药基因定位.结果 所有菌株均为多重耐药株,其中对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、异帕米星、奈替米星耐药率分别为92.6%、98.6%、87.4%、90.9%和92.4%.PCR扩增、测序证实221株鲍曼不动杆菌检出甲基化酶armA基因;另3种甲基化酶基因rmtA、rmtB、rmtC均阴性.在上述342株鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株中,298株可归类为6个流行克隆,44株为散发株.3个主要克隆(A、B、C)在全国广泛播散,分别在国内6家、3家、11家医院内流行.接合试验、质粒抽提、电转化及Southern blot表明armA编码基因存在于染色体上.结论 亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的表型均为多重耐药.介导氨基糖苷类抗生素高度耐药的16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA在鲍曼不动杆菌中广泛存在,其主要传播方式为克隆播散,这必将引起临床的高度关注.     

Effect of iron on expression of efflux pump (adeABC) and quorum sensing (luxI,luxR) genes in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii

Resistance‐nodulation‐division efflux system (RND) adeABC contributes to intrinsic resistance to various drug classes in Acinetobacter baumannii. Similarly, quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role in the biofilm formation and pathogenicity of this bacterium. The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of iron limitation on the expression of efflux pump (adeABC) genes and QS (luxI, luxR) system by relative quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). In addition, DNA sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of biofilm‐associated protein (Bap) gene was also investigated. Sixty‐five multidrug‐resistant isolates of A. baumannii were recovered from ICU patients of three hospitals in Kerman, Iran. The isolates were highly resistant to at least 11 antibiotics (MIC ≥64 μg/mL); however, 87% and 89% were susceptible to colistin and tigecycline, respectively (MIC 0.05 μg/mL) (p ≤ 0.05). We detected the presence of RND efflux pump, QS, and bap genes with the frequencies of 92% (adeA), 61.5% (adeB), 84.6% (adeC), 80% (luxI), 61% (luxR), and 66% (bap), respectively. qRT‐PCR analysis showed that in some isolates, expression of both adeABC and luxI/R was increased more than fourfold in the presence of low iron (20 μm ), suggesting the additional regulatory role of iron on both efflux pump and QS system. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis on the strong biofilm forming isolates confirmed that the fragments amplified were indeed part of bap gene and deduced sequence was similar to A. baumannii K9B410.     

Phenotype microarray analysis of the AdeRS two-component system in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acinetobacter baumannii</Emphasis>

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen capable of resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The AdeRS two-component system (TCS) is associated with antimicrobial resistance by controlling the AdeABC efflux pump. To elucidate modulation by AdeRS, we made an A. baumannii mutant lacking the AdeRS TCS and characterized it using phenotype microarray (PM) analysis. After disrupting the adeRS operon, lower expression of AdeABC efflux pump was observed in the mutant strain. PM analysis showed that the AdeRS deletion strain and parental strain presented different tolerances to 91 compounds. Tolerance to 54 of the 91 compounds could be restored by complementing the AdeRS deleted strain with a plasmid carrying the adeRS gene. Compared to the parental strain, the AdeRS deletion strain was more sensitive to various inhibitors that target on-protein synthesis and function of cell membrane permeability. Tolerance to phleomycin of the AdeRS deletion strain reduced greatly and was further confirmed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination and spot assay. The efflux pump inhibitor, NMP, could reduce phleomycin MIC four-fold at least for 29 (34.8%) of 81 tigecycline-resistant extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (TGC-resistant XDRAB) clinical isolates. Our results suggested that the AdeRS TCS of A. baumannii was important for both elimination of antibiotics and tolerance to particular compounds.     

Capacity of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces.

This study evaluated the capacity of 23 multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii to adhere to respiratory epithelial cell surfaces and to form biofilm on a polystyrene surface. All 23 A. baumannii isolates were capable of adhering efficiently to respiratory epithelial cells, and biofilm production was positively associated with epithelial cell adhesiveness (r 0.80, p <0.0001). In the presence of the chelating agent EDTA, biofilm formation was markedly reduced. Cell adhesiveness and biofilm formation were significantly higher in isolates carrying the bla(PER-1) gene as compared with isolates without this extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene (p <0.005 and p <0.001, respectively). Further examination by RT-PCR showed a positive correlation between the level of expression of the bla(PER-1) gene and the level of biofilm formation (r 0.89, p <0.0001) and cell adhesiveness (r 0.74, p <0.006). Overall, the study demonstrated a high capacity of clinical isolates of MDR A. baumannii to form biofilm and to adhere to respiratory epithelial cells. This feature, combined with multidrug resistance, might contribute to the survival of these organisms and their dissemination in the hospital environment.     

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter clinical isolates obtained from inmates of California correctional facilities

Acinetobacter spp. increasingly have been wreaking havoc in hospitals and communities worldwide. Although much has been reported regarding Acinetobacter isolates responsible for nosocomial infections, little is known about these organisms in correctional facilities. In this study, we performed species identification, examined the antibiotic resistance profiles, and determined the mechanisms of resistance and clonal relationships of 123 Acinetobacter isolates obtained from inmates of 20 California correctional facilities (CCFs). We found that 57.7% of the isolates belong to A. baumannii, followed by isolates of Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (gen. sp. 3; 23.6%) and of Acinetobacter gen. sp. 13TU (10.6%). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) CCF isolates were found in only six CCFs. Additionally, DNA sequences of gyrA and parC genes were consistent with fluoroquinolone (FQ) susceptibility phenotypes. Furthermore, the presence of class 1 integrons was detected in 15 CCF isolates, all of which are MDR. Integron-associated gene cassettes encode several aminoglycoside modification enzymes, which correlate with most of the aminoglycoside-resistant phenotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the presence of Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide dihydrochloride and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine indicated the involvement of efflux pumps in the FQ resistance of only a few CCF isolates. Finally, genetic profiling showed that there was no evidence of A. baumannii outbreaks in CCFs. Instead, our analyses revealed only limited clonal dissemination of mostly non-MDR A. baumannii strains in a few facilities. This study represents the first report to characterize phenotypic and molecular features of Acinetobacter isolates in correctional facilities, which provides a baseline for monitoring the antimicrobial resistance changes and dissemination patterns of these organisms in such specialized institutions.     

Efflux pump inhibitory activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates

This study was carried out to investigate the possible efflux pump inhibitory activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of synthesized AgNPs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) methods. Subsequently, MDR A. baumannii isolates were recovered from clinical samples and the phenotypic cartwheel efflux assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to elucidate the possible presence of efflux pump in MDR strains. After treatment of MDR strains with sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentration of AgNPs, the expression level of efflux pump genes was evaluated using a quantitative real-time PCR technique. The synthesized AgNPs had a spherical nanostructure, with mean size 38.89 nm, according to SEM and TEM data. XRD and FTIR results confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The results of PCR revealed that among 50 strains, 12 A. baumannii strains had efflux pump genes and the expression level of AdeA, AdeC, AdeS, AdeR, AdeI, AdeJ, and AdeK efflux pump genes was downregulated significantly after the treatment with AgNPs. In addition, the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on efflux pumps can be detected when the MIC of ethidium bromide (EtBr) with AgNPs is lower than that of EtBr alone. According to the results, the biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibit efflux pumps inhibitory activity, which may be one of the possible mechanisms of their antibacterial activity against MDR A. baumannii strains.     

泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1结构及基因分型研究

目的研究从临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1的分布及结构情况,并对其进行基因分型。方法分离自临床的57株鲍曼不动杆菌,PCR检测整合酶Ⅰ、整合子Ⅰ、ISCR1以及ISCR1可变区,PCR产物进行限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分型并进行测序分析可变区携带的耐药基因盒,ERIC-PCR进行基因分型。结果 49株整合酶I阳性,其中47株整合子I扩增阳性,RFLP分为2型,测序结果为aacA4-catB8-aadA1和drf17-aadA5。3株ISCR1以及ISCR1可变区扩增均阳性,可变区经RFLP分为1型,测序结果为orf513-qnrA1-ampR-qacEdeltal,ISCR1阳性菌整合子I均阳性,经ERIC-PCR检测将57株鲍曼不动杆菌分为27个基因型。结论Ⅰ类整合子广泛存在于鲍曼不动杆菌中,ISCRI携带率较低,氨基糖苷类、甲氧苄啶类和β-内酰胺类耐药基因盒较常见,ERIC-PCR可用于临床鲍曼不动杆菌的分子流行病学研究。     

Identification of epidemic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii by integrase gene PCR

Forty-eight clinical Acinetobacter isolates with different epidemic behavior were investigated for the presence of integrons and plasmids and for antibiotic susceptibility. Integrons were demonstrated in 50% of the strains by an integrase gene PCR. Epidemic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were found to contain significantly more integrons than nonepidemic strains. Also, the presence of integrons was significantly correlated with simultaneous resistance to several antibiotics. Plasmids were detected in 42% of the strains. However, there was no significant correlation between the numbers of plasmids and integrons in Acinetobacter species strains, no significant difference in the number of plasmids between epidemic and nonepidemic A. baumannii strains, and no significant correlation between the presence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance. Hence, it is likely that integrons play an important role in antibiotic resistance and thereby in the epidemic behavior of A. baumannii. Because the integrase gene PCR identified almost three-quarters of the epidemic A. baumannii isolates (17 of 23), this seems to be a rapid and simple technique for the routine screening and identification of clinical A. baumannii isolates with epidemic potential.