60例人类微小病毒B19感染患儿的病原血清学检测及特征

目的了解人类微小病毒Ｂ１９（ｈｕｍａｎｐａｒｖｏｖｉｒｕｓ，Ｂ１９）在儿童中的感染情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）和酶联免疫吸附（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法，对１９４例住院治疗（大部分来自血液病房）患儿和１００例健康查体儿童的血清标本进行了检测。抗原为作者采用基因工程方法制备的重组Ｂ１９病毒外壳蛋白ＶＰ１和ＶＰ２。结果在１９４份患儿血清标本中，５５份检测出Ｂ１９病毒ＤＮＡ，３０份Ｂ１９病毒特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测为阳性，３７份Ｂ１９病毒特异性ＩｇＧ抗体检测结果为阳性，阳性率分别为２８．４％，１５．５％和１９．１％，共有６０例患儿存在Ｂ１９病毒的近期感染。在１００份健康查体儿童血清标本中，３份检出Ｂ１９病毒ＤＮＡ，２份Ｂ１９特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测结果为阳性，１２份Ｂ１９特异性ＩｇＧ抗体检测结果为阳性，阳性率分别为３０％，２０％和１２０％。结论人类微小病毒Ｂ１９在我国儿童中有较高的感染率，能够导致人类多种疾病，应该引起足够的重视     

婴儿肺炎衣原体特异性IgM的临床意义探讨

为了解婴儿肺炎衣原体（ＣＴ）感染情况,探讨患儿血清中特异性ＩｇＭ对ＣＴ肺炎的诊断价值,ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测肺炎必患儿血清中ＣＴ特异性ＩｇＭ,同时对患儿务咽部分分泌物（ＮＰＳ）进行ＣＴ分离,牧场划性单克隆荧光抗体（ＭＦＡ）鉴定。结果：４９例患儿中９例（１８．４％）于病程早期（５天￣７天）存在高效价ＩｇＭ,此９名患儿ＮＰＳ中细胞学分离ＣＴ阳性,结论：ＣＴ特异性ＩｇＭ于病程早期升高,可以证明患儿存在ＣＴ近期     

三种不同类型抗心磷脂抗体在小儿病毒性心肌炎中的价值

采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法测定６２例ＣｏｘＢ组病毒引起的病毒性心肌炎（ＶＭ）患儿和４０名健康儿童的血清抗心磷脂抗体（ＡＣＡ）。结果：ＶＭ组ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＡ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ阳性率（分别为４５．２％、３０．６％、３３．９％）均显著高于正常对照组（分别为２．５％、０、０）;ＶＭ发病早期ＡＣＡ－ｉｇＡ、ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ阳性显著多于ＡＣＡ－ｉｇＧ阳性恩赐 ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ阳性者的ＣＫ－Ｍ     

快速诊断单纯疱疹病毒脑炎

目的探讨快速诊断单纯疱疹病毒脑炎（ＨＳＥ），比较不同病毒学试验的诊断价值。方法用聚合酶链反应技术检测１７７例急性脑炎患儿的脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）标本中单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）特异性ＤＮＡ；用酶联免疫吸附方法检测ＣＳＦ和血清标本中ＨＳＶ特异性ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗体。结果ＣＳＦ中ＨＳＶ特异性ＤＮＡ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为１．７％（３／１７７）、１０％（１／１００）和４７０％（４７／１００），血清ＨＳＶＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率分别为１２．５％（６／４８）、７２．９％（５１／７０）（因为标本量不足或缺如，未能对全部病例进行抗体检测）；３例患儿确诊为ＨＳＥ。结论用套式ＰＣＲ检测ＣＳＦ诊断ＨＳＥ较敏感、特异。     

单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎诊断方法与治疗观察

目的探讨单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＶＥ）的诊断方法，了解对ＨＳＶＥ的治疗效果。方法应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术和酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）方法，对２７例病毒性脑炎患儿的脑脊液进行单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）ＤＮＡ和特异性ＩｇＭ抗体检测。结果ＨＳＶＤＮＡ阳性１１例；ＨＳＶＩｇＭ阳性４例，其中Ⅰ型３例，Ⅱ型１例；ＤＮＡ与ＩｇＭ同时阳性３例。将脑脊液检查ＨＳＶＤＮＡ阳性或ＨＳＶＩｇＭ抗体阳性者１２例诊断为ＨＳＶＥ，占４４％。对ＨＳＶＥ患儿予以静脉滴注无环鸟苷，连续用药一周，结果治愈８例，好转２例，自动出院及死亡各１例。结论ＰＣＲ与ＩｇＭ抗体检测两种方法相结合有助于ＨＳＶＥ病原学早期诊断，并指导ＨＳＶＥ的临床治疗     

抗心磷脂抗体、抗心肌线粒体抗体测定在扩张型心肌病的意义

目的 比较抗心磷脂抗体（ＡＣＡ）和抗心肌线粒体抗体（ＡＣＭＡ）对小儿扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）诊断及病情了解的作用。方法 采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定ＤＣＭ３０例ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ和ＡＣＭＡ－ＩｇＧ,并与健康儿童对照,同时检测心肌酶、心电图和多普勒超声心动图。结果 ＤＣＭ患儿ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ和ＡＣＭＡ－ＩｇＧ阳性率分别为５３．３％和４０．０％,均显著高于健康儿（Ｐ均〈０．００１）。ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ阳性儿心肌酶ＣＫ－Ｍ     

庚型肝炎病毒感染状况研究

为了解小儿庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）感染状况，对５０６例各型病毒性肝炎患儿，采用以ＨＧＶ合成肽为抗原的酶联免疫吸附技术（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测抗ＨＧＶ。结果表明，ＨＧＶ在小儿组感染率为４．０％。小儿组甲、乙、丙型肝炎中ＨＧＶ感染率分别为１．５％、５．４％和１．６％。其中乙型肝炎中感染率高于其他型（Ｐ＜０．０５）。抗ＨＧＶ在急性肝炎的检出率为１．５％，慢性肝炎中为４．８％。提示ＨＧＶ感染在小儿肝炎中占有一定比例，并有其特点，应重视儿童ＨＧＶ感染的研究     

流感嗜血杆菌b型与急性呼吸道感染关系的研究

目的进一步了解急性呼吸道感染中流感嗜血杆菌（ＨＩ）感染的发病情况。方法采用单克隆抗体夹心酶联免疫吸咐法，对３６例上呼吸道感染、３２例支气管炎、７０例肺炎患儿及４５例健康对照组的血、尿进行ｂ型ＨＩ外膜蛋白（ＨｉｂＯＭＰ）抗原的检测，并对７０例肺炎患儿的血清进行ＨｉｂＯＭＰ抗体检测。结果３６例上呼吸道感染患儿中有４例为ＨｉｂＯＭＰ抗体阳性，３２例支气管肺炎患儿中有４例阳性，７０例肺炎患儿中有１８例为阳性；４５例健康对照组中仅１例为ＨｉｂＯＭＰ抗原阳性。肺炎组抗原检出率高于对照组（χ２＝１０．９６０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。７０例肺炎中１８例ＨｉｂＯＭＰ抗体阳性。抗原、抗体检测共有２４例（包括抗原、抗体均阳性１２例，仅抗原或抗体阳性各６例）肺炎获得阳性结果。结论１１．１％的上呼吸道感染、１２．５％支气管炎和３４．３％的肺炎患儿为Ｈｉｂ感染；抗原、抗体联合检测可使Ｈｉｂ检出率提高。     

婴幼儿肺炎病毒病原与流行病学观察：附52例报告

本文应用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对５２例肺炎患儿进行ＲＳＶ，ＰＦＶ（１，２，３型）和ＡＤＶ（３，７型）特异型抗体检测，阳性２４例（阳性率４６．２％），以ＰＦＶ居首（占２７％），其中ＰＦＶ３和ＰＦＶ１分别占１３．５％和９．６％；ＲＳＶ次之占（占１１．５％）。三种病毒感染主要发生在３岁以内小儿，以１岁以下婴儿发病率最高（占６６．７％）。１２月－１月为流行高峰（占７０．８％）。     

呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎血清肿瘤坏死因子检测及其临床意义

用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测５０例ＲＳＶ肺炎患儿和４７例健康儿童血清ＴＮＦ－α水平，结果：ＲＳＶ肺炎患儿血清ＴＮＦ－α水平显著高于健康儿童（Ｐ〈０．０５）；重症组高于轻、中症组（Ｐ〈０．０１）；其水平与年龄、病程、住院天数及实验室指标无相关性。提示ＴＮＦ－α可能作为重要的致炎症介质参与ＲＳＶ感染的炎症反应，其血清水平与病情密切相关，对于判断疾病严重程度和指导治疗有重要意义。     

结核分枝杆菌多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值

目的 探讨结核分枝杆菌(MTB)多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值。方法 选取2005年4月至2006年4月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院诊断为结核病的住院患儿作为结核病组。选取同期住院，患感染性疾病，同时除外结核病的患儿作为非结核病组；选取体检纯化蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验阳性，既往无结核病史，无明显结核中毒症状，胸部影像学及腹部B超检查未见结核病灶的儿童作为结核感染组；选取同期行健康体检，卡疤试验阳性，无基础疾病，无结核接触史的儿童为健康对照组。各组留取血清标本。计算结核病组PPD试验阳性率及细菌学检查阳性率。应用MTB多抗原蛋白芯片同时检测标本中脂阿拉伯甘露糖（LAM）、相对分子质量16 000和38 000蛋白IgG抗体，通过蛋白芯片阅读仪判断结果，其中任意1种或1种以上抗体检测阳性，即判为蛋白芯片检测阳性。分别计算各组抗体检测阳性率，并计算该方法检测儿童结核病的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值等指标。应用Logistic回归及χ2检验分析蛋白芯片检测阳性率与患儿年龄、病程、抗结核治疗时间、激素使用以及结核病类型的关系。结果 研究期间共纳入结核病组79例，非结核病组33例，结核感染组15例，健康对照组30例。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的阳性率为34.2%（27/79），低于PPD试验阳性率（84.8%，67/79），高于细菌学检查阳性率（12.7%，10/79）。在非结核病组阳性率为6.1%（2/33），结核感染组和健康对照组阳性率为0。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的灵敏度为34.2%，特异度为97.4%。阳性预测值93.1%，阴性预测值58.5%。Logistic回归发现蛋白芯片检测阳性率仅与病程相关，且随病程延长而阳性率升高。病程<1个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为18.8%（6/32），病程在～3个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为21.6%（8/37），病程>3个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为100%（13/13）。目前的统计结果尚未发现蛋白芯片检测阳性率与患儿年龄、抗结核治疗时间、激素使用情况有显著相关关系。结核病分型不同所造成的蛋白芯片检测阳性率的差异主要是由于其病程分布不同所致。结论 多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断有一定价值，可作为一种诊断补充手段。但该方法灵敏度较低，不适用于早期诊断。     

Sero diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using two ELISA kits

The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis is based on circumstantial evidence in the absence of a gold standard in the majority of cases. Sero-diagnosis offers scope for an early diagnosis in a variety of clinical conditions and is simple to perform. A number of mycobacterial antigens have been used for antibody detection assays and several are available as kits in the market. This study was done to evaluate the value of antibody detection kits (ELISA) against the A60 antigen and 38 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis at the outpatient department of the Institute of Social Paediatrics, Government Stanley Hospital in collaboration with Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai. Thirty five children with pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 with TB lymphadenitis and 22 healthy controls were studied. In addition to routine investigations including gastric lavage for AFB culture, serum antibodies against the A60 and 38 kDa antigens were assayed using commercially available ELISA kits. With A60, IgM serum levels were positive in 74% of pulmonary TB cases, 57% of TB lymphadenitis cases and 50% of controls. A60 IgG was positive in 17% of pulmonary TB, 86% of TB lymphadenitis and 14% of controls. The 38 kDa IgG antibody was positive in 37% of pulmonary and 86% of TB lymphadenitis cases and 27% of controls. Among 10 culture confirmed cases, A60 IgM was positive in 8, A60 IgG in 3 and 38 kDa IgG in 5 patients. The sensitivity of the tests ranged between 29% and 71% and specificity between 50% and 86%. Although the numbers are small, the results suggest that serodiagnosis using the currently available antigens of M. tuberculosis is unlikely to be a confirmatory test for tuberculosis in children.     

结核菌素皮试和全血γ干扰素测定试验的儿童结核感染诊断应用研究

目的 评价结核菌素（PPD）皮试和全血γ干扰素（IFN-γ）测定试验诊断儿童结核病的准确性。方法 选择2006年7月至2010年4月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院临床诊断结核和呼吸系统疾病的患儿为研究对象。根据患儿所暴露的结核感染危险因素分为5组：A组：无结核病密切接触史的非结核病的呼吸系统疾病患儿;B组：有活动性结核病患者密切接触史的非结核病的呼吸系统疾病患儿;C组：无结核病密切接触史的临床诊断结核病患儿;D组：有活动性结核病患者密切接触史的临床诊断结核病患儿;E组：病原学或病理学确诊的活动性结核病患儿。患儿于入院当日行PPD皮试,入院后1~7 d采集外周静脉血行全血IFN-γ测定。以敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值、阳性预测值和似然比评价PPD皮试和全血IFN-γ测定对结核病的诊断价值。结果 125例患儿进入分析。A组40例,B组11例,C组29例,D组27例,E组18例。①PPD皮试取硬结≥10 mm为阳性判断标准时,诊断结核病的敏感度为77.0%,特异度为70.6%;取硬结≥15 mm为阳性判断标准时,诊断结核病的敏感度为50.0%、特异度为80.2%;全血IFN-γ测定的敏感度为85.1%、特异度为94.1%。②PPD皮试取硬结≥10 mm为阳性判断标准诊断结核病时,<3岁患儿PPD皮试的敏感度和特异度均显著低于≥3岁患儿,城区和郊区患儿的敏感度和特异度接近;全血IFN-γ测定诊断结核病的敏感度和特异度在不同年龄、居住地间差异无统计学意义。③全血IFN-γ测定阳性率与结核感染暴露因素的相关性优于PPD皮试（取硬结≥10或15 mm为阳性判断标准时）。结论 潜伏结核感染筛查时以硬结≥15 mm作为PPD皮试阳性判断标准,可提高诊断的特异度;临床疑似结核病的诊断以硬结≥10 mm作为PPD皮试阳性判断标准,可提高诊断的敏感度。全血IFN-γ测定诊断结核病的敏感度和特异度均较好。     

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??Objective??To explore the value of clinical manifestations and routine examinations for the diagnosis of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children. Methods??The medical records of children under 16 years of age due to intrathoracic diseases in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine from January 2009 to December 2011 were collected. According to the final diagnosis??the patients were divided into 2 groups??intrathoracic tuberculosis and non tuberculosis. The clinical manifestations and routine auxiliary examination results of the 2 groups were retrospectively analyzed. The children were divided according to age??10 years and over 10 years old in 2 groups??and the clinical data were also compared. Results????1??Pathological diagnoses were confirmed at 72.30% of proportion at whole patients??70.73% in TB group. The positive rate of tuberculosis bacteriology was 21.85% in TB group. ??2??The middle course of history accounted for 56.30% in TB children. At the onset of illess??the proportion of fever and predisposition to tuberculosis??positivity of tuberculin skin test??TST?? and serumal tuberculosis antibody??and average value of ESR??CRP??PLT and D-Dier in blood were significantly higher in TB group than those in non-TB group. ??3??About 59% of patients in the non-TB group were cured or were markedly improved by antibiotic treatment??which was effective in 10% of the TB group. ??4??Diagnostic accordance rate by radiology was 53.36% and the rate of misdiagnosis as tuberculosis accounted for 11.71% in non-TB group. Conclusion??Clinical features combined with medical history and laboratory results are helpful for the identification of tuberculosis in children under 16 years old.     

Use of purified protein derivative to assess the risk of infection in children in close contact with adults with tuberculosis in a population with high Calmette-Guérin bacillus coverage.

SETTING: Household contacts <15 years of age of adults with tuberculosis (TB) attending a reference center in Aracaju, Sergipe, Northeast Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of purified protein derivative (PPD) and frequency of infection in children with high Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG) coverage who were recently exposed to TB. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 141 exposed household contacts <15 years of age and 506 nonexposed neighborhood controls. Children were examined and assessed for degree of exposure to index cases, BCG vaccination and scar and were tested with PPD. RESULTS: Exposed children were younger and less up to date in their vaccination schedule than controls (P < 0.05). BCG had been given to 95.6% of exposed children and 97.4% of controls, but only 80.9% of exposed vs. 88.5% of controls had a scar (P < 0.05). Scar sizes of exposed children were smaller (medians, 4.5 and 7 mm, respectively; P < 0.05). Children had lower weight for age z scores and height than the National Center for Health Statistics standards. Exposed children had lower weight for age z scores than controls (P < 0.05). Sixty-seven (47.5%) exposed children and 18 (3.6%) controls had PPD readings of >10 mm. Positivity and induration sizes increased with age, although this was significant only in the controls. The presence of a BCG scar was not associated with having a positive PPD. The degree of exposure was an important factor for PPD positivity; 66 (60.6%) of the 109 children with close exposure were positive compared with 1 (3.1%) of 32 with less intimate exposure. PPD indurations among close contacts were also larger than those with restricted exposure and controls (16.3, 11 and 9.4 mm, respectively; P < 0.05). PPD positivity was associated with the quantification of acid-fast bacilli in the adult; 38.5% of contacts with adults with sputum with (+) were positive, compared with 42.3% of those with (++) and 58.4% with (+++) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PPD is a useful test to identify children infected with TB independently of whether they had received BCG or not. Children exposed to adults with TB are at high risk of infection. The risk of infection is associated with the intimacy of contact and the number of bacilli expectorated in sputum.     

儿童结核病流行病学及诊治现状

2014年, 全球共报告35.9万例儿童（0～14岁）结核病,占登记报告结核病病例的6.5%。2013年我国研究数据显示,不同结核病疫情地区5～15岁儿童的结核菌素试验（PPD）阳性率为8.09%～21.26%（≥10 mm）。2015年,全国共报告儿童肺结核患者6861例,发病率为3.03/10万。2014年,全国0～14岁儿童结核病死亡率为0.12/10万。儿童结核病诊断要基于对接触史、临床检查和相关检查等证据的全面评估。儿童结核病治疗原则与成人相同。目前国务院下发了《“十三五”全国结核病防治规划》,提出要完善儿童结核病的防治措施,对儿科医生开展结核病防治技术培训,规范儿童结核病的诊断和治疗服务。     

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??In 2014??a total of 359 000 cases of tuberculosis??0-14 years old?? in children were reported worldwide??accounting for 6.5 percent of the registered TB cases. According to China’s research data in 2013??the PPD positive??≥10 mm??rate of children aged 5 to 15 in different TB epidemic areas was 8.09% to 21.26%. In 2015??6 861 cases of tuberculosis in children were reported nationwide??with a incidence of 3.03/100 000. In 2014??the national TB mortality rate among children aged 0 to 14 was 0.12/100 000. The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis should be based on a comprehensive assessment of evidence such as contact history??clinical examination and related examinations. The principles of childhood TB treatment are the same as those of adults. At present the state council issued a national tuberculosis control program??put forward to improve the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children??to provide technical training to pediatricians on TB control??and to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of childhood tuberculosis.     

卡介苗接种对儿童结核病预防保护作用的探讨

目的：结核病的发病率近年有所回升,临床对结核病的治疗研究较多,但卡介苗接种后对机体的保护作用如何,持续时间长短,何时复种等研究不多。鉴于此,该文研究卡介苗接种对儿童的保护作用。方法：对该市城乡9608例0～14岁接种卡介苗(简称种卡)的儿童进行卡痕、PPD试验(结核菌纯蛋白衍化物)普查。结果：3个月～组小儿PPD阳性率最高,为 91.5%;1岁～ 组次之,为 81.6%;3岁～组最低,为 57.1%;7～14岁组PPD阳性率又有回升,为 74.2%,各组间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。城市儿童PPD阳性率为 78.8%,高于乡村儿童( 62.4%);卡痕阳性率为 90.3%,高于乡村儿童(56.1%),P<0.01;结核 自然感染率低于乡村儿童(1.7% vs 3.4%),P<0.05。<3岁儿童结核自然感染率最低(0.5%),低于3～7岁和7～14岁,7～14岁儿童自感率最高。结论：卡介苗对0～3岁儿童保护作用明显,对4岁以上儿童保护作用渐减弱;且城市儿童PPD阳性率和卡痕阳性率明显高于乡村儿童,说明种卡质量值得重视。     

抗脂肪阿拉伯酸甘露聚糖抗体检测对儿童肺外结核病诊断价值探讨

目的　探讨抗脂肪阿拉伯酸甘露聚糖抗体 (LAM IgG)对儿童肺外结核病的诊断价值。方法　检测 5 2例肺外结核病患儿、4 2例单纯肺门淋巴结结核和 30例非结核病患儿血清或 (和 )体腔液LAM IgG和结核菌纯蛋白衍化物 (PPD)皮试。结果　PPD试验对诊断儿童结核病的特异性为 83 3% (2 5 /30 ) ,但对儿童肺外结核病和单纯肺门淋巴结结核的敏感性分别为 2 8 8%和 90 5 % (χ2 =35 88,P <0 0 1) ;LAM IgG对诊断儿童结核病的特异性为 96 7% (2 9/30 ) ,但对儿童肺外结核病和单纯肺门淋巴结结核的敏感性分别为 6 9 2 %和 9 5 % (χ2 =33 88,P <0 0 1) ;PPD和LAM IgG对儿童结核病的特异性差异无显著性 (χ2 =2 96 ,P >0 0 5 )。结论　LAM IgG对儿童肺外结核病有较好的诊断价值。     

多项无创或低创检查联合对痰菌阴性儿童肺结核的诊断价值

目的 探讨多项无创或低创检查联合[ 肺部CT 扫描、PPD 试验、血沉（ESR）、C- 反应蛋白（CRP）] 对痰菌阴性儿童肺结核的临床诊断价值。方法 回顾性收集269 例肺结核儿童的临床资料,包括痰菌阴性161 例,痰菌阳性108 例,对两组临床特征及多项检查结果进行对比分析。结果 痰菌阴性肺结核儿童临床表现不典型;典型或相对特异的影像学征象较痰菌阳性组少;PPD 试验、ESR、CRP 在菌阴组的阳性率分别为39.1%、44.1%、56.5%,在菌阳组的阳性率分别为55.6%、79.6%、59.3%,两组比较,PPD 试验、ESR 阳性率差异有统计学意义（PP>0.05）。痰菌阴性组中有46 例行支气管镜术,40 例（87.0%）镜下发现有诊断价值的形态改变和（或）获得病原学/病理学诊断依据。结论 对于痰菌阴性儿童肺结核的诊断,联合肺部CT 扫描、PPD 试验、ESR、CRP 多项无创或低创检查可明显提高诊断率;若仍未能提供有力证据时,支气管镜术是十分重要的辅助检查手段。