海地瓜岩藻聚糖硫酸酯抑制慢性低度炎症反应及机制研究

目的 采用胰岛素抵抗模型小鼠研究海地瓜岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(fucoidan from Acaudina molpadioidea,Am-FUC)对慢性低度炎症反应的影响。方法 以高脂高果糖饲料饲喂法建立胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型,灌胃Am-FUC(80mg.kg-1.d-1)90d。实验结束后,检测小鼠空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平和血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、瘦素(leptin,Lep)、抵抗素(resistin,Res)、游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids,FFA)等促炎因子水平及脂联素(adiponectin,ADP)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)等抗炎因子水平;采用q-RT-PCR法检测小鼠肝脏中TNF-α、IL-6、Lep、ADP mRNA表达及NF-κB通路中关键基因IKKβ、IκB-α、NF-κB mRNA表达。结果 Am-FUC可显著降低胰岛素抵抗小鼠空腹血糖和空腹胰岛素水平;显著降低血清中促炎因子分泌及TNF-α、IL-6、Lep mRNA表达,提高抗炎因子分泌及ADP mRNA表达;显著下调NF-κB通路中关键基因NF-κB、IKKβ mRNA表达,上调IκB-α mRNA表达。结论 Am-FUC具有抑制慢性低度炎症反应作用,其作用机制与下调NF-κB信号转导通路有关。     

槐定碱抑制内毒素血症小鼠肾组织NF-κB通路活化的研究

为研究槐定碱干预对内毒素血症小鼠肾组织NF-κB通路的影响,以细菌脂多糖(LPS)引起的内毒素血症肾损伤小鼠为实验对象,槐定碱(12、6及3 mg·kg-1,ip)干预,RT-PCR检测肾组织IKKβ与TNF-α的mRNA表达,免疫组化检测磷酸化IKKβ蛋白(pIKKβ)表达,Western blotting与免疫荧光激光共聚焦显微镜观察肾组织NF-κB的表达与分布,放射免疫法检测血清中TNF-α的水平。结果显示,槐定碱(12、6及3 mg·kg-1)干预降低了内毒素血症小鼠肾组织IKKβmRNA及pIKKβ表达,抑制NF-κB P65蛋白表达并减少NF-κB P65蛋白入核率,从而使肾组织TNF-αmRNA表达及血清TNF-α含量减少。结果提示,槐定碱可抑制LPS引起的炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路活化有关。     

毛磊,王静凤,陈鹏,张昕,王一名,常耀光,薛长湖*

目的 研究梅花参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(Fucoidan from Thelenota ananas,Ta-FUC)对高脂高果糖诱导的胰岛素抵抗模型小鼠慢性炎症的改善作用及相关信号通路。 方法 采用高脂高果糖饲喂C57BL/6小鼠,建立胰岛素抵抗模型。雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为6组：正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(RSG,1 mg/(kg.d))、Ta-FUC低剂量组(20 mg/(kg.d))和Ta-FUC高剂量组(80 mg/(kg.d))。连续饲喂13 wk后,检测各组小鼠血糖、胰岛素和炎症因子水平以及炎症信号通路NF-κB中关键基因mRNA的表达。 结果 Ta-FUC能显著降低小鼠体脂比,显著降低空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素水平,提高葡萄糖和胰岛素耐受水平。显著降低血清促炎因子FFA、TNF-α、IL-6、抵抗素、瘦素和CRP含量,显著提高血清抗炎因子IL-10和脂联素含量。显著下调NF-κB信号通路关键基因Ikkβ和NF-κB mRNA的表达量,上调NF-κB抑制物I-κBα mRNA的表达量。结论 梅花参岩藻聚糖硫酸酯通过抑制炎症信号通路NF-κB,显著改善胰岛素抵抗模型小鼠的慢性炎症。     

己酮可可碱联合骨髓间充质干细胞对高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞炎症因子及NF-κB信号通路的影响

目的 探讨己酮可可碱（Pentoxifylline,PTX）是否促进骨髓间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）对高糖作用下肾小球系膜细胞炎症因子及NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法 体外高糖培养小鼠肾小球系膜细胞,分为6组：对照组;模型组组;MSCs组;MSCs+ PTX 0.1 mM组;MSCs+ PTX 0.3 mM组和MSCs+ PTX 1 mM组。采用ELISA检测各组系膜细胞IL-6和TNF-α含量,采用Western blot检测各组系膜细胞中NF-?B p65,IKKα及IKKβ蛋白的表达。结果 与对照组相比,模型组系膜细胞的IL-6和TNF-α含量显著增高（P<0.01）,NF-?B p65、IKKα及IKKβ蛋白相对表达量显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与模型组相比,MSCs组及不同浓度PTX干预的系膜细胞分泌的IL-6及TNF-α含量出现明显降低（P<0.01）,NF-?B p65、IKKα及IKKβ蛋白表达量显著降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与MSCs组比较,MSCs+PTX 0.1 mM组、MSCs+ PTX 0.3 mM组及MSCs+PTX 1 mM组的IL-6和TNF-α含量显著下降（P<0.05或P<0.01）,NF-?B p65、IKKα和IKKβ的蛋白相对表达量明显降低（P<0.05或P<0.01）,且呈现PTX浓度依赖性。结论 不同浓度的PTX可通过抑制NF-?B信号通路的激活以及介导炎症反应促进MSCs对DN的治疗作用,且呈浓度依赖性。     

海洋共生菌中脑苷脂对RAW264.7细胞的抗炎作用研究

海洋微生物因具有生长迅速、代谢可调控、菌种易选育、可持续利用等特点成为寻找药理活性物质的新源泉。使用从海洋共附生菌中提取的脑苷脂,采用CCK8法检测其对小鼠单核巨噬细胞（RAW264.7）细胞的毒性,建立RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,检测脑苷脂对炎症因子IL-6和IL-1β的含量变化,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、MCP-1、MIP-2和INOS mRNA表达量。通过Western Blot技术检测炎症相关信号通路p-ERK1/2、MyD88、NF-κB、NLRP3、p62、p-IKB和p-JNK蛋白的表达量。研究结果显示,脑苷脂可以降低IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、MCP-1、MIP-2和INOS炎症因子的含量和mRNA表达量,抑制p-ERK1/2、MyD88、NF-κB、NLRP3、p-IKB和p-JNK蛋白的表达量。这些结果表明,脑苷脂可以通过抑制MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK/NLRP3信号通路实现对脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞的抗炎作用。这为脑苷脂类化合物用于治疗炎症相关疾病提供数据参考,为开发新型海洋药物奠定基础。     

丹参酮II-A通过调控TLR4/IκBα/NFκB信号通路抑制LPS诱导的细胞炎症

目的建立脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠单核巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)炎症模型,探究丹参酮II-A(Tan IIA)的抗炎活性及其机制。方法CCK-8法测定Tan IIA对细胞活力的影响;迁移小室测定Tan IIA对LPS诱导细胞迁移能力作用;ELISA法测定细胞上清液中小鼠肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factoralpha,TNF-α)、白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、IL^-1β、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein,MCP-1)的含量;Western blot法检测基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP-2)、MMP-9、Toll样受体-4(TLR4)、IκB-α、p-IκB-α、NFκB和p-NFκB蛋白的表达。结果Tan IIA对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞培养液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β和MCP-1的分泌有明显的抑制作用;明显下调MMP-2、MMP-9、TLR4、p-IκB-α和p-NFκB的蛋白的表达,抑制IκB-α磷酸化和NFκB的入核和活化。结论Tan IIA可通过抑制MMP-2和MMP-9的表达以及TLR4/κB-α/NF-κB信号通路,调控TNF-α、IL-6、IL^-1β等炎症因子的释放而发挥抗炎活性。     

双氢青蒿素通过抑制炎症反应在血管重塑中的作用机制研究

目的 探究双氢青蒿素通过抑制炎症反应对血管重塑的抑制作用。方法 采用贴块法培养小鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells，VSMCs)，以TNF-α诱导建立体外平滑肌细胞增殖模型，通过手术剥夺动脉方式建立小鼠股动脉损伤模型，并采用双氢青蒿素干预细胞及股动脉损伤小鼠。采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖；H&E染色评价股动脉组织病理变化情况并测量中膜厚度；ELISA法检测细胞中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、CCR8及小鼠股动脉组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、TGF-β1的含量；免疫组织化学法检测股动脉组织NF-κB p65、CCR8表达；qRT-PCR分析细胞及股动脉组织中IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、CCR8、NF-κB p65、TGF-β1、MCP-1 mRNA表达；Western blotting分析细胞及股动脉组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-8、p-NF-κB p65、NF-κB p65、CCR8、TGF-β1、MCP-1蛋白表达。结果 在TNF-α诱导的VSMCs增殖及股动脉损伤小鼠模型中，VSMCs增殖及TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高，IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8 mRNA表达明显升高，IL-6、CCR8、NF-κB p65蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)；双氢青蒿素可明显降低TNF-α诱导的VSMCs中IL-1β、IL-8 mRNA及股动脉损伤小鼠IL-1β mRNA表达和IL-1β、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 双氢青蒿素能降低血管炎症，延缓损伤血管的重塑，表明其为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(如支架植入)的潜在治疗药物。     

山奈酚通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的脂肪组织炎症改善db/db小鼠胰岛素抵抗发生

目的：探讨山奈酚能否通过调控肥胖小鼠脂肪组织炎症改善胰岛素抵抗发生并研究作用机制。方法：db/m小鼠作为对照组,db/db雄性小鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组(0.15 g·kg^-1·d^-1)和山奈酚组(50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)。连续灌胃给药6周,每周记录小鼠体重,6周后进行葡萄糖耐量试验、胰岛素耐量试验、皮下和附睾白色脂肪组织质量测定;HE染色观察脂肪组织形态学变化,免疫组化法观察巨噬细胞向脂肪组织的浸润程度及巨噬细胞标志物F4/80的表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测TNF-α和IL-18以及Arg-1和IL-10的mRNA表达,蛋白质免疫印迹试验检测NLRP3、pro-caspase1、cle-caspase1和IL-1β表达。结果：与模型组相比,山奈酚能够显著抑制db/db小鼠脂肪质量增加,抑制脂肪细胞肥大。山奈酚组小鼠脂肪组织巨噬细胞浸润减少,TNF-α和IL-18 mRNA表达减少,Arg-1和IL-10 mRNA表达增加;山奈酚治疗能够抑制小鼠附睾脂肪组织NLRP3、caspase1以及...     

PDTC抑制吗啡诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞炎症因子合成增多

目的 利用吗啡刺激小鼠小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞,研究NF-κB抑制剂PDTC对吗啡诱导的炎症因子表达的作用.方法 应用实时定量PCR检测 BV-2细胞炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达.结果 吗啡处理BV-2细胞,可以导致IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA水平显著升高,而PDTC可显著抑制吗啡诱导的炎症因子mRNA水平的升高（P＜ 0.05）,同时PDTC对基础状态下BV-2细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达无显著性影响（P＞ 0.05）.结论 PDTC显著抑制吗啡诱导的小胶质细胞活化,利用安全有效的药物来抑制NF-κB可能成为提升吗啡镇痛作用的新策略.     

DATS通过NF-κB抑制LPS诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞促炎细胞因子表达

目的探讨二烯丙基三硫(DATS)抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白介素-1β表达的信号转导机制。方法体外培养MH-S细胞,用DATS和(或)LPS进行干预。反转录PCR检测细胞中TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表达,电泳迁移率改变分析(EMSA)检测细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性,Western blot检测细胞磷酸化(p-IκB)及非磷酸化IκB的表达。结果LPS刺激MH-S细胞可导致TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA、p-IκB表达增加及NF-κB活性升高。用DATS(0.1、0.5、2.5、5.0mg.L-1)预处理细胞30min后再给予LPS刺激,可使TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表达降低,并呈剂量依赖性;升高的NF-κB活性及p-IκB表达均显不同程度的抑制。单独DATS对TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表达及NF-κB活性无影响。结论DATS可通过抑制IκB磷酸化及NF-κB活化,进而下调LPS诱导小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表达。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.