小儿至宝丸中朱砂和雄黄的含量测定

摘 要 目的： 建立小儿至宝丸中朱砂和雄黄的含量测定方法。方法: 分别采用原子吸收分光光度法（AAS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定小儿至宝丸朱砂中的汞和雄黄中的砷含量。结果: AAS法测定的汞的线性范围为5～100 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,砷的线性范围为2～50 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）,汞的平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为3.0%（n=6）,砷的平均回收率为104.5%,RSD为2.1%（n=6）;ICP AES法测定的汞的线性范围为0.1～20.0 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 97）,砷的线性范围为0.1～20.0 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 99）,汞的平均回收率为96.6%,RSD为1.4%（n=6）,砷的平均回收率为104.1%,RSD为1.1%（n=6）。结论:本文建立的方法准确、专属性强,可用于控制小儿至宝丸中毒性成分的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种主要成分[(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯]的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent TC C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为0.9 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为245 nm[检测(R,S) 告依春]、270 nm（检测丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA）、348 nm（检测木犀草苷）、278 nm（检测对羟基苯乙酮和滨蒿内酯）,柱温为25℃,进样量为10 μl。 结果:(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯的线性范围分别为1.99～49.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 9)、18.66～466.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 4)、2.25～56.25 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8) 、2.62～65.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8)、2.48～62.00 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 2) 和2.55～63.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为98.42%、99.56%、97.96%、96.84%、98.10%和97.82%,RSD分别为0.83%、1.04%、1.53%、0.78%、1.44%和1.34%(n=6) 。 结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可为肝炎康复丸多指标定量质量评价提供依据。     

HPLC法同时测定泻肝安神丸中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷、黄芩苷的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定泻肝安神丸中龙胆苦苷、栀子苷、黄芩苷的含量。方法: 采用Phenomenex Luna C18(2)柱（250 mm×4.60 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇－0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 龙胆苦苷在10.55~168.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.68％,RSD为1.2％（n=6）;栀子苷在29.85~477.60 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为98.76％,RSD为1.1％（n=6）;黄芩苷在43.05~688.80 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为98.36％,RSD为1.4％（n=6）。结论:该方法简单、准确,可同时测定3种成分的含量,可用于泻肝安神丸的质量控制。     

双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中3种指标性成分含量

摘 要 目的：建立双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中绿原酸、咖啡酸、芍药苷3种指标性成分含量的方法。方法: 采用Inertsil C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,柱温40℃,以乙腈-0.02%磷酸水溶液（17∶83）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为323 nm、230 nm。结果:绿原酸、咖啡酸和芍药苷分别在7.50~120.00 μg·mL^-1,2.50~40.00 μg·mL^-1,14.06~225.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 9,0.999 8,0.999 7;平均加样回收率分别为98.55%,94.52%,99.18%,RSD分别为1.66%,0.98%,0.65%（n=6）。结论:该方法简便快捷、结果准确、专属性强,可用于复方肤清洗剂的质量分析与控制。     

HPLC法同时测定云南红大戟中三种蒽醌类化合物的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定红大戟药材中芦西定、5 羟基巴戟醌与红大戟素的含量。方法: 采用 Waters Xbridge C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.05%磷酸为流动相A,以乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为30℃。 结果: 芦西定、5 羟基巴戟醌、红大戟素的线性范围分别为0.147～29.400 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)、0.126～25.200 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 9)、0.135～27.000μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率分别为98.50%（RSD=1.20%）、98.72%（RSD=0.73%）、101.10%（RSD=1.12%）(n=6)。结论:本文建立的方法经方法学验证可用于评价红大戟药材质量。     

HPLC法同时测定祛喘胶囊中木兰脂素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立祛喘胶囊中对木兰脂素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的HPLC测定方法。方法: 采用日本资生堂CAPCELL PAK C₁₈ 色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长在0～25 min为278 nm,25～70 min为248 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 木兰脂素在6.126～55.134 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为101.5%,RSD为1.4%;欧前胡素在9.862～88.758 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.6%,RSD为1.2%;异欧前胡素在4.830～43.470μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为1.7%。结论:本法操作简便、结果准确,可用于祛喘胶囊的质量控制。     

SPE-HPLC法测定三层共挤输液袋中抗氧剂在氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中的迁移量

摘 要 目的：建立固相萃取 高效液相色谱（SPE HPLC）测定三层共挤输液用袋中抗氧剂在氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中的迁移量的方法。方法: 采用固相萃取 高效液相色谱法(SPE HPLC),先将抗氧剂富集在HLB(hydrophilic l;pophilicbalance)固相萃取小柱上,洗脱后,在Waters Symmetry shield RP C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱上分离,以甲醇和水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为276 nm,柱温为35℃,进样量为20 μl。结果: 抗氧剂1010、1076、168的在4.95～98.98 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）、4.92～98.41 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）及5.00～99.96 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）浓度范围内具有良好线性关系。检出限分别为0.003、0.005和0.006 μg·mL^-1。平均回收率分别为94.7%、91.2%和92.0%,RSD分别为4.3%、3.7%和4.9%（n=9）。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于该药与包装的相容性评价。     

顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的含量

摘 要 目的：采用顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中的环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法: 色谱柱：DB WAXETRR毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;载气：氮气;FID检测器;进样口温度：200℃;采用程序升温：初始温度为35℃,保持10 min,以20℃·min^-1升温至220℃,保持5 min。结果: 环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷分别在77.590 1~698.310 9 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,102.166 6~919.499 4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,62.744 7~564.703 2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,12.011 2~108.101 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,1.262 8~11.365 6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好。5种残留溶剂的平均回收率分别为103.9%,103.5%,104.9%,107.1%,103.4%,RSD值分别为2.3%、2.6%、3.1%、2.8%、4.5%（n=9）。富马酸卢帕他定原料中均未检出此5种残留溶剂。结论:本方法稳定、简便、准确,灵敏度高,适用于富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量

摘 要 目的：建立顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法: 采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱为DB 624毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm）,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min^-1,进样口温度为190 ℃,FID检测器温度为230 ℃,采用程序升温：初始温度为35 ℃,保持8 min,以28 ℃·min^-1升温至170 ℃,保持8 min,再以32 ℃·min^-1升温至200 ℃,保持7 min。顶空瓶平衡温度为100 ℃,时间30 min。结果: 乙醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、正丁醇分别在0.68~409.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.67~404.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、1.71~51.31 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.72~431.12 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.0%（RSD=0.41%,n=9）、100.2%（RSD=0.52%,n=9）、97.1%（RSD=1.75%,n=9）、102.5%（RSD=1.08%,n=9）。结论:该方法简便、准确性好,适用于盐酸厄洛替尼中4种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中7种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量。方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇（A） 0.05%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~15 min：在238 nm波长下检测栀子苷和甘草苷;15~50 min：在254 nm波长下检测芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),进样量为10 μl。结果: 栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.13～3.18 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.19～4.84 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.28～7.02 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.13～3.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.61～15.27 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.32～8.03 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.39～9.81 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.84%（RSD=0.74%）、99.34%（RSD=0.86%）、99.54%（RSD=0.30%）、99.56%（RSD=0.80%）、99.85%（RSD=0.41%）、99.57%（RSD=0.70%）、99.64%（RSD=0.30%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC含量测定方法,具有操作简便、专属性高、重复性良好、结果准确可靠的特点,可用于茵栀祛黄胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.