Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide, 11‐deoxycortisol and other lipid formulae for the visualization of vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture in animal models

Purpose: The efficacy and toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide and other lipid formulae – calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11‐deoxycortisol –in the visualization of the prolapsed vitreous body in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture were investigated in animal models. Methods: In porcine eyes, a suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was injected into the anterior chamber after intentionally creating posterior capsule rupture. Following gentle irrigation and aspiration, the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber was removed using an anterior vitrectomy cutter. In phakic rabbit eyes, the side‐effects of the reagents were assessed for biomicroscopic appearance, intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal histology. Results: The suspension of calcium palmitate, cholesterol, triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was effective in the visualization of the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. When cholesterol and calcium palmitate were injected into the anterior chamber, they remained there; this induced a significant increase in IOP and corneal oedema. In contrast, most of the triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol that was injected into the anterior chamber had disappeared a day after the injection without affecting IOP or corneal endothelial density. When injected into the intravitreous cavity, triamcinolone led to a significant increase in IOP 2 and 4 weeks after the injection. However, calcium palmitate, cholesterol and 11‐deoxycortisol injected into the vitreous cavity had no effect on IOP at 4 weeks. Conclusion: The suspension of triamcinolone acetonide and 11‐deoxycortisol was effective in visualizing the vitreous body prolapsed in the anterior chamber after posterior capsule rupture. However, the amount of the reagent must be kept to a minimum to prevent the potential risk of ocular toxicities and postoperative late‐onset ocular hypertension.     

Triamcinolone-assisted Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Retinal Disease

Purpose:To determine whether triamcinolone acetonide(TA)staining facilitates posterior hyaloid removal in patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for retinal disease. Methods: A triamcinolone acetonide(TA)-assisted vitrectomy was performed on patients with the following disease: proliferative diabetic retionpathy(5eyes) , central retinal vein occlusion(5eyes) , macuar hole (3eyes) , and epiretinal membrane(2eyes). Eyes without apparent preoperative posterior vitreous detachment were enrolled in this study. After a core PPV, TA aqueous suspension (40 mg/ml) was injected into the mid vitreous cavity to visualize the posterior hyaloid, thus allowing a complete posterior hyaloid separation and removal. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), tamponade, corneal pathology, after-cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, and necessity for reoperation were thereafter examined for at least 3 months after surgery. Results: In all patients, the vitreous body was clearly seen by means of triamcinolone during surgery, and complete removal of posterior hyaloid was facilitated and confirmed. Retina was attached in 14 of 15 eyes, and vision acuity was improved in 9 of 15 eyes. Two eyes showed transient postoperative IOP elevation, 2 eyes had after cataract formation and leye had cataract progression. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 1 eye. No eye had corneal pathology. Conclusion: Triamcinolone improved the visibility of the hyaloid and the safety of surgical procedures during PPV. No obvious adverse effect due to toxicity of TA accrued in TA-assisted PPV. Eye Science 2005;21:142-146.     

后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德后玻璃体腔内药物质量浓度的测定

目的探讨后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德（TA）后玻璃体腔内的药物质量浓度及代谢情况。方法32只健康成年有色家兔,右眼为实验眼,给予后Tenon囊下注射TA20mg（0.1mL）;左眼为对照眼,给予后Tenon囊下注射生理盐水0.1mL,依据注射后不同时间点分为第1、3、7天,2、3、4、6、8周8个亚组,于注药前及注药后各时间点行裂隙灯检查、眼压测量并处死1组家兔,取玻璃体样本,用高效液相色谱法测定药物质量浓度并行药物代谢动力学分析。结果所有家兔未见手术及药物所致的并发症。玻璃体腔内药物质量浓度于第2周达到最高,为（1.91±0.13）μg/mL,以后逐渐下降。结论后Tenon囊下注射TA,在玻璃体腔内可达到并维持一定的药物质量浓度。     

兰尼单抗和曲安奈德玻璃体内注射后眼压的即时升高

目的:前瞻性评估玻璃体腔内注射兰尼单抗、2和4mg曲安奈德(TA)后眼压(IOP)的即时变化。方法:接受玻璃体腔内注射0.1mL(4mg)曲安奈德(T4组),0.05mL(2mg)TA(T2组)和0.05mL(0.5mg)兰尼单抗(R组)的患者组成研究群体。总体而言,205例229眼接受注射。T4组54眼(23.6%),T2组69眼(30.1%),及R组106眼(46.3%)。如果注射后即时眼压<26mmHg就不行进一步的测量。如果眼压≥26mmHg,就在5,15和30min后重新测量眼压,直到读数<26mmHg。结果:注射后即时眼压,T4组28眼(51.9%),T2组22眼(31.9%)和R组51眼(48.1%)超过25mmHg。到30min时,T4组1眼(1.9%),T2组2眼(2.9%)和R组2眼(1.9%),眼压超过25mmHg。T4组和R组注射后即时眼压显著高于T2组(P<0.01和P<0.01)。各组中无玻璃体回流眼的眼压显著高于有玻璃体回流眼(P<0.01)。结论:玻璃体腔内注射2或4mg曲安奈德和0.5mg的兰尼单抗后眼压可能会立即显著提高。无玻璃体回流是注射后眼压即时上升的最重要的预测因素。     

TA玻璃体腔注射结合玻璃体切割术治疗PDR

目的:探讨曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide,TA)玻璃体腔注射联合玻璃体切割术治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的优点和并发症。方法:对36例48眼具有玻璃体积血的PDR眼,术前5～7d玻璃体腔内注入TA0.1mL(40g/L)后行玻璃体切割术,术中玻璃体腔内注入TA0.3～0.5mL以帮助辨认玻璃体后皮质。结果:炎症反应程度:有4眼(8%)术后瞳孔区可见少量渗出膜,术后5～7d渗出吸收;15眼(31%)房水闪辉,术后3～5d,房水闪辉消失。所有病例都没有发现手术后感染。视力改善情况:39眼(81%)视力较手术前有不同程度提高(大于2行),7眼(15%)手术后视力较术前没有改善。眼压变化:玻璃体腔注入TA前后平均眼压比较其差异没有显著性;手术后1wk内监测平均眼压比术前高,其差异有显著性。手术后第3mo和术前相比,其差异没有显著性。结论:TA玻璃体腔注射联合玻璃体切割在治疗PDR中有较好的效果,临床上没有严重的并发症。     

Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide following vitrectomy for macular edema

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) response after intravitreal injections of different doses of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) upon completion of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive, comparative, interventional case series. Twenty-seven eyes of 25 consecutive patients with macular edema associated with diabetic retinopathy (n=18) or retinal vein occlusion (n=9), who underwent PPV for the treatment of macular edema between January 2003 and December 2003, were included. Upon completion of vitrectomy, different doses of TA were injected into the vitreous cavity: 14 eyes with 5 mg of TA (group 1) and 13 eyes with 10 mg of TA (group 2). The main outcome measure was IOP. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for at least 12 months. Preoperative IOP was 12.6+/-2.6 mm Hg (mean+/-standard deviation) in group 1 and 13.2+/-2.1 mm Hg in group 2. Postoperatively, IOP increased to a mean maximum of 20.6+/-5.5 mm Hg in group 1 and 31.5+/-3.5 mm Hg in group 2 (P<0.01 for both groups). The difference between groups was also significant (P<0.05). Five of 14 eyes (36%) in group 1 and 10 of 13 eyes (77%) in group 2 had an elevation of IOP exceeding 21 mm Hg (P=0.03). The median interval from surgery to reach maximal IOP was 7 days in both groups. The significant IOP elevation lasted for 3 months in group 1 and 6 months in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: After injecting of TA into the vitreous cavity upon completion of PPV for macular edema, a dose-dependent IOP elevation was observed, starting from early postoperative days and returning to normal values after several months. These results show that intravitreal TA injection in the vitrectomized eyes might have different IOP changes from in the nonvitrectomized eyes.     

曲安奈德辅助玻璃体后皮质可视化在玻璃体切割术中的应用

目的探讨曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide,TA)注射液在玻璃体手术中辅助剥除玻璃体皮质的作用。方法对108例(126眼)患者行玻璃体切割术,术中切除中央部玻璃体后,向玻璃体内注入0.5mL TA混悬液,对后极部视网膜表面可能残存的玻璃体进行标识,将黏附TA颗粒的视网膜皮质切除。结果 TA辅助玻璃体切割术中残余玻璃体清晰可见,TA乳白色颗粒黏附于视网膜表面的残留玻璃体皮质的部位及范围,更易于辨认及剥除。治疗后平均视力0.2931±0.1231,高于术前0.1423±0.0485。结论 TA在玻璃体切割术中的应用有助于辨别残留的玻璃体皮质,提高了手术的安全性,缩短了手术时间。     

Safety and pharmokinetics of triamcinolone hexacetonide in rabbit eyes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether intravitreal triamcinolone hexacetonide (TH) is a safe, longer lasting alternative to intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in the rabbit eye. METHODS: Three groups, each comprising of 15 Dutch-belted rabbits, received a unilateral injection of 0.1 mL of drug and 0.1 mL of physiologic salt solution in the fellow eye. Group I received TA, group II received commercially available TH, and group III received reformulated iso-osmolar triamcinolone hexacetonide (rTH). Simultaneous bilateral dark-adapted electroretinography was performed following the injection. Retinal morphology was assessed by using histopathology in each group enucleated 12 weeks after injection. High-performance liquid chromatography of vitreous isolated from the enucleated eyes was used to determine drug concentrations. RESULTS: A significant reduction in saturated a-wave and maximal scotopic b-wave was observed in the group II eyes relative to the fellow control eyes at both 2 and 12 weeks postinjection (P < 0.001 for each comparison) but not in the other groups. Histopathology showed no differences between drug-injected eyes and fellow control eyes in groups I and III, but in group II there was severe degeneration of all retina layers. In group I, the drug half-life was 17.7 +/- 1.7 days, group II 44 +/- 13 days, and group III 12.8 +/- 2.3 days. CONCLUSIONS: The half-life of commercially available TH in the vitreous is double that of TA, but the former is toxic to the retina in this rabbit model. Reformulated iso-osmolar TH showed no evidence of deleterious effects to retina function or structure but had a similar half-life to TA.     

玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量曲安奈德治疗白内障术后黄斑囊样水肿

目的：探讨玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量曲安奈德(TA)治疗白内障术后黄斑囊样水肿(PCME)的疗效。

方法：回顾性分析。选取2015-01/2018-12于我院就诊的典型PCME 患者12例12眼行玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量TA。通过0.22μm的滤膜将TA 混悬液置换成眼内灌注液,取置换后的TA溶液2mg/0.05mL注射。观察注药后2wk,1、3、6mo的最佳矫正视力、黄斑中央厚度、眼压、局部和全身并发症。

结果：与注射前比较,所有患者注药后视力均显著提高; 黄斑中央厚度显著减低(P<0.05), 而眼压无明显升高(P>0.05),所有患者均未观察到眼部及全身并发症。

结论：玻璃体腔注射改良低剂量TA治疗PCME安全、有效,克服了以往导致眼压升高的副作用,价格低廉,能够使患者受益。但尚需大宗病例的临床随机对照研究和长期疗效的随访观察。     

Suppression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization by posterior sub-tenon administration of triamcinolone acetonide

PURPOSE: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by posterior sub-Tenon administration using a laser-induced CNV model in the rat. METHODS: Experimental CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in Brown-Norway male rats. Experimental eyes received posterior sub-Tenon administration of either 2 mg (n = 10) or 0.5 mg (n = 8) of TA. Control eyes (n = 10) received posterior sub-Tenon administration of isotonic sodium chloride solution. Two weeks after treatment, CNV was evaluated by fluorescein angiography and histopathological examination. Concentrations of TA in the vitreous, retina, and choroid were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at 3 and 7 days after posterior sub-Tenon administration. RESULTS: The eyes treated with 2 mg of TA showed statistically significant inhibition of fluorescein leakage by fluorescein angiography, as compared with control eyes and eyes treated with 0.5 mg of TA (P < 0.01). The thickness of CNV membranes in eyes treated with 2 mg of TA also decreased statistically significantly, as compared with control eyes (P < 0.01). TA was detected in the vitreous, retina, and choroid 3 days after administration and in the choroid 7 days after administration. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior sub-Tenon administration of TA may be useful to treat CNV.     

Immediate intraocular pressure rise after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab and two doses of triamcinolone acetonide

AIM: To evaluate prospectively immediate intraocular pressure (IOP) changes after the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, 2 and 4mg triamcinolone acetonide. METHODS: Patients who underwent intravitreal injection of 0.1mL (4mg) triamcinolone acetonide (TA, Group T4), 0.05mL (2mg) TA (Group T2) and 0.05mL (0.5mg) ranibizumab (Group R) comprised the study population. Overall, 229 eyes of 205 patients were injected. Fifty-four eyes (23.6%) were in Group T4, 69 eyes (30.1%) in Group T2 and 106 eyes (46.3%) in Group R. If IOP was less than 26mmHg immediately after the injection no further measurement was performed. If IOP was ≥26mmHg, IOP was remeasured till the reading was below 26mmHg at 5, 15 and 30 minutes. RESULTS: Immediately after the injection, the IOP of 28 eyes (51.9%) in Group T4, 22 eyes (31.9%) in Group T2 and 51 eyes (48.1%) in Group R were over 25mmHg. At 30 minutes, IOP of one eye (1.9%) in group T4, two eyes (2.9%) in group T2 and two eyes (1.9 %) in Group R were over 25mmHg. Immediate post-injection IOP was significantly higher in Group T4 and Group R when compared to Group T2 (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). IOP was significantly higher in eyes without vitreous reflux when compared to those with vitreous reflux in all groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: IOP may remarkably increase immediately after the intravitreal injection of 2 or 4mg triamcinolone acetonide, and 0.5mg ranibizumab. Absence of vitreous reflux is the most important predicting factor for immediate IOP rise after the injection.     

Complications of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide

BACKGROUND: Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide appears to be a promising treatment for a variety of proliferative, edematous, neovascular and inflammatory ocular disorders. Reported complications include intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, cataract formation, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage and endophthalmitis. The purpose of this investigation was to report the complications of intravitreal triamcinolone injection that may be attributable to the injection procedure or to the corticosteroid suspension. METHODS: A total of 212 eyes of 180 patients who underwent intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for various indications were enrolled. All patients received 8 mg/0.2 mL of triamcinolone. A total of 270 injections were performed by the same surgeon under topical anesthesia. The patients were followed for a mean of 9.2 months. Complications related to the injection procedure and to the corticosteroid were recorded. RESULTS: The most common complication encountered during follow-up was transient elevation of the IOP above 21 mm Hg (44 eyes [20.8%]). The average IOP rose by 28.5%, 38.2%, 16.7% and 4.2% from baseline at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months respectively. The mean IOP values at 1, 3 and 6 months were statistically significantly higher than the mean preinjection value (p < 0.001). Fourteen eyes (6.6%) had cataract progression and underwent cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Endophthalmitis developed in one eye (0.5%); the patient underwent vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. Pseudoendophthalmitis occurred in one eye (0.5%), and pseudohypopyon was observed in two eyes (0.9%). INTERPRETATION: Intravitreal triamcinolone injection was effective in a variety of ocular disorders. Patients should be monitored closely given the potential for complications of the injection procedure or the corticosteroid suspension.     

Pars plana vitrectomy assisted by triamcinolone acetonide for refractory uveitis: a case series study

AIM: To examine the outcome of a triamcinolone acetonide (TA) assisted pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for refractory uveitis. METHODS: Six patients suffering from proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) with refractory uveitis underwent a TA assisted PPV. The patients consisted of one with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, one with acute retinal necrosis, one with Beh?et's disease, and three with sarcoidosis. TA was inoculated into the vitreous cavity to visualise the vitreous. In four of six patients, 4 mg of TA were intentionally left in the vitreous cavity to reduce the degree of postoperative inflammation. RESULTS: The vitreous body was clearly seen using TA during surgery, which greatly helped us to perform a posterior hyaloid resection safely and thoroughly. As we previously observed in other disease, TA allowed us to visualise the transparent vitreous and thus was helpful in removing the vitreous cortex from the retina completely in uveitis. One patient (Beh?et's disease, in whom TA was intentionally left) showed an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) transiently after surgery which was controllable by topical eye drops. The remaining TA diminished day by day and had almost completely disappeared within a month from operation. CONCLUSION: TA improved the visibility of the hyaloid and the safety of the surgical procedures and no serious complications were observed after TA assisted PPV in uveitis. Although the long term effects are still unknown, this method appears to be potentially useful as an improved treatment for PVR associated with refractory uveitis.     

Triamcinolone Intravitreal Injection and Intraocular Pressure in Macular Edema Associated with Retinal Vein Occlusion

 Purpose: To study the risk factors of increased intraocular pressure (IOP) response to triamcinolone acetonide intravitreal (IVTA) injection in eyes with macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. Methods: Eighty-nine eyes with macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion first received periocular injection of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and were followed for one month. According to the diversity of IOP after periocular TA (PTA) injection, they were divided into the elevation IOP group (group A, 26 eyes) and the normal IOP group (group B, 63 eyes). They then received 4 mg TA intravitreal injection. IOP measurements were recorded after PTA and IVTA injections, and were followed for six months. Results: Both PTA and IVTA injections caused a rise in IOP, but it was higher in the IVTA injection (40.45%) than in the PTA injection (29.21%). The mean rise in IOP was more significant in eyes with IVTA injection (28.08 ± 8.24 mmHg) than in eyes with PTA injection (20.87 ± 4.07 mmHg). Patients with an elevation IOP above 6 mmHg after PTA injection had a 73.08% chance of developing a pressure of 24 mmHg or higher, whereas only 12.70% of those with an elevation IOP below 6 mmHg after PTA injection experienced pressure elevation. Conclusion: IOP response to PTA injection is a good way to judge IOP response to IVTA. If the patient is highly sensitive to corticosteroid, treatments other than IVTA injection are used to avoid the increased risks associated with intravitreal corticosteroid injection.     

Pharmacokinetics and distributions of bevacizumab by intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-PLGA microspheres in rabbits

AIM:To investigate the pharmacokinetics and distributions of bevacizumab by intravitreal injection of prepared bevacizumab-poly (L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres in rabbits, to provide evidence for clinical application of this kind of bevacizumab sustained release dosage form.METHODS:Bevacizumab was encapsulated into PLGA microsphere via the solid-in-oil-in-hydrophilic oil (S/O/hO) method. Fifteen healthy New Zealand albino-rabbits were used in experiments. The eyes of each rabbit received an intravitreal injection. The left eyes were injected with prepared bevacizumab-PLGA microspheres and the right eyes were injected with bevacizumab solution. After intravitreal injection, rabbits were randomly selected at days 3, 7, 14, 28 and 42 respectively, three animals each day. Then we used immunofluorescence staining to observe the distribution and duration of bevacizumab in rabbit eye tissues, and used the sandwich ELISA to quantify the concentration of free bevacizumab from the rabbit aqueous humor and vitreous after intravitreal injection.RESULTS:The results show that the concentration of bevacizumab in vitreous and aqueous humor after administration of PLGA formulation was higher than that of bevacizumab solution. The T1/2 of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-PLGA microspheres is 9.6d in vitreous and 10.2d in aqueous humor, and the T1/2 of intravitreal injection of soluble bevacizumab is 3.91d in vitreous and 4.1d in aqueous humor. There were statistical significant difference for comparison the results of the bevacizumab in vitreous and aqueous humor between the left and right eyes (P<0.05). The AUC0-t of the sustained release dosage form was 1-fold higher than that of the soluble form. The relative bioavailability was raised significantly. The immunofluorescence staining of PLGA-encapsulated bevacizumab (b-PLGA) in rabbit eye tissues was still observed up to 42d. It was longer than that of the soluble form.CONCLUSION: The result of this study shows the beneficial effects of PLGA in prolonging the residency of bevacizumab in the vitreous. And the drug delivery system may have potential as a treatment modality for related disease.     

曲安奈德在外伤性白内障手术中的应用

目的 观察曲安奈德在外伤性白内障手术中的作用.方法 对32例32眼外伤性白内障行白内障摘出术.晶状体后囊完整的10例10眼行常规小切口白内障囊外摘出术,人工晶状体植入囊袋后向前房内注入曲安奈德;伴有后囊破裂玻璃体脱入前房的22例22眼行白内障摘出联合前段玻璃体切割术,术中前房内注入曲安奈德,完全清除前房内的玻璃体皮质.术后观察角膜情况、前房内炎症反应、眼压变化、黄斑水肿情况、视力预后等.结果 32例患者术后仅有2例因角膜破口较大且不规则而发生角膜水肿,3例患者发生后囊混浊.所有患者前房清亮,无炎症反应,无不可耐受的眼压升高,检眼镜下未见明显的黄斑水肿.结论 外伤性白内障术中使用曲安奈德,可以提高手术的可视性和安全性,抑制术后炎症反应,减少近期及远期并发症,视力预后较好.     

Frequency and risk factors for intraocular pressure elevation after posterior sub-Tenon capsule triamcinolone acetonide injection

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of posterior sub-Tenon capsule (PST) injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in the human eye. METHODS: The study included 115 patients who received PST injections of 40-mg TA to treat macular edema with diabetic retinopathy (n=57), branch retinal vein occlusion (n=35), central retinal vein occlusion (n=13), or other disorders (n=10). IOP measurements were performed on the day of injection, and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months later. RESULTS: In 26 (22.6%) of the 115 eyes, an IOP of 24 mm Hg or higher was observed during the 12-month follow-up period after PST TA injection. IOP elevation significantly correlated with young age, but not with past history of diabetes mellitus or systemic hypertension, sex, or type of retinal disease with macular edema. In total, 23 eyes were treated with antiglaucoma medications to control elevated IOP (24 mm Hg or higher). External trabeculotomy was performed in 1 case where medications failed to correct elevated IOP. CONCLUSIONS: PST TA injection is associated with high rates of steroid-induced IOP elevation in eyes with previously normal IOP. However, IOP elevation may be less common after PST injection than after intravitreal injection. Our findings indicate that IOP must be carefully monitored after PST TA injection.     

Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of vitreous incarceration subsequent to intravitreal injections

ObjectiveTo study the existence of vitreous incarceration by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) at the pars plana after direct intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide ± bevacizumab without anterior chamber paracentesis.DesignInterventional case series.ParticipantsPatients undergoing intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide with or without intravitreal bevacizumab.MethodsIn 21 eyes, the existence of vitreous incarceration at the pars plana site of intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL of drug was studied by UBM (50 MHz probe of the VUmax, Sonomed, NY), the day after surgery, by 1 technician. The reason for injection was diabetic retinopathy in 12 (57.1%) eyes; age-related macular degeneration in 6 (28.6%) eyes; branch retinal vein occlusion in 2 (9.5%) eyes; and choroiditis in 1 eye (4.8%). In 1 eye, only triamcinolone acetonide was injected, and in the other eyes, bevacizumab mixed with triamcinolone acetonide was injected.ResultsWe studied 21 eyes in 13 patients. Of the subjects, 61.5% were male. The mean age of the patients was 62.2 years. On the day after intravitreal injection of the drug, vitreous incarceration into the pars plana site was detected by UBM in 42.9% of the eyes.ConclusionVitreous incarceration exists after intravitreal injection of drug, but its clinical importance is still unknown. Further long-term prospective studies are recommended.     

曲安奈德在高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离手术中应用

目的:观察高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离手术中使用曲安奈德(triamcinolone acetonide,TA)的作用及效果。方法:2006-01/12,对高度近视眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离的15例患者,在行玻璃体切除手术中使用TA辅助玻璃体完全切除及视网膜前膜剥除。结果:手术后黄斑裂孔闭合视网膜全部复位,视力保留或有提高。结论:TA使清除残留玻璃体后皮质及视网膜前膜成为可能,提高了手术的成功率,同时也减轻了手术后的反应。     

Polylactic acid for visualizing the vitreous body during vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the possibility of using polylactic acid (PLA) as a surgical adjuvant for visualizing the vitreous body during vitrectomy. METHODS: After a core vitrectomy, 1 mL of PLA suspension was injected into the rabbit vitreous in two groups: group A, 2.5% PLA (n = 5), and group B, 1% PLA (n = 9). Vehicle injection instead of PLA was used as a control (group C, n = 5). The clinical signs and electroretinogram (ERG) were evaluated for 28 days, and histologic findings were evaluated on day 28. Next, intraocular pressure (IOP) after intracameral injection of a PLA suspension was evaluated in the rabbits (n = 6). Last, the visualization of the vitreous body by PLA suspension was evaluated during vitrectomy in monkey eyes (n = 4). RESULTS: The white granules of PLA disappeared from the vitreous cavity in 10 eyes within 3 weeks; however, a small amount of PLA remained in four eyes for 4 weeks. Mild inflammation of the anterior chamber was observed in one eye in group B and 1 eye in group C. No cataract or retinal hemorrhage was found in any eyes. The amplitude of ERG on each time point did not differ between the groups. IOP remained within normal range except for the initial spike. Retinal structure was well preserved histologically. During vitrectomy in monkey eyes, the vitreous body was well visualized, and the posterior vitreous separation was performed easily and safely. CONCLUSIONS: PLA can be a new surgical adjuvant to visualize the vitreous body during vitrectomy.