化积方胶囊抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:研究化积方胶囊体内外抗肿瘤活性方法:采用MTr法观察化积方对S180细胞生长抑制情况;鼠肝癌H22细胞株接种小鼠体内观察化积方对肿瘤抑制率和对小鼠的体质量抑制率;流式细胞仪定量检测其细胞周期和凋亡发生率的影响.结果:10,100,500 μg· ml-1化积方对小鼠S180肿瘤细胞的增殖抑制率(％)分别为23.44,40.35,48.79(P＜0.05),小鼠S180细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为(0.554±0.027)mg·ml-1;5,15,45 mg·kg-1·d-1化积方均对H22细胞产生了抑制作用,抑制作用(％)分别为26.94,48.34,68.27 (P＜ 0.05).10,100,500μg· ml-1的化积方给药组的细胞凋亡率分别为5.77％,12.03％和15.48％,均明显高于阴性对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:化积方胶囊具有抗肿瘤作用,这一作用可能与促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有密切联系.     

HMGB1对宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的影响及其作用机制

目的 观察HMGB1对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞生长及凋亡的影响并研究其可能的作用机制.方法 构建HMGB1高表达质粒和RNA干扰质粒,将HMGB1高表达质粒与RNA干扰质粒分别转染到HeLa细胞中,采用MTT实验、PI单染流式细胞术和Annexin V-PI双标法流式细胞术检测HeLa细胞的增殖活性、细胞周期和凋亡情况.采用RT-PCR和western blot法检测HMGB1基因沉默对Caspase-3、bcl-2 和细胞色素C表达的影响.结果 HMGB1高表达载体(pEGFP-N1-HMGB1)与阴性对照质粒分别转染到HeLa细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot结果显示HMGB1重组质粒转染HeLa后可明显增加HMGB1的mRNA 及蛋白表达(P＜0.05).HMGB1干扰病毒载体(HMGB1 SiRNA)与空白病毒载体分别转染到HeLa细胞中,RT-PCR和Western blot结果显示HMGB1 SiRNA转染HeLa后可明显抑制HMGB1的mRNA及蛋白表达(P＜0.05).MTT法检测HMGB1高表达及基因沉默后HeLa的细胞生长曲线,结果显示HMGB1高表达可明显提高HeLa的细胞生长速度(P＜0.05),HMGB1沉默后HeLa的细胞生长明显受到抑制(P＜0.05).PI 染色流式细胞仪结果显示:HMGB1过表达后,细胞正常增殖周期被加速(P＜0.05);HMGB1沉默后,细胞增殖周期被抑制(P＜0.05).Annexin V-PI双标法流式细胞仪结果显示,HMGB1过表达后,HeLa细胞凋亡率明显下降(P＜0.05);HMGB1沉默后,HeLa细胞凋亡率明显上升(P＜0.05).RT-PCR方法检测不同细胞组Caspase-3和bcl-2 mRNA的表达,结果显示:HMGB1基因沉默后,Caspase-3 mRNA的表达明显增加(P＜0.05),bcl-2 mRNA的表达明显减少(P＜0.05).Western blot结果显示:HMGB1 基因沉默后,细胞色素C和Caspase-3蛋白表达水平增加,bcl-2蛋白表达水平减少(P＜0.05).结论 HMGB1可提高HeLa细胞生长速度、增殖周期,抑制HeLa细胞凋亡.HMGB1基因沉默可抑制Hela细胞增殖,促进其凋亡.影响Caspase-3—细胞色素C途径及调节bcl-2的表达可能是其主要作用机制.     

苦参素对阿霉素肾病肾硬化大鼠细胞凋亡及Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

目的 探讨苦参素对阿霉素肾病肾硬化大鼠细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白Bax 和Bcl-2 表达的影响.方法 60只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组、氧化苦参碱50 mg·kg-1·d-1治疗组、氧化苦参碱100 mg·kg-1·d-1治疗组、模型组.分2次(间隔21 d)尾静脉注射阿霉素(每次2 mg/kg)构建肾病慢性病理进展模型.第2次注药后各干预组予以相应的药物进行灌胃,之后每8周每组杀鼠5只观察大鼠尿蛋白、血清指标、肾脏病理、肾组织细胞凋亡及Bax、Bcl-2蛋白的表达.动物实验时间27周.结果 各干预组比模型组尿蛋白排泄量明显减少,血肌酐和尿素氮水平下降,肾小球系膜增生、硬化程度及细胞凋亡明显减轻(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);肾小球内Bax蛋白沉积较模型组明显减少,Bcl-2蛋白的沉积较模型组明显增多(P＜0.01).结论 苦参素减轻阿霉素肾病鼠慢性肾脏损害的机理可能与其抑制肾脏细胞凋亡有关.     

马甲子提取物调控HCG18对宫颈癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

摘要：目的:探索马甲子提取物对宫颈癌细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其分子机制。方法:分别使用0,25,50,75μg·ml-1马甲子提取物处理宫颈癌细胞SiHa,噻唑蓝（MTT）检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测细胞周期蛋白D1（Cyclin D1）、P21、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2（Bcl-2）、Bcl-2相关X蛋白（Bax）表达,实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）检测长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）人类白细胞抗原复合体18（HCG18）表达。在细胞中转染si-HCG18,观察抑制HCG18对细胞SiHa增殖、凋亡的影响。在细胞中转染pc DNA 3.1-HCG18,并使用75μg·ml-1马甲子提取物进行处理,探讨过表达HCG18对马甲子提取物诱导的SiHa增殖、凋亡的影响。结果:与0μg·ml-1马甲子提取物组比较,25,50,75μg·ml-1马甲子提取物显著提高SiHa细胞的增殖抑制率、凋亡率、P21、Bax蛋白水平,显著减少Cyclin D1、Bcl-2蛋白表达量及HCG18表达量,且呈浓度依赖性（P<0.05）。抑制HCG18显著减少SiHa细胞HCG18表达量及Cyclin D1、Bcl-2蛋白表达量,显著提高P21、Bax蛋白水平、细胞增殖抑制率、凋亡率（P<0.05）。过表达HCG18能逆转马甲子提取物抑制细胞SiHa增殖、Cyclin D1、Bcl-2蛋白表达,以及促进细胞SiHa凋亡、P21、Bax蛋白表达的作用。结论:马甲子提取物通过调控lnc RNA HCG18表达抑制宫颈癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡。     

阿司匹林对体外培养人宫颈癌细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的 探讨阿司匹林诱导宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡及对凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和bax的作用.方法 培养人宫颈癌Hela细胞,加入不同浓度阿司匹林(1.0、5.0、10.0 mmol/L)干预培养.应用流式细胞技术检测Hela细胞凋亡和细胞周期的变化;用RT-PCR 检测细胞凋亡相关基因bcl-2及bax转录水平的改变;免疫组化法检测bcl-2及bax蛋白表达的变化.结果 与对照组相比,阿司匹林干预组Hela细胞凋亡率明显增高(P<0.05); 随着阿司匹林浓度增加,G0/G1期细胞比例下降,G2/M期细胞比例升高(P<0.05);阿司匹林干预培养后Hela细胞中bcl-2基因mRNA表达明显降低,而bax基因mRNA表达升高明显,较对照组均有统计学意义(P<0.05);阿司匹林作用48 h后,免疫组化法检测bcl-2蛋白表达下调及bax蛋白表达上调(P<0.05).结论 阿司匹林能诱导宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡,其机制与抑制bcl-2表达,上调bax表达有关.     

翠云草提取物调控miR-145对肝星状细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

摘要：目的:探讨翠云草提取物对肝星状细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及分子机制。方法:分别用12.5,25.0,50.0μg·ml-1翠云草提取物处理肝星状细胞HSC-T6,分别记为翠云草提取物低、中、高浓度组;未经任何处理的细胞作为对照组。将miR-145转染至HSC-T6细胞中,记为miR-145组;将miR-145转染至HSC-T6细胞后再用50.0μg·ml-1翠云草提取物处理,记为翠云草提取物+miR-145组。细胞计数试剂盒8（CCK-8）检测细胞活性;克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆形成数;蛋白质印迹（Western blot）法检测细胞增殖核抗原Ki67、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（caspase-3）蛋白表达;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测miR-145表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,翠云草提取物中、高浓度组肝星状细胞的吸光度（A）值、克隆形成数、Ki67表达水平显著降低,细胞凋亡率、caspase-3和miR-145表达水平显著升高,且呈浓度依赖性（P<0.05）。过表达miR-145可抑制肝星状细胞HSC-T6增殖,促进细胞凋亡,且miR-145增强了翠云草提取物对肝星状细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。结论:翠云草提取物可通过上调miR-145抑制肝星状细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡。     

漏芦乙醇提取物抑制E2F1的表达调控甲状腺癌细胞的生物行为

摘要：目的:研究漏芦乙醇提取物调控E2F1的表达对甲状腺癌细胞活性、凋亡、迁移、侵袭的影响。方法:采用50,100,150μg·ml-1浓度的漏芦提取物处理甲状腺癌细胞SW579,噻唑蓝（MTT）和细胞克隆实验检测细胞活性与克隆形成,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,Transwell小室法检测细胞迁移、侵袭,蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测P21、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3（caspase-3）、E-钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）、基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）、转录因子E2F1蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR（q PCR）检测E2F1 mRNA表达。在SW579细胞中转染pc DNA3.1-E2F1,并使用漏芦提取物处理,观察过表达E2F1对漏芦提取物作用的细胞活性、凋亡、迁移、侵袭的影响。结果:与对照组(0μg·ml-1)相比,50,100,150μg·ml-1的漏芦提取物明显减少细胞SW579的细胞存活率、克隆形成数、迁移细胞数、侵袭细胞数、MMP-2蛋白表达量、E2F1 mRNA、E2F1蛋白表达量,明显提高细胞SW579的凋亡率、P21、caspase-3、E-cadherin蛋白水平（P<0.01）,均呈浓度依赖性。过表达E2F1显著增加漏芦提取物作用的细胞SW579的E2F1表达量、细胞存活率、克隆形成数、迁移细胞数、侵袭细胞数、MMP-2蛋白表达量,明显降低细胞凋亡率、P21、caspase-3、E-cadherin蛋白水平（P<0.01）。结论:漏芦乙醇提取物通过下调E2F1的表达,抑制甲状腺癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

三七总皂苷对人胃癌SGC-7901细胞增殖、侵袭及凋亡的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷(Panax notoginseng,PNS)治疗胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)的潜在分子机制,为临床PNS治疗GC奠定理论基础。方法将培养的人胃癌SGC-7901细胞随机分为4组:对照组(C组,只加入生理盐水),低质量浓度组(L组,PNS:200μg·mL~(-1)),中质量浓度组(M组,PNS:50μg·mL~(-1))和高质量浓度组(H组,PNS:100μg·mL~(-1))。PNS给药24,48,72和96 h后,采用CCK-8法检测人胃癌SGC-7901细胞活力。使用流式细胞仪检测PNS对胃癌SGC-7901细胞周期的影响。在给PNS 48 h后,通过Hoechst-33342荧光染色探索胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡情况。通过Transwell试验,检测不同质量浓度PNS对SGC-7901细胞侵袭的影响。同时,利用蛋白免疫印迹实验检测PNS对胃癌SGC-7901细胞Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。结果 PNS能够抑制体外人胃癌SGC-7901细胞的增殖活力。给药24 h后,H组细胞活力明显低于C组(P<0.05);给药48和72 h后,3个实验组细胞活力均明显低于C组(P<0.05);给药48和72 h后,H组细胞活力均明显低于L组和M组;给药72 h后,M组细胞活力明显低于L组(P<0.05)。流式细胞仪结果显示,与C组比较,3个组G0/G1期细胞数量均明显增加,而S期细胞数量均明显减少(P<0.05);与L组比较,H组G0/G1期细胞数量均明显增加,而S期细胞数量均明显减少(P<0.05)。细胞凋亡实验结果表明,与C组比较,3个组细胞凋亡率均明显提高(P<0.05);与L组比较,M组、H组细胞凋亡率明显提高(P<0.05);与M组比较,H组细胞凋亡率明显提高(P<0.05)。Transwell侵袭实验结果显示,PNS能以质量浓度依赖方式抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞的侵袭。与C组比较,3个组细胞穿膜数量明显减少(P<0.05);与L组和M组比较,H组细胞穿膜数量明显减少(P<0.05)。蛋白免疫印迹实验结果显示,与C组比较,3个组Bax蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05);与L组比较,M组和H组Bax蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05);与M组比较,H组Bax蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05)。与C组比较,3个组Bcl-2蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05);与L组比较,M组和H组Bcl-2蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 PNS能抑制SGC-7901细胞的增殖和侵袭,促进其凋亡。     

阿司匹林下调lncRNA CCAT1增加肺癌细胞顺铂敏感性的研究

目的研究阿司匹林通过调控长链非编码RNA(lnc RNA)结肠癌相关转录因子1(CCAT1)对人非小细胞肺癌耐顺铂细胞A549(A549/DDP)的顺铂敏感性的影响。方法阿司匹林以不同浓度(1、3、6和9 mmol/L)作用于A549/DDP细胞,采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率;用流式细胞术和蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测阿司匹林处理A549/DDP细胞的凋亡率和凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测多种肺癌细胞中CCAT1的表达差异,并分析阿司匹林作用A549/DDP细胞后CCAT1的表达情况;运用双酶切法构建pcDNA3.1-CCAT1表达载体;流式细胞仪和Western blot分别检测阿司匹林作用于CCAT1过表达的A549/DDP细胞后,细胞的凋亡率和凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达。结果阿司匹林可明显抑制A549/DDP细胞增殖(P0.05),具有剂量依耐性;且可通过调节Bax等相关蛋白表达增强A549/DDP细胞凋亡效应(P0.05);A459/DDP细胞中CCAT1较非耐药细胞株明显高表达(P0.05);阿司匹林作用后,CCAT1表达明显下调(P0.05);成功构建了pcDNA3.1-CCAT1表达载体并成功转染;证实CCAT1过表达逆转阿司匹林对A549/DDP细胞敏感性的影响。结论阿司匹林通过下调lncRNA CCAT1的表达,提高A549/DDP细胞对顺铂的敏感性。     

塞来昔布对结肠癌HT-29细胞生长及骨桥蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察塞来昔布对结肠癌HT-29细胞的生长、凋亡和骨桥蛋白(OPN)表达的影响.方法 体外培养结肠癌HT-29细胞分为对照组和不同浓度塞来昔布干预组.MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制情况,流式细胞术分析细胞的凋亡,RT-PCR和免疫组化分析细胞中的OPN mRNA与OPN蛋白表达变化.结果 塞来昔布对HT-29细胞增殖有明显的时间与浓度依赖性抑制作用(P＜0.01).塞来昔布能诱导HT-29细胞凋亡,塞来昔布15、30和50μmol/L的细胞凋亡率分别为28.2％、32.8％和33.1％,均明显高于对照组的26.0％ (P＜0.05).药物干预组OPN mRNA及OPN蛋白表达明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 塞来昔布可能通过抑制OPN表达而抑制结肠癌HT-29细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.