罗库溴铵和阿曲库铵联合应用的肌松效应分析

目的探讨罗库溴铵和阿曲库铵联合应用时的肌松效应。方法择期全麻手术女性成年患者147例,丙泊酚和舒芬太尼静脉诱导,输注丙泊酚维持麻醉。面罩辅助或控制呼吸,用加速度仪以连续4次刺激(TOF)方式透皮刺激腕部尺神经,获取肌松药作用起效时间和T1最大抑制程度(Tmax)。按观测项目将患者均分成四组。结果阿曲溴铵ED95为(220.8±3.6)μg/kg,罗库溴铵ED95为(286.3±3.1)μg/kg。0.5×ED95的罗库溴铵与阿曲库铵联合使用,肌松效应达到T1抑制93%~97%时,阿曲库铵的剂量为63.6μg/kg。罗库溴铵0.5×ED95与阿曲库铵63.6μg/kg联合使用,Tmax为(95.3±0.9)%,变异系数1.0%。Ⅳ组中三个亚组的Tmax基本相同,合用组作用起效时间比阿曲库铵组快(P<0.01)。给予肌松药前和注药后5min内,MAP和HR的波动幅度均小于5%。结论罗库溴铵与阿曲库铵合用呈协同作用。当罗库溴铵剂量为0.5×ED95时,为获得T1抑制95%的肌松效应,阿曲库铵的合理用量为63.6μg/kg,比阿曲库铵的ED95减少71.2%。     

七氟烷对国产顺式阿曲库铵神经肌肉深度阻滞期的影响

目的观察七氟烷吸入麻醉与丙泊酚静脉麻醉两种不同麻醉维持方法下对国产顺式阿曲库铵神经肌肉深度阻滞期的影响。方法择期行全身麻醉下胆囊切除手术患者60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,麻醉诱导插管后随机分为S组(n=30)和V组(n=30),分别采用成七氟烷+瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。使用连续肌松监测仪连续测定左手拇内收肌的四个成串刺激(TOF)值,无反应期进行强直刺激后单次刺激肌颤搐计数(PTC);记录阻滞起效时间、深度阻滞维持时间、深阻滞恢复时间、25%TOF恢复时间、95%TOF恢复时间,计算出深-浅交界阻滞时间及总体内作用时间。结果两组深度阻滞期时间比较无统计学差异(P0.05),但S组深-浅交界阻滞时间及25%TOF恢复时间明显长于V组(P0.05)。结论七氟烷加强国产顺式阿曲库铵肌松时间位于PTC首次出现到TOF 25%恢复的深-浅阻滞交界时间段,部位主要在接头后膜。     

年龄对顺式阿曲库铵靶控输注药效学的影响

目的探讨靶控输注(TCI)顺式阿曲库铵时年龄对其药效学的影响。方法接受丙泊酚-N2O/O2-芬太尼复合麻醉的患者40例均分为Ⅰ组(62～85岁)和Ⅱ组(20～59岁)。在四个成串刺激(TOF)监测下静注顺式阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg。待TOF的T1为0时行气管插管,并对插管条件进行评级。待T1恢复至5%时开始TCI阿曲库铵,保持T1<10%。记录神经肌肉阻滞的起效时间、无反应期、阻滞维持时间和停药后肌松恢复时间,并记录顺式阿曲库铵的用药量。结果两组起效时间及恢复指数差异无统计学意义;Ⅰ组无反应期、阻滞维持时间和停药后肌松恢复时间明显长于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);顺式阿曲库铵的平均用药量明显少于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论老年患者TCI顺式阿曲库铵用药量虽然相应减少,但其恢复过程仍较青壮年延长。     

经皮电刺激内关穴监测拇内收肌神经肌肉阻滞的准确性

目的 评价经皮电刺激内关穴监测拇内收肌神经肌肉阻滞的准确性.方法 择期全麻下拟行腹部手术患者35例,年龄40～60岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,体重指数≤35 kg/m2.麻醉诱导完毕后所有患者行气管插管后机械通气,记录神经肌肉阻滞监测仪经内关穴与经尺神经监测的刺激强度和传感器的增益值;术中单次静脉注射阿曲库铵0.5 mg/kg,采用神经肌肉阻滞监测仪经内关穴与经尺神经监测的阿曲库铵起效时间、TOF比值(T4/T1比值)恢复至25%、90%的时间.结果 经皮电刺激尺神经和内关穴所得的电流强度及传感器的增益值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经皮电刺激尺神经和内关穴监测的阿曲库铵起效时间、TOF比值恢复至25%、90%的时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肌松监测仪的电极置于内关穴部位可准确地监测神经肌肉阻滞程度.     

阿曲库铵与其它药物的相互作用

全麻过程中应用阿曲库铵,存在着与其他药物的相互作用,其作用的部位主要是神经肌肉接头处。这些作用包括对接头后膜的离子通道阻滞作用、受体脱敏感阻滞作用以及抑制接头前膜的正反馈机制的作用,由此影响到阿曲库铵肌松效应的起效、维持肌松的时间和恢复效应以及所应用的阿曲库铵的总量。     

阿曲库铵与其它药物的相互作用

全麻过程中应用阿曲库铵,存在着与其他药物的相互作用,其作用的部位主要是神经肌肉接头处,这些作用包括对接头后膜的离子通道阻滞作用,受体脱敏感阻滞作用以及抑制接头前膜的正反馈机制的作用,由此影响到阿曲库铵肌松效应的起效,维持肌松的时间和恢复效应以及所应用的阿曲库铵的总量。     

丙泊酚-七氟醚静吸复合麻醉对阿曲库铵药效学的影响

目的 观察七氟醚对阿曲库铵肌松效应的影响.方法 68例择期腹部手术的全麻患者,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～67岁,随机均分为丙泊酚-七氟醚静吸复合麻醉组(七氟醚组)和丙泊酚静脉麻醉组(对照组).监测腩电双频指数(BIS),使用加速度肌松监测仪刺激前臂尺神经,观察拇内收肌的收缩反应,记录阿曲库铵的起效时间、无反应时间、肌松维持时间以及恢复指数等指标.结果 两组肌松起效时间、无反应时间以及T1 25%时间差异无统计学意义,但七氟醚组25%四个成串刺激比(TOFr)恢复时间、恢复指数及拔管时间均比对照组明显延长(P<0.05).结论 七氟醚麻醉能明显增强阿曲库铵的肌松效应.     

顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵临床有效剂量测定

目的 测定1倍95％有效量(ED95)顺阿曲库铵对神经肌肉接头的阻滞时程和恢复过程.方法 择期全麻手术患者30例,随机均分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组.Ⅰ组:顺苯磺阿曲库铵(批号:1067,葛兰素史克公司)稀释到10 ml,1 mg/ml;Ⅱ组:将顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵(批号:11111213,恒瑞医药股份有限公司)溶解到10 ml,认为顺苯磺阿曲库铵浓度为1 mg/ml;Ⅲ组:将顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵(同Ⅱ组)溶解到7.5 ml,假设顺阿曲库铵浓度为1 mg/ml.丙泊酚和舒芬太尼麻醉诱导后分别静脉注射1倍ED95顺阿曲库铵.用TOF Watch SX加速度仪对近腕尺神经行TOF透皮刺激,观察与记录给予肌松药的起效时间、第一次反应(T1)最大阻滞程度(Tmax)和临床有效时间.结果 三组起效时间差异无统计学意义.Ⅰ组Tmax和临床有效时间与Ⅲ组比较差异无统计学意义;Ⅱ组Tmax和临床有效时间明显低于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 恒瑞医药股份有限公司的顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵每瓶含顺阿曲库铵约7.5 mg.使用时溶解成7.5 ml,能使顺阿曲库铵浓度达到1 mg/ml.     

小儿体外循环时低温对阿曲库铵肌松作用的影响

研究小儿低温体外循环对阿曲库铵肌松作用的影响。选择在体外循环下行心脏手术的小儿２０例。并据体外循环低温程度分为Ａ、Ｂ两组。麻醉诱导后，用ＪＳ－１型肌松监测仪监测神经肌肉阻滞程度。首量阿曲库铵０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ静注后，行气管插管。每当Ｔ１恢复至基础值２５％时，给予静注阿曲库铵０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，观察记录体外循环前、中、后期维持量阿曲库铵起效时间、作用时间及恢复时间（Ｔ５￣２５）的变化。结果：低温体外循环     

丙泊酚配伍舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导对眼内压的影响

目的 观察丙泊酚配伍不同剂量舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导气管插管时对眼内压(IOP)的影响.方法 无眼疾鼻内窥镜手术患者45例,随机均分为三组.全麻诱导药物配方:A组舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg+丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.1mg/kg,B组舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg+ 丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg,C组舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg+丙泊酚2 mg/kg+顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg,诱导后行气管插管.记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、1 min(T3)、2 min(T4)、3 min(T5)时的IOP和MAP.结果 与T0时比较,T1时三组IOP、MAP均明显下降(P＜0.01).T2时三组IOP、MAP均明显高于T1时(P＜0.01),且A、B组显著低于C组(P＜0.01).T3～T5时A、B组IOP、MAP明显低于C组(P＜0.01),A组MAP明显低于B组(P＜0.01).结论 丙泊酚配伍0.2或0.3μg/kg舒芬太尼与顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导气管插管可以维持较低的IOP.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.