3.0 T MR扩散张量成像在脑肿瘤中的应用价值

目的探讨脑肿瘤在MR扩散张量成像（DTI）的特点以及DTI在脑肿瘤中的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法对60例病理证实的脑肿瘤患者（脑膜瘤17例,胶质瘤24例,神经鞘瘤7例,转移瘤12例）术前行3.0T MRDTI,重建成各向异性（FA）、表观扩散系数（ADC）图和三维纤维束成像,选择肿瘤实质为兴趣区（ROI）,测量FA和ADC,进行单因素方差分析。结果脑膜瘤FA最高,其次是神经鞘瘤,再次为胶质瘤,转移瘤最低。FA在脑膜瘤与胶质瘤和转移瘤、神经鞘瘤与胶质瘤和转移瘤、胶质瘤与转移瘤均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,脑膜瘤与神经鞘瘤间的FA无统计学意义。神经鞘瘤的ADC值明显高于脑膜瘤、胶质瘤和转移瘤,具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论DTI对脑肿瘤具有很高的临床应用价值。     

DTI多参数值及DTT技术在颅内肿瘤中的应用研究

目的 探讨MR扩散张量成像(DTI)多参数值在脑肿瘤中的诊断和鉴别诊断价值;评价扩散张量纤维柬成像(DTT)在显示脑肿瘤与周围脑白质纤维束关系中的应用.资料与方法 搜集经手术病理证实的星形细胞瘤(低级别、高级别)、脑膜瘤、转移瘤患者资料(低级别星形细胞瘤15例,高级别星形细胞瘤18例,脑膜瘤16例,转移瘤10例)共59例.行常规T_1WI、T_2WI、增强T_1WI及DTI.测量病灶肿瘤实质区、瘤周水肿区、囊变坏死区、水肿邻近正常白质区及对侧正常白质区的平均扩散系数(DCavg)值、部分各向异性分数(FA)值、1-容积比(1-VR)值及相对各向异性(RA)值,分析各测量值在肿瘤的诊断及良恶性鉴别诊断中的作用.利用DTI数据进行DTT重组病变周围脑白质纤维束,观察肿瘤与脑白质纤维束的关系.结果 低级别星形细胞瘤、高级别星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤及转移瘤的肿瘤实体、瘤周水肿区的FA值、1-VR值及RA值差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对侧正常白质区DCavg值、FA值、1-VR值及RA值差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.5).FA图、FA彩色编码图、DTT图均能显示脑白质纤维受累情况,而常规MRI难以显示;脑白质纤维束与脑肿瘤的位置关系可分为四型,即推挤型、水肿型、浸润型和破坏型.低级别星形细胞瘤及脑膜瘤良性肿瘤周围的白质纤维束多呈推挤水肿改变,而高级别星形细胞瘤及转移瘤恶性肿瘤周围的白质纤维束多表现为以浸润破坏为主.结论 DTI较常规MRI能更确切、直观地显示脑内肿瘤与周围脑白质的关系,结合FA值、1-VR值及RA值能为肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断提供更多的依据;DTT可以为临床提供更多的肿瘤及其周围白质纤维束的信息,指导术前计划的制定和术后的评估.     

磁共振弥散张量成像在脑高级别星形细胞瘤和转移瘤瘤周实质区的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)在高级别星形细胞瘤和单发脑转移瘤诊断中的价值.方法 25例脑高级别星形细胞瘤和16例单发脑转移瘤,术前行DTI扫描,测定瘤周脑实质区及对侧正常脑实质的平均弥散系数(MD)值及各向异性分数(FA)值,并重建白质纤维示踪图,观察病灶与白质纤维束的关系.结果 高级别星形细胞瘤与脑转移瘤瘤周实质区的FA值分别为0.227±0.05、0.169±0.07,两者存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).DTI白质纤维示踪图可以较为准确地反映病灶与白质纤维束的关系.结论瘤周实质区FA值有助于高级别脑星形细胞瘤与转移瘤的鉴别.     

白血病脑实质浸润的弥散张量成像应用研究

目的探讨1．5T磁共振弥散张量成像（diffusiontensorimaging,DTI）,部分各向异性（fractionalanisotropy,FA）和表观扩散系数（apparentdiffusioncoefficient,ADC）及弥散张量纤维束成像（diffusiontensortractography,DTT）在成人白血病脑实质浸润的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经临床证实的8例白血病脑实质浸润病例DTI之ADC、FA参数图,分别测量病变、水肿及健侧相应部位FA值和ADC值;观察各例在DTT图的变化。结果白血病脑实质浸润的肿瘤实质部分FA值8例全部较健侧降低,ADC值5例减低,3例增高;周围水肿区FA值全部降低,ADC值全部增高;脑白质纤维束DTT显示有中断、移位、浸润。结论DTI对脑侵犯神经纤维束损伤具有独特诊断价值;DTI的参数变化能够量化神经纤维受压后微细结构的变化,DTT图像重建能直观显示脑白质纤维束的完整性及损伤程度,DTI联合DTT可更加准确地评估白血病脑侵犯的损害程度。     

脑高级别星形细胞瘤瘤周DTI参数的测定及分析

目的：应用弥散张量成像（DTI）技术探讨脑高级别星形细胞瘤瘤周弥散各向异性特点。方法：25例脑高级别星形细胞瘤术前行DTI扫描,测定瘤周脑实质区及对侧正常脑实质的平均弥散系数（MD）值及各向异性分数（FA）值。并通过弥散张量纤维束成像（DTT）观察病灶与白质纤维束的关系。结果：高级别星形细胞瘤瘤周MD值为1．610±0．23,高于对侧正常脑实质（P〈0．01）。FA值为0．236±0．06,低于对侧正常脑实质（P〈0．01）。结论：DTI能够准确反应脑星形细胞瘤瘤周各向异性特点,DTT能够较为准确显示病灶与白质纤维束的关系。     

脑膜瘤MR扩散张量成像研究

目的探讨平均扩散系数(ADC)和各向异性分数(FA)在脑膜瘤诊断中的价值.资料与方法 28例脑膜瘤在治疗前行常规MRI及扩散张量成像(DTI).在T1WI增强、T2WI及FA图上确定肿瘤、水肿、肿瘤邻近及对侧正常白质区.测量、分析这些区域的FA值和ADC值.结果脑膜瘤Ⅰ级:水肿区ADC值高于肿瘤实体区、肿瘤邻近正常白质区及肿瘤对侧正常白质区(P<0.05).肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区FA值高于肿瘤实体区、水肿区(P<0.05).肿瘤实体区与水肿区FA值无显著性差异(P>0.05).脑膜瘤Ⅱ Ⅲ级:水肿区ADC值高于肿瘤实体区、肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区(P<0.05),实体区和肿瘤邻近及对侧白质区ADC值亦有显著性差异(P<0.05).肿瘤邻近白质区FA值高于实体区和水肿区(P<0.05).脑膜瘤Ⅰ级肿瘤实体区、水肿区、邻近白质区ADC值与脑膜瘤Ⅱ、Ⅲ间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),肿瘤邻近白质区FA值亦有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 ADC图有助于区分肿瘤实体区和水肿区.FA图可清晰显示正常白质纤维和肿瘤的解剖关系,利于术前手术方案制定.结合常规MRI,DTI有助于脑膜瘤良、恶性分级.     

弥散张量成像鉴别高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的价值

目的：探讨弥散张量成像鉴别脑内原发高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的价值。材料和方法：测量行DTI检查的13例幕上高级别胶质瘤、8例单发转移瘤的肿瘤实质、瘤周水肿区及在大脑脚层面双侧皮质脊髓束的ADC值、FA值，并计算患侧／对侧FA相对值，行统计学分析。结果：单发转移瘤瘤周水肿区ADC值明显高于高级别胶质瘤瘤周水肿区ADC值；两者大脑脚层面患侧皮质脊髓束FA值轻度降低，ADC值无明显差异；相对FA值高级别胶质瘤较低。结论：瘤周水肿区ADC值对高级别胶质瘤与单发转移瘤的鉴别有意义；弥散张量成像提供更多瘤周受累纤维束病理改变的信息。     

MR扩散张量成像在评价胶质瘤恶性程度中的作用

目的 探讨MR DTI在评价胶质瘤病理等级与毗邻纤维束状态之间相关性的价值.方法 选择24例经手术及组织病理学证实的胶质瘤患者,术前行常规MRI、DTI.在各向异性分数(FA)图上,ROI设定在瘤周纤维束FA值最低点(Faa)及对侧半球对称区域(Fac),测量出Faa及Fac值,在相同层面ADC图的相同位置,测量出ADC值最低点(ADCa)及对侧半球对标区域ADC(ADCc)值,计算出相对FA值(rFA)和相对ADC值(rADC).利用纤维束追踪技术重组出肿瘤周围纤维束三维图,根据纤维束三维图对纤维束的状态(推移、浸润或者破坏)进行评价.rFA、rADC及瘤周纤维束的状态与胶质瘤的病理级别之间的关系进行独立样本t检验及趋势X2检验.结果24例胶质瘤患者,其中低级别胶质瘤11例,高级别胶质瘤13例.低级别胶质瘤的rFA值为0.65±0.19, rADC值为1.43±0.50,重组的痛周纤维束追踪图主要呈被推移或者浸润;高级别胶质瘤的rFA值为1.51±0.39,rADC值为1.70±0.27,重组的瘤周纤维束追踪图主要旱被浸润或者被破坏.rFA值在高级、低级别胶质瘤之间差异有统计学意义(t=8.504,P=0.000),而rADC值差异无统计学意义(t=-1.435,P=0.165);纤维束的状态在高级、低级别胶质瘤之间差异亦有统计学意义(X2=5.882,P=0.015).结论胶质瘤的病理等级影响瘤周纤维束的状态,rFA可作为一个参考指标,有助于鉴别胶质瘤的恶性程度;DTI可清楚显示肿瘤与周围白质纤维的解剖位置关系,并能显示瘤周纤维不的病理状态,指导治疗方案的制定.     

弥散张量成像在高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤中的鉴别诊断价值初探

目的 探讨弥散张量成像(DTI)在高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤中的鉴别诊断价值.方法 收集经手术病理证实13例高级别胶质瘤与13例转移瘤,均做了磁共振DTI,获得平均弥散系数(MD)图及部分各向异性指数(FA)图,分别测定2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区及正常白质区MD值、FA值,分析比较2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区MD值、FA值有无统计学差异.结果 胶质瘤肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区MD值分别为(0.976±0.171)×10-9mm2/s、(1.92±0.515)×10-9mm2/s、(1.41±0.288)×10-9mm2/s,转移瘤上述3个区MD值分别为(1.12±0.364)×10-9mm2/s、(1.72±0.646)×10-9mm2/s、(1.66±0.164)×10-9mm2/s,2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区MD值比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),胶质瘤瘤周区MD值低于转移瘤(P<0.05);胶质瘤肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区FA值分别为0.137±0.056、0.084±0.061、0.148±0.090,转移瘤上述3个区FA值分别为0.140±0.0778、0.0702±0.0265、0.126±0.0567,2组肿瘤实质区、囊变坏死区、瘤周区FA值比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 通过测定瘤周区MD值,DTI有助于高级别胶质瘤与转移瘤的鉴别诊断.     

3.0T磁共振DTI和DTT技术对病毒性脑炎的应用研究

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)及白质纤维束成像(DTT)技术对病毒性脑炎的临床应用价值. 方法 对25例临床确诊为病毒性脑炎患者(脑炎组)和25例常规MRI检查显示正常的检查者(对照组)行DTI扫描.将DTI扫描数据后处理获得扩散系数(ADC)图、各向异性(FA)图和DTT图,采用ROI测量脑炎组病变区与对照组正常脑组织的ADC值、FA值并对测值进行统计学分析.结果 在病程早期,脑炎组病变区的平均ADC值较对照组明显减低且差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),而平均FA值较对照组略升高但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).在病程中期及晚期,脑炎组病变区平均ADC值较对照组明显升高且差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),平均FA值较对照组明显降低且差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).DTT白质纤维示踪成像显示白质纤维主呈浸润性改变,部分纤维中断、缺失,而无推压移位等改变. 结论 DTI与DTT技术能够为病毒性脑炎的诊断及鉴别诊断提供有价值信息.     

Tumor extension in high-grade gliomas assessed with diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: values and lesion-to-brain ratios of apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy

Purpose: To determine whether the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) can distinguish tumor-infiltrated edema in gliomas from pure edema in meningiomas and metastases.

Material and Methods: Thirty patients were studied: 18 WHO grade III or IV gliomas, 7 meningiomas, and 5 metastatic lesions. ADC and FA were determined from ROIs placed in peritumoral areas with T2-signal changes, adjacent normal appearing white matter (NAWM), and corresponding areas in the contralateral healthy brain. Values and lesion-to-brain ratios from gliomas were compared to those from meningiomas and metastases.

Results: Values and lesion-to-brain ratios of ADC and FA in peritumoral areas with T2-signal changes did not differ between gliomas, meningiomas, and metastases (P = 0.40, P = 0.40, P = 0.61, P = 0.34). Values of ADC and FA and the lesion-to-brain ratio of FA in the adjacent NAWM did not differ between tumor types (P = 0.74, P = 0.25, and P = 0.31). The lesion-to-brain ratio of ADC in the adjacent NAWM was higher in gliomas than in meningiomas and metastases (P = 0.004), but overlapped between tumor types.

Conclusion: Values and lesion-to-brain ratios of ADC and FA in areas with T2-signal changes surrounding intracranial tumors and adjacent NAWM were not helpful for distinguishing pure edema from tumor-infiltrated edema when data from gliomas, meningiomas, and metastases were compared.     

Diffusion Tensor Imaging Can Discriminate the Primary Cell Type of Intracranial Metastases for Patients with Lung Cancer

Purpose: Histopathological differentiation of primary lung cancer is clinically important. We aimed to investigate whether diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters of metastatic brain lesions could predict the histopathological types of the primary lung cancer.Methods: In total, 53 patients with 98 solid metastatic brain lesions of lung cancer were included. Lung tumors were subgrouped as non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC) (n = 34) and small cell carcinoma (SCLC) (n = 19). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were calculated from solid enhanced part of the brain metastases. The association between FA and ADC values and histopathological subtype of the primary tumor was investigated.Results: The mean ADC and FA values obtained from the solid part of the brain metastases of SCLC were significantly lower than the NSCLC metastases (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). ROC curve analysis showed diagnostic performance for mean ADC values (AUC=0.889, P = < 0.001) and FA values (AUC = 0.677, P = 0.002). Cut-off value of > 0.909 × 10^-3 mm²/s for mean ADC (Sensitivity = 80.3, Specificity = 83.8, PPV = 89.1, NPV = 72.1) and > 0.139 for FA values (Sensitivity = 80.3, Specificity = 54.1, PPV = 74.2, NPV= 62.5) revealed in differentiating NSCLC from NSCLC.Conclusion: DTI parameters of brain metastasis can discriminate SCLC and NSCLC. ADC and FA values of metastatic brain lesions due to the lung cancer may be an important tool to differentiate histopathological subgroups. DTI may guide clinicians for the management of intracranial metastatic lesions of lung cancer.     

Diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color imaging patterns in the evaluation of cerebral white matter tracts altered by tumor

PURPOSE: To categorize the varied appearances of tumor-altered white matter (WM) tracts on diffusion tensor eigenvector directional color maps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was obtained preoperatively in 13 patients with brain tumors ranging from benign to high-grade malignant, including primary and metastatic lesions, and maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and major eigenvector direction were generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn within identifiable WM tracts affected by tumor, avoiding grossly cystic and necrotic regions, known fiber crossings, and gray matter. Patterns of WM tract alteration were categorized on the basis of qualitative analysis of directional color maps and correlation analysis of ADC and FA. RESULTS: Four basic patterns of WM alteration were identified: 1) normal or nearly normal FA and ADC, with abnormal tract location or tensor directions attributable to bulk mass displacement, 2) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with normal tract locations and tensor directions, 3) moderately decreased FA and increased ADC with abnormal tensor directions, and 4) near isotropy. FA and ADC were inversely correlated for Patterns 1-3 but did not discriminate edema from infiltrating tumor. However, in the absence of mass displacement, infiltrating tumor was found to produce tensor directional changes that were not observed with vasogenic edema, suggesting the possibility of discrimination on the basis of directional statistics. CONCLUSION: Tumor alteration of WM tracts tends to produce one of four patterns on FA and directional color maps. Clinical application of these patterns must await further study.     

Diffusion tensor imaging of tract involvement in children with pontine tumors

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional MR imaging permits subcategorization of brain stem tumors by location and focality; however, assessment of white matter tract involvement by tumor is limited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a promising method for visualizing white matter tract tumor involvement supratentorially. We investigated the ability of DTI to visualize and quantify white matter tract involvement in pontine tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: DTI data (echo-planar, 1.5T) were retrospectively analyzed in 7 patients with pontine tumors (6 diffuse, 1 focal), 4 patient controls, and 5 normal volunteers. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated from the diffusion tensor in 6 regions of interest: bilateral corticospinal tracts, transverse pontine fibers, and medial lemnisci. Relationships between FA and ADC values and results of the neurologic examinations were evaluated. RESULTS: The corticospinal tracts and transverse pontine fibers were affected more often than the medial lemnisci. The DTI parameters (FA and ADC) were significantly altered in all tracts of patients with pontine tumors (P < .05), compared with those values in the control groups. A marginally significant (P = .057) association was seen between the severity of cranial nerve deficit and decreased FA. CONCLUSION: DTI provided superior visualization and quantification of tumor involvement in motor, sensory, and transverse pontine tracts, compared with information provided by conventional MR imaging. Thus, DTI may be a sensitive measure of tract invasion. Further prospective studies are warranted to assess the ability of DTI to delineate tumor focality and improve risk stratification in children with pontine tumors.     

Apparent diffusion coefficients of breast tumors: clinical application.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for the differential diagnosis of breast tumors and to determine the relation between ADC and tumor cellularity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six female patients (age range, 17-83 years; average age, 51.7 years) with 140 histologically proven breast tumors underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (DWI) using the spin-echo echo-planar technique, and the ADCs of the tumors were calculated using 3 different b values, 0, 500, and 1000 s/mm(2). The diagnoses consisted of fibroadenoma (FA, n=16), invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (IDC, n=117), medullary carcinoma (ME, n=3) and mucinous carcinoma (MU, n=4). Tumor cellularity was calculated from surgical specimens. The ADCs of breast tumors and cellularity were compared between different histological types by analysis of variance and Scheffe's post hoc test. The correlation between tumor cellularity and ADC was analyzed by Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in ADCs between FA and all types of cancers (P<0.05) and between MU and other types of cancers (P<0.01) and in cellularity between FA and cancers except MU (P<0.01) and between MU and other types of cancers (P<0.01). There was an inverse correlation between ADC and tumor cellularity (P<0.01, r(2)=0.451). CONCLUSIONS: The ADC may potentially help in differentiating benign and malignant breast tumors. Tumor ADC correlates inversely with tumor cellularity.     

正常成人大脑白质纤维磁共振弥散张量成像的定量研究

目的:运用弥散张量成像(DTI)定量研究正常成人脑白质不同解剖部位的各向异性特点.方法:对60名正常成人按年龄分成四组,均行DTI检查,分析其表面弥散系数(ADC)图及各向异性分数(FA)图的特点,并对不同解剖部位的脑白质进行ADC值及FA值的定量分析,通过统计学分析得出其弥散系数和各向异性特点.结果:不同年龄组间相同解剖部位脑白质ADC值及FA值的差异无统计学意义;不同解剖部位间FA值及ADC值的差异具有显著性.结论:DTI可清晰显示脑内白质的走行及方向,FA能准确定量分析正常成人不同部位脑白质纤维的各向异性程度.     

MR扩散加权成像瘤周水肿区ADC值在脑肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)瘤周水肿区表观扩散系数(ADC)值在脑内肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法82例脑肿瘤患者进行常规MRI扫描和DWI检查,对照分析病变的实质部分、周围水肿区的ADC值、相对表观扩散系数(rADC)值、指数表观扩散系数(EADC)值、相对指数表观扩散系数(rEADC)值。结果高级别胶质瘤与低级别胶质瘤、转移瘤、脑膜瘤、淋巴瘤的瘤周水肿ADC值、rADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高级别胶质瘤与低级别胶质瘤瘤周水肿的EADC值、rEADC值差异有统计学意义。结论瘤周水肿区ADC值有助于高级别胶质瘤与其他脑内肿瘤鉴别,也可有助于胶质瘤分级。     

Apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy in spinal cord: age and cervical spondylosis-related changes

PURPOSE: To present the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) change with age in the normal spinal cord and in cervical spondylosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 normal volunteers and 79 cervical spondylosis patients entered this study. Line scan diffusion tensor images were obtained in a 1.5-Tesla whole-body scanner using a phased-array spine coil. The ADC and FA values were measured on a sagittal section. Spearman correlation of ADC/FA vs. age for normal spinal cord was calculated. RESULTS: The mean ADC of the normal spinal cord was 0.81 +/- 0.03 microm(2)/msec at the relatively wide C2-C3 level and 0.75 +/- 0.06 microm(2)/msec at the more narrow C4-C7 level. The FA at the corresponding level was 0.70 +/- 0.05 and 0.66 +/- 0.03, respectively. With age, ADC showed positive correlation (Spearman, r = 0.242) and FA exhibited negative correlation (Spearman, r = -0.244). A total of 54% of all spondylosis cases showed elevated ADC (P < 0.001) and decreased FA (P < 0.001) at the stenotic spinal canal level compared with the normal spinal cord. The average ADC and FA of high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images (seven patients) were 1.28 +/- 0.33 microm(2)/msec and 0.46 +/- 0.12, respectively. CONCLUSION: ADC increases and FA decreases with age in the normal spinal cord. Elevated ADC and reduced FA were measured in the spinal cord of spondylosis cases with clinical symptoms of myelopathy.