慢性胃溃疡恶性潜能的探讨：AgNOR定量及粘液组…

通过８６例胃溃疡９７个病灶及１１例ＧＵ癌变病灶的组织学观察，粘液组织化学分析及ＡｇＮＯＲ定量研究，将ＧＵ再生上皮分为四型。结果发现ＡｇＮＯＲ定量与组织学，细胞分泌功能有密切关系。ＧｕＡ型在组织学，粘液性质，ＡｇＮＯＲ定量以及ＧＵ周边粘膜伴随病变等方面均有别于ＧｕＢ，ＧｕＣ及ＧｕＤ型，确为一种良性溃疡。而ＧｕＤ型在各方面均相似于癌性上皮，具有明显的恶性倾向。ＧｕＢ及ＧｕＣ型中的部分病例具有较大的恶性     

NHL的AgNOR定量研究及其预后的意义

核仁组成区相关嗜银蛋白(AgNOR)染色方法,是近年来肿瘤病理研究中的新技术。对32例非何杰金淋巴瘤(NHL)石蜡包埋切片进行了Ag NOR定量研究,探讨与组织类型及预后的关系。不同恶性程度组别的组织学类型之间以及存活组与死亡组之间AgNOR均数差别均具有高度显著性意义。AgNOR可望成为NHL组织分型及估计预后的一项新指标。     

34例胃息肉的组织学分类及其癌变问题的探讨

我们以日本村上分类法为基础，回顾性分析了３４例胃息肉的临床情况及组织病理学变化。详细描述了增生性息肉分为腺窝上皮型、胃底腺型、幽门腺型三个亚型。发现非典型增生和癌变与腺窝上皮型有密切关系，提示该分型有临床实用价值。对胃增生性息肉及非典型增生和腺瘤做了粘液化学及ＣＥＡ免疫组化比较研究，对息肉癌变问题及相关因素作了讨论。     

卵巢粘液性肿瘤组织发生的初步探讨

目的：初步探讨卵巢粘液性肿瘤（ＯＭＴ）的组织发生。方法：用组织化学染色方法观察９１例ＯＭＴ上皮的粘液分泌。按粘液性质将上皮分为３型：胃型、肠型和中间型。并将肿瘤分为简单型及混合型。结果：良性５６例中,４５例为混合型,其中２２例由３种上皮成份组成,２３例含２种上皮,另有１１例为简单型。中间型、胃型及肠型３种上皮在良性肿瘤中的出现频率分别是４０／５６、３５／５６、２９／５６。２１例交界性、１４例恶性Ｏ     

大肠腺瘤粘液变化与癌变的关系

自从Filipe提出大肠癌旁移行粘膜的粘液性质异于正常以后,人们对移行粘膜及炎性大肠疾病异型增生上皮的粘液改变,从临床和病理方面作了大量研究。大肠腺瘤属癌前病变,为观察腺瘤与大肠癌的关系,我们选择85例(共91个)伴明确异型增生或早期癌变的大肠腺瘤,着重探讨腺瘤粘液含量、粘液性质改变与异型增生及癌变的关系。材料和方法     

核仁组成区图像分析参数选择及其应用价值

目的 :探讨AgNOR图像分析部分参数的应用价值。方法 :与模拟光镜计数法相对照 ,分析了经× 40、× 10 0 (物镜 )测得的 5 0例 (良、恶性病变各 2 5例 )AgNOR图像分析的部分参数。 结果 :AgNOR图像分析的多项测定参数在良、恶性病变中差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1) ,尤其是AgNOR总面积 /核及其标准差、AgNOR直径标准差、AgNOR异形指数标准差 ,分别代表了AgNOR面积、大小和形态改变 ,单独应用它们用以区分良、恶性病变均有较少的重叠现象。 结论 :采用PC作模拟光镜计数和图像分析各具优缺点 ;图像分析为AgNOR定量研究提供了更好的条件 ,具有多参数分析的优点。建议AgNOR面积等上述四项参数能作为常规图像分析的首选指标     

AgNOR变化在唾腺肿瘤中的诊断学意义

应用AgNOR染色技术,对48例良、恶性唾腺肿瘤,慢性唾腺炎和正常唾腺组织手术切除标本中的细胞核内AgNOR的数量、大小、形状和分布规律进行观察与对比分析。结果表明,炎症组(I组)腺泡上皮细胞内的AgNOR均数(x±SD=1.41±0.13)与正常组(N组)的均数(x±SD=1.39±0.12)无明显差异(P>0.05),而良性肿瘤组(B组)与恶性肿瘤组(M组)两组瘤细胞内的AgNOR均数(x±SD=2.69±0.29和4.82±2.22)之间以及各自与N组和I组相比较的结果,均有显著差异(P值均<0.01)。研究还表明,虽然AgNOR计数在良、恶性唾腺肿瘤之间还存在着一定数量的重叠病例,但AgNOR除了数目变化之外,还有大小、形状与分布上的不同。作者认为,将这几种变化综合分析,可能在区别某些肿瘤的良、恶性和分型、分级上具有更大的参考价值。     

糖尿病微血管病变患者血清CysC、RBP及尿NAG的变化与糖尿病肾病发展的关系

目的 探讨糖尿病肾微血管病变患者血清胱抑素C(cystatin C,CysC)、视黄醇结合蛋白(retinol binding protein,RBP)及尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(N-acetyl beta-D Glucosaminidase,NAG)的水平变化与糖尿病肾病病变程度的关系.方法 本研究选取30例2型糖尿病肾病患者(尿微量白蛋白＜ 14.29mg/L)作为A组、选取30例2型糖尿病肾病患者(尿微量白蛋白≥14.29mg/L)作为B组、30例2型糖尿病肾病引发尿毒症患者作为C组、30例体检正常研究对象作为D组,比较四组患者血清中CysC、RBP、NAG的差异.结果 A、B、C、D四组研究对象的CysC、RBP及尿NAG水平差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);组间比较,A、B、C组CysC、RBP及尿NAG与D组比较均显著的高于D组,差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A、B组患者的CysC、RBP及尿NAG与C组比较显著低于C组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);A组患者的CysC、RBP及尿NAG与B组比较显著低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 糖尿病肾病患者随着病变程度不断加重,CysC、RBP及尿NAG水平呈明显的上升趋势.     

Wnt2B及PAI-1在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 通过检测Wnt2B与PAI-1在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达,分析两者与上皮性卵巢癌侵袭转移及临床病理之间的关系,以探讨两种基因在上皮性卵巢癌的表达及临床意义.方法 应用免疫组化(SP法)检测2008年1月到2013年6月在本院行手术切除的上皮性卵巢癌82例和良性卵巢上皮瘤10例患者组织中Wnt2B和PAI-1蛋白的表达情况,分析上皮性卵巢癌的年龄、组织学类型、细胞学分级、手术病理分期、肿瘤病灶大小、盆腔转移灶大小、大网膜转移、淋巴结转移、远处转移、残留病灶大小等临床病理因素与两个基因的表达关系;分析上皮性卵巢癌患者癌组织中Wnt2B与PAI-1的表达关系.结果 上皮性卵巢癌患者癌组织中Wnt2B的阳性表达率为12.2％(10/82),低于良性卵巢上皮瘤患者瘤组织的70％ (7/10)(P＜0.05);上皮性卵巢癌患者癌组织中PAI-1的阳性表达率为76.8％(63/82),高于良性卵巢上皮瘤患者瘤组织的20％ (2/10) (P＜0.05).PAI-1的表达与手术病理分期、细胞学分级、大网膜转移、盆腔转移灶大小有关(均P＜0.05),而与患者年龄、组织学类型、肿瘤病灶大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移、残留病灶大小无关(均P＞0.05);Wnt2B表达与手术病理分期、大网膜转移有关(均P＜0.05),与患者年龄、组织学类型、细胞学分级、肿瘤病灶大小、盆腔转移灶大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移、残留病灶大小无关(均P＞0.05).上皮性卵巢癌患者癌组织中Wnt2B与PAI-1的表达呈负相关(r=-0.847,P＜0.05).结论 Wnt2B在上皮性卵巢癌的发病机制中可能发挥一定的作用.PAI-1的表达与上皮性卵巢癌的发生、发展、浸润、转移有关.     

胃癌高发区陕北地区胃粘膜上皮异型增生的病理学观察

本文对来自胃癌高发区陕北地区胃粘膜活检标本506例的胃粘膜上皮异型增生(Dys)进行病理学观察与分析。该地区胃粘膜上皮Dys检出率较高(13.24%),与胃癌检出率(13.88%)相近,应视为重要的胃癌癌前病变。在4例Dys病灶内见到癌变移行的组织学图像。根据胃腺细胞动力学原理,对隐窝型Dys病灶位于腺管隐窝部而癌变却发生在其浅表部形成肠型胃癌和再生型Dys病灶位于胃粘膜浅表部而癌变却发生在其深部形成弥漫型胃癌的机制作了阐述。还对各型Dys的分布、形态特征、好发部位和年龄以及伴发性病变作了观察与分析。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.