中国11省市队列人群危险因素与不同类型心血管病发病危险的比较

目的描述在中国35—64岁人群中,不同类型心血管病（包括急性冠心病事件、急性缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中事件）发病的特点。比较传统心血管病危险因素与冠心病和脑卒中（急性缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中事件）发病危险的关系。方法以中国多省市前瞻性队列研究的数据为基础,该队列由1992年建立的11省市35～64岁27249人和1996年到1999年又加入的3129人所组成,共30378人。本研究基线危险因素水平和1992--2003年期间发生的心血管病（包括冠心病和脑卒中）事件的关系进行分析。结果（1）急性冠心病事件、急性缺血性脑卒中事件和急性出血性脑卒中事件的累积人年发病率分别为114／100000、209／100000和73／100000。（2）随访期间发生心血管病的亚组人群基线时有84％～89％的人伴有1个或1个以上的心血管病危险因素,高于无心血管病的亚组人群（64．7％,P〈0．01）。（3）危险因素对不同类型心血管病发病的影响及作用强度有所差别：对冠心病发病危险的影响因素根据强度依次为高血压、吸烟、高胆固醇血症和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症;对缺血性脑卒中发病危险的影响因素依次为高血压、糖尿病、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症、吸烟和肥胖;对出血性脑卒中发病危险的独立影响因素只有高血压。结论在心血管病的主要危险因素中,不同的危险因素对不同类型的心血管病发病危险的作用存在差别。我国人群不同危险因素的变化趋势将影响不同类型心血管。     

Moyamoya病的临床表现与影像学特征研究(附31例报告)

目的总结Moyamoya病的临床表现及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析我院1992年2月至2004年10月经DSA或MRA确诊的31例Moyamoya病患者的临床及影像学资料。结果31例患者平均年龄25．7岁；脑卒中和头痛是本组Moyamoya病患者最常见的临床表现，发生率分别为83．9％（26例）和74．2％（23例）；儿童及青少年患者以缺血性脑卒中发病为主，而成年患者以出血性脑卒中发病为主；所有患者均有颈内动脉或其分支狭窄或闭塞和Moyamoya血管形成，其中有27例患者的CT或MRI表现为双侧病灶。结论对于年轻无脑血管病危险因素的一时性缺血性发作（TIA）或脑卒中患者，尤其有卒中史或反复头痛发作者必须使用MRA以除外Moyamoya病。     

急性脑卒中后脑心综合征的临床探讨

目的探讨急性脑卒中后脑心综合征（CCS）的发病率、临床特点、发病机制、防治措施、预后及其相关因素。方法对300例急性脑卒中后脑心综合征患者入院后作心电图（ECG），心肌酶谱动态观察并结合临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果CCS发生率为33．3％，95％的患者于脑卒中后数小时至1周内发生，出血性脑卒中CCS发生率远高于缺血性脑卒中（P〈0．05），非大脑半球（脑干、小脑、基底节）卒中者远高于大脑半球卒中者（P〈0．01）。CCS心电图主要表现为心律失常、心肌缺血和类心肌梗死；心肌酶谱异常率为47％，54％合并低钾血症和／或低钠血症。死亡率32％，主要死亡原因以心功能衰竭及心律失常为主。结论CCS发生与脑卒中类型及部位、低钾、低钠等因素有关。主要死亡原因以心功能衰竭及心律失常为主。发病机制可能为脑卒中直接或间接导致植物神经功能紊乱，神经体液功能紊乱有关。CCS患者须加强心脏功能监护，积极防治脑心综合征。     

急性脑卒中事件与昼夜节律

目的观察急性脑卒中事件与昼夜节律的关系。方法分析３年中经ＣＴ证实的脑卒中患者５５６例的发病时间。结果２７６例（４９．６％）发病集中分布于６－１２ａ．ｍ，２３９例缺血性急性脑卒中事件，１４５例（４９．４％）发生于此间期；２６３例出血性急性脑卒 中事件，１２１例（４６．０％）亦发生于此间期。６－１２ａ．ｍ的包性脑卒中事件的发生率显著高于其他间期（Ｐ均〈０．００１）。结论，不论缺血性还是出血性急性脑卒中     

缺血性脑血管病阿司匹林规范应用共识

1．1证据 在急性缺血性卒中患者已经评价过阿司匹林的作用，尚未评价过其他抗血小板药物的作用（包括噻氯吡啶、氯吡格雷、阿司匹林和双密哒莫的复合制剂）。目前已经完成两个大规模的临床试验，包括国际脑卒中试验（IST）和中国急性卒中试验（CAST）。两项研究均在卒中发病48h内应用阿司匹林（IST平均用药在卒中发病后19h，CAST则是25h）。IST研究一共入选了19435例患者，结果显示阿司匹林组患者14d病死率显著降低（9．0％比9．4％，2P=0．03），缺血性卒中复发率明显减少（2．8％比3．9％，2P〈0．001），出血性卒中则与对照组差异无统计学意义（0．9％比0．8％）；阿司匹林组随访6个月患者的死亡发生率和致残率显著降低（61．2％比63．5％，P=0．03）。CAST研究一共包括21106例缺血性卒中患者，发病48h内给予阿司匹林160mg／d，共用4周。结果显示，     

全国2万例急性缺血性脑卒中早期抗血小板治疗临床对照研究结果(CAST临床试验)

目的：探讨急性缺血性脑卒中早期抗血小板治疗，对降低病人病死率、改善机体残疾率的临床疗效。本试验简称CAST临床试验。方法：采取多中心、随机、双盲治疗。对发病48小时内的急性缺血性脑卒中，经头颅计算机断层摄影术（CT）或临床检查基本排除出血性脑卒中即可入选。每日口服阿司匹林160mg或安慰剂4周。结果：自1993年11月至1997年4月全国413家医院共入选21106例病人。治疗期间阿司匹林组死亡343例，较对照组（死亡398例）下降14.0％（P=0．04）。再发缺血性脑卒中阿司匹林组显著低于对照组（1．6％比2．1％，P=0．01）。出血性脑卒中的发生，阿司匹林组较对照组略有增加，但差别不显著（1．1％比0．9％，P＞0．1）。结论：本项研究显示，对急性缺血性脑卒中病人进行早期抗血小板治疗，可显著降低住院期间死亡率及再发脑卒中发生率，并在一定程度上促进病人的功能康复。     

急性脑卒中202例心电图分析及与预后的关系

目的 探讨急性脑卒中心电图改变特点及对预后的影响。方法 对202例急性脑卒中合并有心电图异常的118例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 急性脑卒中心电图异常占58．4％，其发生率与年龄呈正相关（P〈0．01）。出血性脑卒中心电图异常发生率明显高于缺血性脑卒中（P〈0．01）。出血性脑卒中患者中，心电图异常以心肌缺血或类心肌梗死及窦性心动过速为主，缺血性脑卒中患者中，心电图改变无明显特异性。合并有心电图异常的急性脑卒中死亡率明显增高。结论 急性脑卒中患者中，≥50岁患者心电图异常发生率高，出血性脑卒中合并心电异常发生率高，且死亡率明显增加。     

脑卒中后继发性癫痫82例临床分析

目的探讨脑卒中后癫痫的发病机制、临床特点及预后。方法回顾性分析748例脑卒中病例中82例继发性癫痫患者的临床资料。结果脑卒中后癫痫发生率10．96％,82例脑卒中后癫痫患者中,早发型癫痫发病率（68．29%）明显高于迟发型癫痫（31．71％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。早发型癫痫以出血性脑卒中（82．14％）为主,以部分性发作（78．57％）多见,迟发型癫痫以缺血性脑卒中（80．77％）多见,以全身性发作（65．38％）为主,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。皮质层病灶继发性癫痫的发生率（79．27％）明显高于皮质下病灶（20．73％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。早发型癫痫是否坚持服用抗癫痫药物对预后无明显影响,迟发型癫痫是否坚持服用抗癫痫药物对预后有明显影响（P〈0．05）。结论脑卒中后癫痫的发生与卒中类型、病灶部位、发作类型、治疗等密切相关,了解卒中后癫痫的发病特点及相关性,利于指导治疗,评价结果。     

脑梗死和脑出血患者的临床特点及长期预后观察

该文探讨不同类型卒中的危险因素、病因、死亡原因和预后。方法：基于华西医院卒中登记，脑卒中分为出血性和缺血性，缺血性脑卒中亚型是依据牛津郡社区卒中项目分类原则。分析住院患者的人口学特点、危险因素、死亡原因和1年末结局。结果：2002—03—2005—09，共纳入1913例资料完整的卒中患者，其中脑出血599例（31．3％）；缺血性脑卒中1314例（68．7％）。后者中完全前循环梗死209（15．9％），部分前循环梗死417例（31．7％），后循环梗死186例（14.2％），腔隙性梗死502例（38．2％）。校正年龄和性别，多因素分析显示，房颤是完全前循环梗死的独立预测因素（OR=1．42，95％CI为1．25～2．31）；     

青年脑卒中的危险因素分析（附51例报告）

目的探讨青年脑卒中的危险因素，为更好地治疗及有效地预防青年脑卒中提供可靠的依据。方法对51例青年脑卒中行头颅CT、MRI、DSA、彩色多普勒及实验室检查，结合病史及复习有关资料。结果出血性脑卒中22例，其中蛛网膜下腔出血4例；脑梗死23例；TIA发作4例；无症状性脑梗死2例；有高血压病史16例（占31．4％，嗜铬细胞瘤所致者2例）；风心病病史3例（占5．9％）；吸烟史19例（占37．3％）；饮酒史20例（占39．2％）；血脂异常15例（占29．4％）；血糖升高6例（占11．8％）；高同型半胱氨酸血症3例（占5．9％）。结论高血压是脑卒中最重要的危险因素，吸烟饮酒是青年脑卒中的最危险因素，高同型半胱氨酸血症是动脉硬化、缺血性卒中和TIA的独立危险因素，也是青年脑卒中的危险因素。高胆固醇血症及脂质代谢异常是引起青年缺血性脑卒中的主要危险因素。     

Takayasu arteritis associated with heart valve diseases (pulmonary and aortic) and arteritis (coronary and renal)]

The most severe arteritis due to Takayasu's disease are those related to renal and coronary arteries. The first one because it produces severe arterial hypertension and the second one because it puts the patient in high risk of suffering either myocardial ischemia or infarction. These situations worsen when this entity is associated to valvular heart lesions. The authors present the clinical cases of two female patients with Takayasu's disease. One of them in acute phase of the illness, where coronary arteritis, mild coarctation of the aorta, right pulmonary artery stenosis, and pulmonary valve stenosis were present. The second patient was seen during the remission phase of the disease with obstruction of the left subclavicular artery, renal arteritis, severe arterial hypertension and aortic valve insufficiency. The authors discuss the prognosis of patients with Takayasu's disease associated to valvular heart disease and its role in the etiology of pulmonary valvular stenosis. Finally, the authors point out the importance of recognizing the active and non active phases of the Takayasu's disease in relation of the adequate stage for surgical treatment of the lesions caused by this disease.     

Practical implications of the results of recent Soviet research concerning the prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Data of two Soviet preventive studies, "Multifactorial prevention of coronary heart disease" and "Control of arterial hypertension in industrial workers", reported in 1985, are reviewed. There are data indicative of the role of arterial hypertension, smoking and hypercholesterolemia as coronary risk factors. The two preventive studies demonstrated a 20% and 21% decrease in total mortality, a 38% decrease in the incidence of myocardial infarction and a 70% decrease in the incidence of cerebral apoplexy. The success of the two programs is chiefly attributed to the control of arterial hypertension that has high prevalence among the population. Antismoking campaign can make an additional significant, even if moderate, contribution to the prevention of coronary disease within a multifactorial preventive effort.     

Office Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Patients with peripheral arterial disease are at increased risk for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and mortality from coronary artery disease. Smoking should be stopped, and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia should be treated. Statins reduce the incidence of intermittent claudication and increase exercise duration until the onset of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial disease and hypercholesterolemia. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin or clopidogrel, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins, should be given to all patients with peripheral arterial disease. Beta-blockers should be given if coronary artery disease is present. Exercise rehabilitation programs and cilostazol improve exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication. Indications for lower-extremity angioplasty, preferably with stenting, or bypass surgery are incapacitating claudication interfering with work or lifestyle in patients; limb salvage in patients with limb-threatening ischemia as manifested by rest pain, nonhealing ulcers, infection, or gangrene; and vasculogenic impotence.     

Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis

The major pathophysiologic process of coronary atherosclerosis is a defect or injury of the arterial endothelial function. The rate of progression of coronary atherosclerosis is highly variable and mainly determined by risk contributors such as lipids, glucose, and smoking. Coronary plaque rupture is the precipitating factor for clot formation and acute coronary events. Measurement of arterial stiffness with different noninvasive techniques provides information about the functional and structural vascular changes at the level of the aorta, muscular conduit arteries, the peripheral branches, and the microvascular components. Arterial stiffness has been related to the Framingham and other cardiovascular risk scores. Large artery stiffness contributes to exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. It can predict the outcome after coronary interventions. There is now evidence that arterial stiffness is a predictor for cardiovascular events in the general population, in patients with hypertension, end-stage renal disease, impaired glucose intolerance, and coronary artery disease. Future studies are warranted to demonstrate the value of follow-up of arterial stiffness as a marker of reduction of arterial wall damage during antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering therapy. Promising study results show that measurement of arterial stiffness could become an important part of the routine assessment of patients in daily practice.     

Change of plasma leukotriene c4 during myocardial ischemia in humans

Changes in leukotriene C4 levels during different degrees of myocardial ischemia in humans were examined by comparing radioimmunoassay measures of leukotriene C4 plasma levels obtained during transient and prolonged myocardial ischemia. Leukotriene C4 levels in systemic arterial and coronary sinus blood were determined in patients with chronic stable angina before and after myocardial ischemia induced either by exercise (supine bicycle ergometer exercise stress testing; n = 14; age, 52 ± 8 years) or by coronary occlusion during angioplasty (n = 14; age 53 ± 7 years). Temporal changes of leukotriene C4 were also followed in arterial and pulmonary artery blood within 24 h after the onset of chest pain (acute phase), and 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month later in 22 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (12 patients with thrombolytic therapy, age 61 ± 10 years; 10 patients without thrombolytic therapy, age 60 ± 11 years). Clinical characteristics, including coronary risk factors and the severity of coronary artery disease, were not significantly different among the groups. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and coronary occlusion did not induce any significant leukotriene C4 changes in the chronic stable angina patients, whereas AMI patients had significantly higher plasma leukotriene C4 levels in both arterial and pulmonary artery blood in the acute phase compared with those of chronic stable angina patients (arterial blood, 471 ± 164 pg/ml and 477 ±235 pg/ml vs. 275 ± 254 pg/ml or 240 ± 66 pg/ml, p< 0.05; pulmonary artery blood in AMI, 543 ± 162 pg/ml vs. 234 ± 125 pg/ml or 225 ±64 pg/ml, coronary sinus blood in chronic stable angina, p < 0.05). These results suggest that leukotriene C4 is involved more in prolonged myocardial ischemia than in transient myocardial is chemia, and that leukocyte function might play a significant role in the pathogenesis of patients with AMI.     

Use of a psychoemotional stress test in ischemic heart disease, hypertension and heart rhythm disorders

Forty male patients with coronary heart disease and essential hypertension, as well as 10 normal subjects, were examined, using a psychoemotional test with simultaneous monitoring of arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate and ECG patterns. The test revealed disorders of cardiac rhythm in 28.6% of coronary patients and induced signs of myocardial ischemia and an anginal attack in 2. Signs of myocardial ischemia were more often provoked in coronary patients by physical stress tests as compared to those involving psychoemotional stress. In hypertensive patients, psychoemotional stress was associated with a more pronounced arterial BP rise, as compared to the results in normotensive individuals (normal subjects and coronary patients). Psychoemotional stress tests can be used alongside other kinds of tests in patients with coronary disease, essential hypertension and cardiac rhythm disorders.     

Prevalence of angiographic coronary artery disease in patients hospitalized for acute diastolic heart failure without clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia on admission

The prevalence of coronary artery disease was investigated in 18 patients hospitalized for acute diastolic heart failure without clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia on admission. On the basis of coronary angiography, 7 patients had coronary artery disease and 4 had ischemic heart disease. In addition, besides uncontrolled hypertension and several systemic factors, silent myocardial ischemia potentially contributed to acute exacerbation of heart failure for at least 5 patients with coronary artery disease, according to either elevation in troponin I or segmental wall motion abnormalities.     

小儿川崎病冠状动脉病变及心功能变化观察

目的：探索川崎病患儿冠状动脉损伤情况及其心功能变化。方法：用二维超声心动图检查72例川崎病患儿冠状动脉病变情况：用Cuben’s法检测患儿左室收缩功能；用经二尖瓣多普勒血流图检测患儿左室舒张功能。结果：72例患儿中，检出26例有冠状动脉病变，其中急性或亚急性期单纯冠状动脉扩张21例。川崎病患儿的左室收缩和舒张功能与正常对照组相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：川崎病有较高的冠状动脉损伤发生率，尤其是在急性期；超声心动图是检测川崎病冠状动脉病变的有效手段。     

Magnesium and ischemic heart disease

From the epidemiological view point, chronic Mg intake deficiency could play a role of the onset of ischemic heart disease. Mg intake deficiency increases not only vaso-spasmobility of coronary artery, but also exacerbates several coronary risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and mental stress. We have previously reported that blood concentrations of Mg(2+) in patients with ischemic heart disease, especially acute coronary syndrome, was lower than that of healthy subjects. The lower blood concentrations of Mg(2+) may be a result of serious cardiac ischemia. According to the large-scale clinical trials, the efficacy of Mg administration to the patients with acute myocardial infarction has not been established, however, supplementary Mg may keep blood Mg(2+) level adequately and protect cardiac injury from cardiac ischemia.